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Zhao H, Cheng H, Wang N, Bai L, Chen X, Liu X, Qiao B. Identifying climate refugia for wild yaks (Bos mutus) on the Tibetan Plateau. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 366:121655. [PMID: 38981271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is threatening fragile alpine ecosystems and their resident ungulates, particularly the wild yak (Bos mutus) that inhabits alpine areas between the tree line and glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau. Although wild yaks tend to shift habitats in response to changes in climatic factors, the precise impacts of climate change on their habitat distribution and climate refugia remain unclear. Based on over 1000 occurrence records, the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm was applied to simulate habitat ranges in the last glacial maximum (LGM), Mid-Holocene, current stage, and three greenhouse gas emission scenarios in 2070. Three habitat patches were identified as climate refugia for wild yaks that have persisted from the LGM to the present and are projected to persist until 2070. These stable areas account for approximately 64% of the current wild yak habitat extent and are sufficiently large to support viable populations. The long-term persistence of these climate refugia areas is primarily attributed to the unique alpine environmental features of the Tibetan Plateau, where relatively stable arid or semi-arid climates are maintained, and a wide range of forage resource supplies are available. However, habitat loss by 2070 caused by insufficient protection is predicted to lead to severe fragmentation in the southeastern and northwestern Kunlun, Hengduan, central-western Qilian, and southern Tanggula-northern Himalaya Mountains. Habitat disturbance has also been caused by increasing anthropogenic effects in the southern Tanggula and northern Himalaya Mountains. We suggest that sufficient protection, transboundary cooperation, and community involvement are required to improve wild yak conservation efforts. Our combined modeling method (MaxEnt-Zonation-Linkage Mapper-FRAGSTAT) can be utilized to identify priority areas and linkages between habitat patches while assessing the conservation efficiency of protected areas and analyzing the coupled relationship between climate change and anthropogenic impacts on the habitat distribution of endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhao
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Center for Glacier and Desert Research, Scientific Observing Station for Desert and Glacier, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Hongyi Cheng
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Center for Glacier and Desert Research, Scientific Observing Station for Desert and Glacier, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Nai'ang Wang
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Center for Glacier and Desert Research, Scientific Observing Station for Desert and Glacier, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Liqiong Bai
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Center for Glacier and Desert Research, Scientific Observing Station for Desert and Glacier, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Center for Glacier and Desert Research, Scientific Observing Station for Desert and Glacier, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Xiao Liu
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Center for Glacier and Desert Research, Scientific Observing Station for Desert and Glacier, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Bin Qiao
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Center for Glacier and Desert Research, Scientific Observing Station for Desert and Glacier, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Horpiencharoen W, Marshall JC, Muylaert RL, John RS, Hayman DTS. Impact of infectious diseases on wild bovidae populations in Thailand: insights from population modelling and disease dynamics. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20240278. [PMID: 38955228 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2024.0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The wildlife and livestock interface is vital for wildlife conservation and habitat management. Infectious diseases maintained by domestic species may impact threatened species such as Asian bovids, as they share natural resources and habitats. To predict the population impact of infectious diseases with different traits, we used stochastic mathematical models to simulate the population dynamics over 100 years for 100 times in a model gaur (Bos gaurus) population with and without disease. We simulated repeated introductions from a reservoir, such as domestic cattle. We selected six bovine infectious diseases; anthrax, bovine tuberculosis, haemorrhagic septicaemia, lumpy skin disease, foot and mouth disease and brucellosis, all of which have caused outbreaks in wildlife populations. From a starting population of 300, the disease-free population increased by an average of 228% over 100 years. Brucellosis with frequency-dependent transmission showed the highest average population declines (-97%), with population extinction occurring 16% of the time. Foot and mouth disease with frequency-dependent transmission showed the lowest impact, with an average population increase of 200%. Overall, acute infections with very high or low fatality had the lowest impact, whereas chronic infections produced the greatest population decline. These results may help disease management and surveillance strategies support wildlife conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wantida Horpiencharoen
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan C Marshall
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand
| | - Renata L Muylaert
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand
| | - Reju Sam John
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand
| | - David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand
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Zhao H, Wang N, Cheng H, Wang Y, Liu X, Qiao B, Zhao L. Mapping conservation priorities for wild yak (Bos mutus) habitats on the Tibetan Plateau, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169803. [PMID: 38181949 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
The wild yak (Bos mutus) is a cold-tolerant herbivore native to the Tibetan Plateau and has been categorized as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Low population densities within currently fragmented habitats and unclear landscape conservation priorities warrant attention. Herein, we employed the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model using over 900 wild yak occurrence records to model wild yak habitat suitability. Our analysis revealed unprotected wild yak landscapes covering 30.79 % of the habitat area, indicating a conservation gap between protected areas (PAs) and wild yak habitats. To protect metapopulation dynamics and mitigate high risks of poaching, habitat degradation and fragmentation, resource competition, and degenerated genetic characterization of wild yaks in fragmented and degraded habitat, we identified eight habitat patches as landscape conservation units (LCUs) and 14 linkages among the LCUs, enhancing the connectivity between LCUs to decrease negative effects of genetic threats. A centrality analysis demonstrated that Changtang, Arjinshan, and Hoh Xil national nature reserves and their linkages are all critical for the maintenance of habitat connectivity. Here, we suggest that habitat- and LCU-specific conservation strategies should be highlighted during the establishment of PAs and transboundary cooperation. Ultimately, our results can assist conservationists and land managers in comprehending wild yak distribution, movement, and habitat requirements, as well as for the development of effective protection strategies. Furthermore, the combined modeling method (MaxEnt-Zonation-InVEST) could be utilized as a component for identifying conservation priorities and linkages between core patches for species and assessing the efficiency of PAs, core habitats, and corridors in achieving conservation goals. Our study can provide a framework in identifying priority conservation and connectivity between habitat patches to facilitate effectively conservation and genetic resilience for endangered species in fragmented habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhao
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Center for Glacier and Desert Research, Scientific Observing Station for Desert and Glacier, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Nai'ang Wang
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Center for Glacier and Desert Research, Scientific Observing Station for Desert and Glacier, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Hongyi Cheng
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Center for Glacier and Desert Research, Scientific Observing Station for Desert and Glacier, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yipeng Wang
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Center for Glacier and Desert Research, Scientific Observing Station for Desert and Glacier, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Xiao Liu
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Center for Glacier and Desert Research, Scientific Observing Station for Desert and Glacier, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Bin Qiao
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Center for Glacier and Desert Research, Scientific Observing Station for Desert and Glacier, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Liqiang Zhao
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Center for Glacier and Desert Research, Scientific Observing Station for Desert and Glacier, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Wang J, Yue Z, Che L, Li H, Hu R, Shi L, Zhang X, Zou H, Peng Q, Jiang Y, Wang Z. Establishment of SV40 Large T-Antigen-Immortalized Yak Rumen Fibroblast Cell Line and the Fibroblast Responses to Lipopolysaccharide. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:537. [PMID: 37755963 PMCID: PMC10537058 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The yak lives in harsh alpine environments and the rumen plays a crucial role in the digestive system. Rumen-associated cells have unique adaptations and functions. The yak rumen fibroblast cell line (SV40T-YFB) was immortalized by introducing simian virus 40 large T antigen (SV40T) by lentivirus-mediated transfection. Further, we have reported the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of different concentrations on cell proliferation, extracellular matrix (ECM), and proinflammatory mediators in SV40T-YFB. The results showed that the immortalized yak rumen fibroblast cell lines were identified as fibroblasts that presented oval nuclei, a fusiform shape, and positive vimentin and SV40T staining after stable passage. Chromosome karyotype analysis showed diploid characteristics of yak (n = 60). LPS at different concentrations inhibited cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. SV40T-YFB treated with LPS increased mRNA expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), and urokinase-type plasminogen activator system components (uPA, uPAR). LPS inhibits the expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2), plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2), fibronectin (FN), anti-inflammatory factor IL-10, and collagen I (COL I) in SV40T-YFB. Overall, these results suggest that LPS inhibits cell proliferation and induces ECM degradation and inflammatory response in SV40T-YFB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhisheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Culture and Safety Production in Cattle in Sichuan, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.W.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.); (H.L.); (R.H.); (L.S.); (X.Z.); (H.Z.); (Q.P.); (Y.J.)
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Effects of Maize Varieties on Biomass Yield and Silage Quality of Maize–Soybean Intercropping in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8100542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Forage deficiency is the bottleneck that restricts the development of plateau animal husbandry. Maize (Zea mays L.)–soybean (Glycine max L.) intercropping can improve the forage biomass yield and silage quality. This experiment was conducted in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture to explore the effects of four maize varieties (M1, Rongyu Silage No. 1; M2, Yayu 04889; M3, Demeiya No. 1; M4, Zhenghong 505) on biomass yield, nutritional composition, and silage quality in maize–soybean intercropping. The results showed that M1S had the highest total dry matter yield (18.03 t ha−1), M3S had the highest crude protein (CP) content (8.46% DM), and soybeans had the highest water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content (8.55% DM). After silage, the CP content (13.44% DM) of mixed silage in M3S was higher, and the contents of neutral detergent fiber (39.42% DM) and acid detergent fiber (25.42% DM) were lower than those in maize silage alone. The WSC content (4.45% DM) of mixed silage in M3S was higher and the pH value (4.46) and ammonia–nitrogen to total nitrogen (3.97%) were lower than those of soybean silage alone. The results of membership function analysis showed that M3S was the best in fresh feeding and silage utilization, followed by M1S. Therefore, M3S (Demeiya No 1. intercropped with soybeans) is recommended in high-altitude areas.
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Possible Consequences of Climate Change on Survival, Productivity and Reproductive Performance, and Welfare of Himalayan Yak (Bos grunniens). Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080449. [PMID: 36006364 PMCID: PMC9413344 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Climate change is a global issue, with a wide range of ecosystems being affected by changing climatic conditions including the Himalaya. Yak are exquisitely adapted to the high-altitude conditions of the Himalaya and are thus highly likely to be affected by climate change. This paper reviews the evidence of how the reported impacts of climate change on the environment and ecosystem of the Himalaya are affecting the survival, productivity and welfare of Himalayan Yak. This review identified that we do not know how big the impact of climate change is on yak as very few papers have measured that impact and, in many cases, potentially climate-change-related effects (such as changes in feed supply) are principally driven by human factors. Abstract Yak are adapted to the extreme cold, low oxygen, and high solar radiation of the Himalaya. Traditionally, they are kept at high altitude pastures during summer, moving lower in the winter. This system is highly susceptible to climate change, which has increased ambient temperatures, altered rainfall patterns and increased the occurrence of natural disasters. Changes in temperature and precipitation reduced the yield and productivity of alpine pastures, principally because the native plant species are being replaced by less useful shrubs and weeds. The impact of climate change on yak is likely to be mediated through heat stress, increased contact with other species, especially domestic cattle, and alterations in feed availability. Yak have a very low temperature humidity index (52 vs. 72 for cattle) and a narrow thermoneutral range (5–13 °C), so climate change has potentially exposed yak to heat stress in summer and winter. Heat stress is likely to affect both reproductive performance and milk production, but we lack the data to quantify such effects. Increased contact with other species, especially domestic cattle, is likely to increase disease risk. This is likely to be exacerbated by other climate-change-associated factors, such as increases in vector-borne disease, because of increases in vector ranges, and overcrowding associated with reduced pasture availability. However, lack of baseline yak disease data means it is difficult to quantify these changes in disease risk and the few papers claiming to have identified such increases do not provide robust evidence of increased diseases. The reduction in feed availability in traditional pastures may be thought to be the most obvious impact of climate change on yak; however, it is clear that such a reduction is not solely due to climate change, with socio-economic factors likely being more important. This review has highlighted the large potential negative impact of climate change on yak, and the lack of data quantifying that impact. More research on the impact of climate change in yak is needed. Attention also needs to be paid to developing mitigating strategies, which may include changes in the traditional system such as providing shelter and supplementary feed and, in marginal areas, increased use of yak–cattle hybrids.
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Kusi N, Manandhar P, Senn H, Joshi J, Ghazali M, Hengaju KD, Suwal SP, Lama TL, Poudyal LP, Thapa M, Werhahn G. Phylogeographical analysis shows the need to protect the wild yaks' last refuge in Nepal. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:8310-8318. [PMID: 34188888 PMCID: PMC8216926 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The wild yak Bos mutus was believed to be regionally extinct in Nepal for decades until our team documented two individuals from Upper Humla, north-western Nepal, in 2014. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) seeks further evidence for the conclusive confirmation of that sighting. We conducted line transects and opportunistic sign surveys in the potential wild yak habitats of Humla, Dolpa, and Mustang districts between 2015 and 2017 and collected genetic samples (present and historic) of wild and domestic yaks Bos grunniens. We also sighted another wild yak in Upper Humla in 2015. Phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses based on mitochondrial D-loop sequences (~450 bp) revealed that wild yaks in Humla share the haplotype with wild yaks from the north-western region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China. While hybridization with domestic yaks is a major long-term threat, illegal hunting for meat and trophy put the very small populations of wild yaks in Nepal at risk. Our study indicates that the unprotected habitat of Upper Humla is the last refuge for wild yaks in Nepal. We recommend wild yak conservation efforts in the country to focus on Upper Humla by (i) assigning a formal status of protected area to the region, (ii) raising awareness in the local communities for wild yak conservation, and (iii) providing support for adaptation of herding practice and pastureland use to ensure the viability of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Helen Senn
- WildGenes LaboratoryRoyal Zoological Society of ScotlandEdinburghUK
| | - Jyoti Joshi
- Center for Molecular Dynamics NepalKathmanduNepal
| | - Muhammad Ghazali
- WildGenes LaboratoryRoyal Zoological Society of ScotlandEdinburghUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Madhuri Thapa
- Department of Forests and Soil ConservationKathmanduNepal
| | - Geraldine Werhahn
- Wildlife Conservation Research UnitDepartment of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordTubneyUK
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Qin X, Shen Q, Guo Y, Li X, Liu J, Ye M, Wang H, Jia W, Zhang C. Physicochemical properties, digestibility and anti-osteoporosis effect of yak bone powder with different particle sizes. Food Res Int 2021; 145:110401. [PMID: 34112404 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As a kind of promising resource, animal bone has been widely processed into functional foods. However, there is little research about the effect of particle size on the physicochemical properties and digestibility of yak bone powder (YBP), as well as its anti-osteoporosis activity. In this study, the YBP with median particle sizes (MPS) ranging from 19.68 to 128.37 μm were prepared, and their digestibility and anti-osteoporosis activity were investigated. The results showed that smaller MPS significantly increased water holding capacity and protein solubility without changing composition. The MPS reduction greatly promoted protein digestion, producing more peptides<3 kDa and free amino acids while decreased Ca2+ and P5+ release during gastrointestinal digestion. The in vivo results revealed the positive effect of YBP on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats. The bone mineral density of ovariectomized (OVX) rats was obviously improved by regulating bone turnover markers (B-ALP, OCN, S-CTX, ES and TRAP), thus potentially shedding light on osteoporosis remission. However, different MPS exhibited a weak effect on osteoporosis in OVX rats. Therefore, YBP could be produced in relatively large particle size without sacrificing food sensory quality, the processing time of which could also be shortened for higher productivity and lower cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Qin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700AA, Netherlands
| | - Qingshan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yujie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengliang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Hulunbuir Muyuankangtai Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Arongqi Logistics Business Park, Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, Hulunbuir, 021000, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Guo S, Wu X, Song R, Za X, Zhao Q, Li J, Ma H, Wu F, Liang C, Pei J, Guo X. The complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Yanglong yak ( Bos grunniens). MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2021; 6:1392-1394. [PMID: 33948491 PMCID: PMC8057086 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1910086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we assembled the complete mitochondrial genome of Yanglong yak (Bos grunniens) from Illumina sequencing reads. The mitochondrial genome is 16,323 bp long with an A + T-biased nucleotide composition, and encodes 13 protein-coding, 22 tRNA, and two rRNA genes along with a noncoding control region. In addition, its gene order is identical to those of the previously published mitochondrial genomes of its congeners. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that this breed is closely related to Datong yak, Pamir yak, Tianjun yak, polled yak, Seron yak, Sunnan yak, a series of Domestic Yak and wild yak, followed by Jinchuan yak and Gannan yak, and slightly far away from Bison and Bos taurus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoke Guo
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Rende Song
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Center of Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai Province, Yushu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xita Za
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station of Qilian County in Qinghai Province, Qilian, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingzhang Zhao
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station of Xitan Township in Menyuan County in Qinghai Province, Menyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiye Li
- Datong Cattle Farm in Qinghai Province, Xining, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiqing Ma
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station of Qilian County in Qinghai Province, Qilian, People's Republic of China
| | - Fude Wu
- Datong Cattle Farm in Qinghai Province, Xining, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunnian Liang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Pei
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
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Fu H, Zhang L, Fan C, Liu C, Li W, Li J, Zhao X, Jia S, Zhang Y. Domestication Shapes the Community Structure and Functional Metagenomic Content of the Yak Fecal Microbiota. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:594075. [PMID: 33897627 PMCID: PMC8059439 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.594075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Domestication is a key factor of genetic variation; however, the mechanism by which domestication alters gut microbiota is poorly understood. Here, to explore the variation in the structure, function, rapidly evolved genes (REGs), and enzyme profiles of cellulase and hemicellulose in fecal microbiota, we studied the fecal microbiota in wild, half-blood, and domestic yaks based on 16S rDNA sequencing, shotgun-metagenomic sequencing, and the measurement of short-chain-fatty-acids (SCFAs) concentration. Results indicated that wild and half-blood yaks harbored an increased abundance of the phylum Firmicutes and reduced abundance of the genus Akkermansia, which are both associated with efficient energy harvesting. The gut microbial diversity decreased in domestic yaks. The results of the shotgun-metagenomic sequencing showed that the wild yak harbored an increased abundance of microbial pathways that play crucial roles in digestion and growth of the host, whereas the domestic yak harbored an increased abundance of methane-metabolism-related pathways. Wild yaks had enriched amounts of REGs in energy and carbohydrate metabolism pathways, and possessed a significantly increased abundance of cellulases and endohemicellulases in the glycoside hydrolase family compared to domestic yaks. The concentrations of acetic, propionic, n-butyric, i-butyric, n-valeric, and i-valeric acid were highest in wild yaks. Our study displayed the domestic effect on the phenotype of composition, function in gut microbiota, and SCFAs associated with gut microbiota, which had a closely association with the growth performance of the livestock. These findings may enlighten the researchers to construct more links between economic characteristics and gut microbiota, and develop new commercial strains in livestock based on the biotechnology of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Fu
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China.,Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liangzhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China.,Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, China
| | - Chao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China.,Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanfa Liu
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China.,Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China.,Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, China
| | - Jiye Li
- Datong Yak Breeding Farm of Qinghai Province, Datong, China
| | - Xinquan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China.,Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, China
| | - Shangang Jia
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China.,Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Xining, China
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11
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Diao NC, Gong QL, Li JM, Zhao D, Li D, Zhao B, Ge GY, Li DL, Shi K, Du R. Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in yaks between 1987 and 2019 in mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2020; 144:104185. [PMID: 32272215 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine viral diarrhea is an infectious disease that causes symptoms such as bovine diarrhea and abortion. It can cause severe losses to the animal husbandry, and the overall epidemic situation of yak's BVDV in China is unclear. Meta-analysis can reveal the basic epidemic situation of BVDV in different yak distribution areas in China, and estimate potentially related factors, to pave the way for clarifying the epidemic situation of yak in the domestic scope. METHODS We proceeded to a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from papers on the BVDV incidence and prevalence in yaks in China by searching PubMed, ScienceDirect, Chinese Web of Knowledge (CNKI), Wanfang, and Chongqing VIP for publication from 1987 to 2019. We excluded reviews and duplicate studies, 24 studies denouncing the prevalence of BVDV in yak in China were selected upon our inclusion criterion finally. We estimated the pooled prevalence of BVDV infection in yaks by a random-effects model and evaluated its overall infection burden in China. FINDINGS In total, the pooled prevalence of BVDV in yaks in China was 36.0% (95% CI 25.6%-46.4%) based on the data obtained from 13,446 yaks, by detecting antigens and antibodies. The highest BVDV positive rate in yak reached 67.5% in Xinjiang province of China. The prevalence in the six provinces of China was validated to be quite variable (24.4%-67.5%) and reached 369% in yaks of northwest China. Besides, the BVDV antigen-positive rate was estimated at 13.8% (95% CI 8.6%-19.0%) based on 5 studies, comparatively, the pooled BVDV antibody-based on 18 studies was about 32.9% (95% CI 24.6%-41.2%) in China. INTERPRETATION This systematic review and meta-analysis firstly established an estimated prevalence of BVDV in yaks in China, as a whole, and estimates potential relevant factors, including geographic location, publication year, age, detection methods, etc., Our findings suggest that the scientific community or decision-makers can formulate corresponding prevention and control plans based on potential risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Chao Diao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, China
| | - Qing-Long Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, China
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, China
| | - Dong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, China
| | - Gui-Yang Ge
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, China
| | - Dong-Li Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, China.
| | - Rui Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, China; Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, China.
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12
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Wu X, Zhou X, Ding X, Chu M, Liang C, Pei J, Xiong L, Bao P, Guo X, Yan P. Reference gene selection and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform expression in muscle tissues of domestic yak (Bos grunniens). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228493. [PMID: 32027673 PMCID: PMC7004298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Domestic yak (Bos grunniens) is the most crucial livestock in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, providing meat and other necessities for local people. The skeletal muscle of adult livestock is composed of muscle fibers, and fiber composition in muscle has influence on meat qualities, such as tenderness, pH, and color. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a powerful tool to evaluate the gene expression of muscle fiber, but the normalization of the data depends on the stability of expressed reference genes. Unfortunately, there is no consensus for an ideal reference gene for data normalization in muscle tissues of yak. In this study, we aimed to assess the stability of 14 commonly used candidate reference genes by using five algorithms (GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, Delat Ct and Refinder). Our results suggested UXT and PRL13A were the most stable reference genes, while the most commonly used reference gene, GAPDH, was most variably expressed across different muscle tissues. We also found that the extensor digitorum lateralis (EDL), trapezius pars thoracica (TPT), and psoas major (PM) muscle had the higher content of type I muscle fibers and the lowest content of type IIB muscle fibers, while gluteobiceps (GB) muscle had the highest content of type IIB muscle fibers. Our study provides the suitable reference genes for accurate analysis of yak muscle fiber composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wu
- Key Lab of Yak Breeding Engineering, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuelan Zhou
- Key Lab of Yak Breeding Engineering, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuezhi Ding
- Key Lab of Yak Breeding Engineering, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Min Chu
- Key Lab of Yak Breeding Engineering, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chunnian Liang
- Key Lab of Yak Breeding Engineering, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie Pei
- Key Lab of Yak Breeding Engineering, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lin Xiong
- Key Lab of Yak Breeding Engineering, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengjia Bao
- Key Lab of Yak Breeding Engineering, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xian Guo
- Key Lab of Yak Breeding Engineering, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- * E-mail: (PY); (XG)
| | - Ping Yan
- Key Lab of Yak Breeding Engineering, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- * E-mail: (PY); (XG)
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13
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Zhou X, Wu X, Ding X, Liang C, Guo X, Chu M, Wang H, Pei J, Pengjia Bao, Yan P. Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of the Xueduo yak ( Bos grunniens). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1591210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xuelan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuezhi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chunian Liang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Min Chu
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie Pei
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengjia Bao
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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14
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Oyun NY, Konorov EA, Urum AV, Artyushin IV, Svishcheva GR, Cendsuren C, Stolpovsky YA. Study of Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of the Yak (Bos grunniens) in the Sayan-Altai Region. RUSS J GENET+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795418100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Chen M, Sun Y, Yang C, Zeng G, Li Z, Zhang J. The road to wild yak protection in China. Science 2018; 360:866. [PMID: 29798876 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat6749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China. .,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yingzhu Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Chunping Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China. .,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhongwu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jiachao Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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16
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Wu Y, Li L, Zhu G, Li W, Zhang N, Li S, Yao G, Tian W, Fu B, Yin H, Zhu X, Yan H, Jia W. Mitochondrial genome data confirm that yaks can serve as the intermediate host of Echinococcus canadensis (G10) on the Tibetan Plateau. Parasit Vectors 2018. [PMID: 29523164 PMCID: PMC5845295 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2684-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cervids used to be considered the only animal intermediate hosts of the G10 genotype of Echinococcus canadensis. Yaks are often herded in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China, where echinococcosis remains prevalent. However, no E. canadensis G10 cases have been recorded in yaks until now. The aim of our study was to identify causative agents of echinococcosis in yaks in this region. Methods Total genomic DNA was extracted from the germinal layer of one hydatid using a Blood and Tissue Kit. Full-length mitochondrial (mt) cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes were amplified by PCR. All purified PCR products were directly sequenced in both directions. Then seven pairs of overlap primers were designed to amplify the entire mt genome sequence of a suspected E. canadensis G10 isolate. Phylogenetic analyses were performed based on concatenated nucleotides from the 12 protein-coding genes of mt genomes of Echinococcus species in a Bayesian framework using MrBayes v3.1 and implementing the GTR + I + G model. Results Hydatids were found in yaks (n = 129) when organs were inspected at the slaughterhouse in Maqu county, Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province, China in October 2016. Of these, 33 (25.6%) harbored up to a dozen hydatid cysts. One cyst from each yak was characterized by sequencing its mitochondrial (mt) cox1 and nad1 genes. On the basis of these sequence data, 32 cysts were identified as Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto) (G1-G3) and the remaining one was identified as the G10 genotype of E. canadensis. Its mt genome was then fully sequenced and compared with that of the G10 genotype in GenBank (AB745463). Phylogenetic analysis using complete mt genomes confirmed the Chinese cyst as belonging to the G10 genotype. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report globally of E. canadensis (G10) from yaks in China, which suggests that the G10 genotype has a wider geographical distribution and broader host range than previously believed. This genotype has therefore potential risks to human health and animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Nianzhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoquan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingquan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wanzhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Kunlun Mountain type wild yak (Bos mutus). CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-017-0776-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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