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Mosaferi Z, Pirestani M, Arefian E, Gojani G, Kavousinasab N, Karimi P, Deilami A, Abrehdari-Tafreshi Z. Exploring the Relationship Between KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF Mutations and Clinical Characteristics in Iranian Colorectal Cancer Patients. J Gastrointest Cancer 2024:10.1007/s12029-024-01064-0. [PMID: 38709419 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-024-01064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with colorectal cancer can benefit from anti-EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) therapy. However, this therapy is not effective for treating colorectal cancers with constitutive activating mutations in the KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF genes. Molecular analysis of tumor tissue frequently informs treatment decisions for colorectal cancer. This study aims to identify KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutations in Iranian patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer and to assess the prevalence of these mutations relative to the tumor differentiation stage within these populations. METHODS From April 2018 to December 2022, 2000 specimens from patients with colorectal cancer were collected. Data on sex, age, and tumor differentiation stage were recorded for all samples. For mutation detection, the KRAS and NRAS exons (2, 3, and 4) were amplified using the Diatech kit, and a specific primer was used to amplify BRAF exon 15. Pyrosequencing was then performed. RESULTS Analysis of samples revealed that 1105 specimens (55.3%) contained mutations in at least one of the screened genes. Among the genes studied, the highest occurrence was the KRAS mutation at 47.4%, followed by NRAS at 5.3% and BRAF at 2.7%. Most KRAS mutations were found in exon 2 (89.7%), with the G12D mutation being the most prevalent at 32% of cases. There was a significant difference in the rate of KRAS mutations in women (52.5%) compared to men (43.5%) (P = 0.02). For NRAS, the majority mutations were observed in exon 3 (76.2%), with the Q61H mutation being the most prevalent at 28.5% of cases. There were no significant associations between the clinicopathological parameters and mutations. CONCLUSION The study's findings indicate a rising frequency of mutations in these genes in Iran, highlighting the need to screening mutations in the main exons of all three genes for effective colorectal cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mosaferi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Pirestani
- Parasitology & Entomology Dept, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, GeneTehran, Cell, Iran
| | - Goli Gojani
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Kavousinasab
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parto Karimi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Deilami
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Abrehdari-Tafreshi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, P. O. Box, Tehran, 14155-6455, Iran.
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Herrera-Pulido JA, Guerrero OR, Forero JA, Moreno-Acosta P, Romero-Rojas A, Sanabria C, Hernández G, Serrano ML. KRAS Promoter Methylation Status and miR-18a-3p and miR-143 Expression in Patients With Wild-type KRAS Gene in Colorectal Cancer. CANCER DIAGNOSIS & PROGNOSIS 2022; 2:576-584. [PMID: 36060016 PMCID: PMC9425578 DOI: 10.21873/cdp.10145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Although some mutations of KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase (KRAS) have been associated with the prognosis and therapeutic management of colorectal cancer (CRC), the epigenetic mechanisms (DNA methylation and microRNA expression) that regulate wild-type KRAS expression in patients with CRC are poorly known. The aim of this study was to establish whether there is a relationship between the expression of the wild-type KRAS gene, the methylation status of its distal promoter, and miR-143 and miR-18a-3p levels in samples of sporadic CRC. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 51 cases of sporadic CRC with wild-type KRAS were analyzed. The expression levels of KRAS mRNA, miR-18a-3p, miR-143, and KRAS protein, as well as methylation in the distal promoter of the KRAS gene were evaluated. RESULTS In the analyzed cases, KRAS mRNA expression was detected in 51.1%; wild-type KRAS protein was found in the membrane in 31.4% and in the cytoplasm in 98% of cases. An inverse relationship of marginal significance was observed between miR-18a-3p and KRAS protein expression in the cytoplasm (odds ratio=0.14, 95% confidence interval=0.012-1.092; p=0.08). The methylation status of the distal promoter of KRAS at four CpG islands was analyzed in 30 cases (58.8%): partial methylation of the four CpG islands evaluated was observed in two cases (6.7%). In these cases, KRAS protein expression was not evidenced at the membrane level; miR-18a-3p expression was not detected either but high expression of miR-143 was observed. CONCLUSION No association was found between the expression levels of KRAS mRNA, miR-18a-3p, miR-143 and methylation status. Methylation status was detected with low frequency, thus being the first report of methylation in wild-type KRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehison Alirio Herrera-Pulido
- Cancer Biology Research Group, National Cancer Institute, Bogotá, Colombia
- Master's Program in Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Jinneth Acosta Forero
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Pablo Moreno-Acosta
- Cancer Biology Research Group, National Cancer Institute, Bogotá, Colombia
- Clinical, Molecular and Cellular Radiobiology Research Group, National Cancer Institute, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Carolina Sanabria
- Cancer Biology Research Group, National Cancer Institute, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gustavo Hernández
- Public Health and Cancer Epidemiology Group, National Cancer Institute, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Martha Lucía Serrano
- Cancer Biology Research Group, National Cancer Institute, Bogotá, Colombia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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The Molecular Associations of Signet-Ring Cell Carcinoma in Colorectum: Meta-Analysis and System Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58070836. [PMID: 35888555 PMCID: PMC9324575 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58070836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Signet ring cell carcinoma (SC) accounts for 1% of total colorectal cancer (CRC) cases and is associated with aggressive behaviors, such as lymphatic invasion and distant metastases, resulting in poor prognosis. To date, there is still a lack of consensus on the genetic etiology underpinning this cancer subtype. This study aimed to clarify the molecular associations of SC by using meta-analysis and a systematic review. Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for studies evaluating the KRAS, BRAF, P53 statuses, and microsatellite instability (MSI) in CRC patients with different histological subtypes, including SC. The diagnosis of SC is defined as the signet ring cells comprising ≥50 percent of the tumor mass. By dividing the studies into subgroups based on the composition of control groups, such as classic adenocarcinoma (AC; no SC components) and non-SC (including those with SC components < 50%), the relative risk (RR) of molecular alterations for SC in each study were pooled using a random-effects model. Two reviewers identified trials for inclusion, assessed quality, and extracted data independently. Results: Data from 29 studies consisting of 9366 patients were included in this analysis. SC was associated positively with MSI (RR 1.78, 95% CI 1.34 to 2.37; 95% CI 0.77 to 4.15; p = 0.0005), BRAF mutation (RR 1.99, 95% CI 1.21 to 3.26; 95%CI 0.68 to 5.82; p = 0.0146), and negatively with KRAS mutation (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.78; 95% CI 0.09 to 2.49; p = 0.0062). No association was found between SC and P53 expression (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.13; 95%CI 0.61 to 1.39; p = 0.3790). Moreover, it was associated negatively with P53 gene mutations (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.09; 95% CI 0.46 to 1.82; p = 0.1568), and P53 protein (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.49; 95% CI 0.40 to 2.17; p = 0.6885). Conclusions: The molecular etiology of SC may be associated with the BRAF and MSI pathways. Its features, such as the high frequency of BRAF mutation, could partly explain its less favorable outcomes and limited effects of traditional chemotherapy.
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Abudabous A, Drah M, Aldehmani M, Parker I, Alqawi O. KRAS mutations in patients with colorectal cancer in Libya. Mol Clin Oncol 2021; 15:197. [PMID: 34462653 PMCID: PMC8375022 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2021.2359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Large prospective clinical trials have demonstrated that colorectal cancers (CRCs) with wild-type KRAS respond favorably to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor treatment, thus making mutational analysis obligatory prior to treatment. In our study, frozen CRC tissues from Libyan patients were analyzed for KRAS and HRAS mutations in codons 12/13 by direct sequencing and the correlations with clinical and pathological parameters were investigated. A total of 34 CRC cases, comprising 19 men and 15 women (age range, 24-87 years), were subjected to systematic analysis for RAS mutations. Although HRAS mutations were not detected in any of the patients in the study group, KRAS codon 12/13 mutations were present in 38.2% (13/34) of the patients. The frequent types of codon 12 mutations were glycine to aspartate (G12D, 46.1%); glycine to valine (G12V, 30.8%) and glycine to cysteine (G12C, 15.4%), while the codon 13 mutations were glycine to aspartate (G13D, 7.7%). G→A mutations occurred in 53.8% (7/13) of the patients, while G→T mutations occurred in 46.2% (6/13) of the patients. Mutations occurred at the first base of codon 12 or 13 in 2/13 (15.4%) and at the second base in 11/13 (84.6%) patients. There was no significant association between clinicopathological characteristics and KRAS mutation status, except the site of the tumors harboring KRAS mutations, which was as follows: The frequency was higher among tumors located in the left colon (8/13, 61.5%) compared to other sites (P=0.027). KRAS mutations were correlated with advanced age, with 10/13 being aged >50 years and affected 8/15 female patients (53%) compared with 5/19 male patients (26%). The highest frequency of KRAS mutations was observed in highly differentiated CRCs (8/13).
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Abudabous
- Department of Life Sciences, The Libyan Academy, Misurata 218-51, Libya
| | - Mustafa Drah
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Misurata University, Misurata 218-51, Libya
| | | | - Iqbal Parker
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Omar Alqawi
- Biotechnology Research Centre, National Cancer Institute-Misurata, Misurata 218-51, Libya
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Marinović S, Škrtić A, Catela Ivković T, Poljak M, Kapitanović S. Regulation of KRAS protein expression by miR-544a and KRAS-LCS6 polymorphism in wild-type KRAS sporadic colon adenocarcinoma. Hum Cell 2021; 34:1455-1465. [PMID: 34235620 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) results from the accumulation of genetic mutations and alterations in signaling pathways. KRAS is mutated in 40% of CRC cases and is involved in increased tumor cells proliferation and survival. Although KRAS mutations are a dominant event in CRC tumorigenesis, increased wild-type KRAS expression has a similar effect on accelerated tumor growth. In this study, we investigated the KRAS status in correlation with clinicopathological features in sporadic CRC and more importantly the role of let-7a-5p and miR-544a-3p in the regulation of wild-type KRAS protein expression in the tumor center (T1) and invasive tumor front (T2). Analysis showed that 39.1% of tumor samples had KRAS mutations. In wild-type KRAS tumors, 62.0% were positive for KRAS protein expression and there was a higher percentage of KRAS-positive tumor cells and a higher intensity of immunohistochemical reaction in T2 than in T1 samples. This could not be attributed to differences in KRAS mRNA levels, suggesting regulation via miR-544a-3p expression which was significantly decreased in T2 samples. Furthermore, we demonstrated that tumor samples carrying the KRAS-LCS6 variant allele had significantly higher protein expression of the wild-type KRAS. Our results suggest the role of the KRAS-LCS6 polymorphism and miR-544a-3p expression in the regulation of wild-type KRAS protein expression in sporadic CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Marinović
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Personalized Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anita Škrtić
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital Merkur, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tina Catela Ivković
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Personalized Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mirko Poljak
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Hospital Merkur, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Kapitanović
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Personalized Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Tashiro K, Oikawa M, Miki Y, Takahashi T, Kumamoto H. Immunohistochemical assessment of growth factor signaling molecules: MAPK, Akt, and STAT3 pathways in oral epithelial precursor lesions and squamous cell carcinoma. Odontology 2019; 108:91-101. [PMID: 31062130 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-019-00428-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Several growth factors and their receptors, such as epidermal growth factor receptor, have been studied as prognostic biomarkers for many epithelial malignancies. The signal transduction cascade of those receptors includes RAS/RAF/ERK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and STAT3 pathways. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression levels of several key proteins of those pathways in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral epithelial precursor lesions (OEPLs), and to correlate the expressions of these proteins with clinicopathologic features and prognosis. Fifteen leukoplakia (LP), 15 low-grade epithelial dysplasia, 15 high-grade epithelial dysplasia (HD), and 132 OSCC specimens were immunohistochemically examined for KRAS, HRAS, NRAS, BRAF, pERK1/2, pAkt, pmTOR, and pSTAT3 expression. Immunoreactivity for these molecules predominantly occurred in regions OEPL basal to prickle layers and in most OSCC cells. KRAS and NRAS expression was significantly lower in OSCC than in OEPLs, while pAkt and pmTOR showed higher expression in OSCC than in OEPLs. pERK1/2 expression was significantly higher in HD than in LP. In OSCC, KRAS and NRAS immunoreactivity was significantly higher in advanced age and male gender. In addition, higher immunoreactivity was shown in pERK1/2 in female gender and advanced TNM stage, pAkt in advanced T classification and cases without postoperative metastasis, pmTOR in advanced mode of invasion, and pSTAT3 in invasion depth. Correlations between these markers and clinicopathological variables were also noted. MAPK, Akt, and STAT3 pathways might play diverse roles in oral carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Tashiro
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Mariko Oikawa
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Miki
- Department of Disaster Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 468-1, Aoba, Aramaki aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Tetsu Takahashi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kumamoto
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
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Reza J, Almodovar AJ, Srivastava M, Veldhuis PP, Patel S, Fanaian N, Zhu X, Litherland SA, Arnoletti JP. K-RAS Mutant Gene Found in Pancreatic Juice Activated Chromatin From Peri-ampullary Adenocarcinomas. Epigenet Insights 2019; 12:2516865719828348. [PMID: 30815628 PMCID: PMC6383091 DOI: 10.1177/2516865719828348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
External pancreatic duct stents inserted after resection of pancreatic head
tumors provide unique access to pancreatic juice analysis of genetic and
metabolic components that may be associated with peri-ampullary tumor
progression. For this pilot study, portal venous blood and pancreatic juice
samples were collected from 17 patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy
for peri-ampullary tumors. Portal vein circulating tumor cells (CTC) were
isolated by high-speed fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and analyzed
by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for
K-RAS exon 12 mutant gene expression
(K-RASmut). DNA, chromatin, and histone acetylated active
chromatin were isolated from pancreatic juice samples by chromatin
immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and the presence of K-RASmut and
other cancer-related gene sequences detected by quantitative polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) and ChIP-Seq. Mutated K-RAS gene was detectable
in activated chromatin in pancreatic juice secreted after surgical resection of
pancreatic, ampullary and bile duct carcinomas and directly correlated with the
number of CTC found in the portal venous blood (P = .0453).
ChIP and ChIP-Seq detected acetylated chromatin in peri-ampullary cancer patient
juice containing candidate chromatin loci, including RET
proto-oncogene, not found in similar analysis of pancreatic juice from
non-malignant ampullary adenoma. The presence of active tumor cell chromatin in
pancreatic juice after surgical removal of the primary tumor suggests that
viable cancer cells either remain or re-emerge from the remnant pancreatic duct,
providing a potential source for tumor recurrence and cancer relapse. Therefore,
epigenetic analysis for active chromatin in pancreatic juice and portal venous
blood CTC may be useful for prognostic risk stratification and potential
identification of molecular targets in peri-ampullary cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Reza
- General Surgery Residency Program, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Alvin Jo Almodovar
- Translational Research, Cancer Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Milan Srivastava
- Translational Research, Cancer Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Paula P Veldhuis
- Institute for Surgical Advancement, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Swati Patel
- Institute for Surgical Advancement, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Na'im Fanaian
- Center for Diagnostic Pathology, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Xiang Zhu
- Center for Interventional Endoscopy, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Sally A Litherland
- Translational Research, Cancer Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - J Pablo Arnoletti
- Translational Research, Cancer Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL, USA
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Shahriari-Ahmadi A, Ansarinejad N, Fardad F, Abbaszadeh M, Sadeghi M. KRAS and NRAS Testing in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer in Central Iran (Tehran): A Review on Literature of the Middle East. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_133_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Context: The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the past three decades in Iran has made it as a major public health burden. Aims: The aim of this study is to report the prevalence of KRAS and NRAS mutations in Iran and the correlation between KRAS mutation status with clinicopathological factors and survival.Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 144 patients were entered into the study based on the criteria. Age, sex, tumor site, grade, metastasis location, familial history, KRAS/NRAS status, and survival were checked for all patients, and the patients were followed for 1 year. DNA was extracted with FFPE QIAGEN kit and then polymerase chain reaction for amplification of gene segments of KRAS and NRAS genes. Results: The mean age at diagnosis was 52.9 years (range: 27–72 years) that 39.6% patients had age <50 years and 54.2% were men. KRAS mutation was significantly more in the patients with age ≥50 compared with KRAS wild type. Furthermore, the 6-month overall survival rate in KRAS mutation patients was significantly more than KRAS wild-type patients. Liver metastasis (72.9%) had the highest prevalence of metastasis in the patients, and Grade II with 64.6% had the most prevalence. Conclusions: The metastatic CRC was more prevalent in men than women, and the mean age varied around 50–60 years. The results showed that the present study had the highest prevalence of KRAS mutation in the Middle East and Pakistan with the lowest prevalence in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shahriari-Ahmadi
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Rasool Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nafise Ansarinejad
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Rasool Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Fardad
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Rasool Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Abbaszadeh
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Rasool Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Sadeghi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Bai S, Feng Q, Pan XY, Zou H, Chen HB, Wang P, Zhou XL, Hong YL, Song SL, Yang JL. Overexpression of wild-type p21Ras plays a prominent role in colorectal cancer. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:861-868. [PMID: 28259994 PMCID: PMC5360420 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common gastrointestinal type of cancer. The overexpression of Ras proteins, particularly p21Ras, are involved in the development of CRC. However, the subtypes of the p21Ras proteins that are overexpressed and the mutation status remain unknown restricting the development of therapeutic antibodies targeting p21Ras proteins. The present study aimed to investigate the mutation status of ras genes associated with Ras proteins that are overexpressed in CRC and explore whether or not wild-type p21Ras could be a target for CRC therapy. p21Ras expression was examined immunohistochemically in normal colorectal epithelium, benign lesions and malignant colorectal tumor tissues by monoclonal antibody (Mab) KGH-R1 which is able to react with three types of p21Ras proteins: H-p21Ras, N-p21Ras and K-p21Ras. Then, the expression levels of p21Ras subtypes were determined in CRC by a specific Mab for each p21Ras subtype. Mutation status of ras genes in p21Ras-overexpressing CRC was detected by DNA sequencing. There was rare p21Ras expression in normal colorectal epithelium but a high level of p21Ras expression in CRC, with a significant increase from normal colorectal epithelium to inflammatory polyps, low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive colorectal adenocarcinoma, respectively. Overexpression of K-p21Ras was found in all CRC tissues tested, overexpression of N-p21Ras was found in 85.7% of the CRC tissues, while H-p21Ras expression was not found in any CRC tissue. DNA sequencing showed that there were no K-ras mutations in 60% of the K-p21Ras-overexpressing CRC, while 40% of the CRC tissues harbored K-ras mutations. N-ras mutations were not found in any N-p21Ras-overexpressing CRC. Our findings indicate that overexpression of wild-type p21Ras may play a prominent role in the development of CRC in addition to ras mutations and could be a promising target for CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Bai
- Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Pathology, Kunming General Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Yan Pan
- Department of Pathology, Kunming General Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zou
- Department of Pathology, Kunming General Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Bin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Kunming General Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Liang Zhou
- Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Ling Hong
- Department of Pathology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650031, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Ling Song
- Department of Pathology, Kunming General Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Ju-Lun Yang
- Faculty of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
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Mirone G, Shukla A, Marfe G. Signaling mechanisms of resistance to EGFR- and Anti-Angiogenic Inhibitors cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 97:85-95. [PMID: 26364891 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is among four most common malignancies and the second leading cause of cancer death in the western world. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) are often overexpressed in colorectal cancer and are associated with inferior outcomes. More recently, further improvements in survival have occurred due to the use of novel targeted therapies such EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inibitors (EGFR-TKIs), EGFR monoclonal antibodies (EGFR-mAb), and VEGF antibodies. Despite the initial clinical efficacy of these inhibitors in such cancer, resistance invariably develops, typically within 1 to 2 years. Over the past several years, multiple molecular mechanisms of resistance have been identified, and some common themes have emerged. One is the development of resistance mutations in the drug target and another it is activation of alternative signaling of key downstream pathways despite sustained inhibition of the original drug target. In this mini-review, we summarize the concepts underlying EGFR- and VEGF-mediated resistance, the specific examples known to date, and the challenges of applying this knowledge to develop improved therapeutic strategies to prevent or overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Mirone
- Department of Medical Oncology B, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Elio Chianesi 53, Rome 00144, Italy.
| | - Arvind Shukla
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D.Y. Patil University, Plot No.50, Sector- 15, C.B.D. Belapur, Navi Mumbai, 400614, Maharastra, India
| | - Gabriella Marfe
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, via De Crecchio 7, Naples 80138, Italy
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