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Malomo T, Allard Brown A, Bale K, Yung A, Kozlowski P, Heran M, Streijger F, Kwon BK. Quantifying Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Review of Methodology. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:1603-1635. [PMID: 35538847 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH) after a traumatic injury has been associated with poor neurological outcomes. Although IPH may result from the initial mechanical trauma, the blood and its breakdown products have potentially deleterious effects. Further, the degree of IPH has been correlated with injury severity and the extent of subsequent recovery. Therefore, accurate evaluation and quantification of IPH following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is important to define treatments' effects on IPH progression and secondary neuronal injury. Imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound (US), have been explored by researchers for the detection and quantification of IPH following SCI. Both quantitative and semiquantitative MRI and US measurements have been applied to objectively assess IPH following SCI, but the optimal methods for doing so are not well established. Studies in animal SCI models (rodent and porcine) have explored US and histological techniques in evaluating SCI and have demonstrated the potential to detect and quantify IPH. Newer techniques using machine learning algorithms (such as convolutional neural networks [CNN]) have also been studied to calculate IPH volume and have yielded promising results. Despite long-standing recognition of the potential pathological significance of IPH within the spinal cord, quantifying IPH with MRI or US is a relatively new area of research. Further studies are warranted to investigate their potential use. Here, we review the different and emerging quantitative MRI, US, and histological approaches used to detect and quantify IPH following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toluyemi Malomo
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Division of Neuroradiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aysha Allard Brown
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Division of Neuroradiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kirsten Bale
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Division of Neuroradiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,UBC MRI Research Center, Division of Neuroradiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew Yung
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Division of Neuroradiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,UBC MRI Research Center, Division of Neuroradiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Piotr Kozlowski
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Division of Neuroradiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,UBC MRI Research Center, Division of Neuroradiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Manraj Heran
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Femke Streijger
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Division of Neuroradiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian K Kwon
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Division of Neuroradiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Vancouver Spine Surgery Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, and Division of Neuroradiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Kamal R, Verma H, Narasimhaiah S, Chopra S. Predicting the Role of Preoperative Intramedullary Lesion Length and Early Decompressive Surgery in ASIA Impairment Scale Grade Improvement Following Subaxial Traumatic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2022; 84:144-156. [PMID: 35668673 PMCID: PMC9977512 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1740379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (TCSCI) is a disabling condition with uncertain neurologic recovery. Clinical and preclinical studies have suggested early surgical decompression and other measures of neuroprotection improve neurologic outcome. We investigated the role of intramedullary lesion length (IMLL) on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the effect of early cervical decompressive surgery on ASIA impairment scale (AIS) grade improvement following TCSCI. METHODS In this retrospective study, we investigated 34 TCSCI patients who were admitted over a 12-year period, from January 1, 2008 to January 31, 2020. We studied the patient demographics, mode of injury, IMLL and timing of surgical decompression. The IMLL is defined as the total length of edema and contusion/hemorrhage within the cord. Short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequences or T2-weighted MR imaging with fat saturation increases the clarity of edema and depicts abnormalities in the spinal cord. All patients included had confirmed adequate spinal cord decompression with cervical fixation and a follow-up of at least 6 months. RESULTS Of the 34 patients, 16 patients were operated on within 24 hours (early surgery group) and 18 patients were operated on more than 24 hours after trauma (delayed surgery group). In the early surgery group, 13 (81.3%) patients had improvement of at least one AIS grade, whereas in the delayed surgery group, AIS grade improvement was seen in only in 8 (44.5%) patients (early vs. late surgery; odds ratio [OR] = 1.828; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.036-3.225). In multivariate regression analysis coefficients, the timing of surgery and intramedullary edema length on MRI were the most significant factors in improving the AIS grade following cervical SCI. Timing of surgery as a unique variance predicted AIS grade improvement significantly (p < 0.001). The mean IMLL was 41.47 mm (standard deviation [SD]: 18.35; range: 20-87 mm). IMLL was a predictor of AIS grade improvement on long-term outcome in bivariate analysis (p < 0.001). This study suggests that patients who had IMLL of less than 30 mm had a better chance of grade conversion irrespective of the timing of surgery. Patients with an IMLL of 31 to 60 mm had chances of better grade conversion after early surgery. A longer IMLL predicts lack of improvement (p < 0.05). If the IMLL is greater than 61 mm, the probability of nonconversion of AIS grade is higher, even if the patient is operated on within 24 hours of trauma. CONCLUSION Surgical decompression within 24 hours of trauma and shorter preoperative IMLL are significantly associated with improved neurologic outcome, reflected by better AIS grade improvement at 6 months' follow-up. The IMLL on preoperative MRI can reliably predict outcome after 6 months. The present study suggests that patients have lesser chances of AIS grade improvement when the IMLL is ≥61 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kamal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Escorts Hospital, Amritsar, Punjab, India,Address for correspondence Raj Kamal, MS, MCh Department of Neurosurgery, Escorts HospitalSehaj Enclave, Amritsar, Punjab 143001India
| | - Himanshu Verma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Escorts Hospital, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | | | - Suruchi Chopra
- Department of Radiology, Escorts Hospital, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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Sanganahalli BG, Chitturi J, Herman P, Elkabes S, Heary R, Hyder F, Kannurpatti S. Supraspinal sensorimotor and pain-related reorganization after a hemicontusion rat cervical spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:3393-3405. [PMID: 34714150 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the presence of pain impedes motor recovery in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI), it is necessary to understand their supraspinal substrates in translational animal models. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a rat model of hemicontusion cervical SCI, supraspinal changes were mapped and correlated with sensorimotor behavioral outcomes. Female adult rats underwent sham or SCI using a 2.5 mm impactor and 150 kDyne force. SCI permanently impaired motor activity in only the ipsilesional forelimb along with thermal hyperalgesia at 5 and 6 wks. Spinal MRI at 8 wks after SCI showed ipsilateral T1 and T2 lesions with no discernable lesions across shams. fMRI mapping during electrical forepaw stimulation indicated SCI-induced sensorimotor reorganization with an expansion of the contralesional forelimb representation. Resting state fMRI based functional connectivity density (FCD), a marker of regional neuronal hubs increased or decreased across brain regions involved in nociception. FCD increases after SCI were in the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices (S1 and S2), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insula and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and decreases were across the hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus and amygdala in SCI. Resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) assessments from the FCD altered regions of interest indicated cortico-cortical RSFC increases and cortico-insular, cortico-thalamic and cortico-hypothalamic RSFC decreases after SCI. Hippocampus, amygdala and thalamus showed decreased RSFC with most cortical regions and between themselves except the hippocampus-amygdala network, which showed increased RSFC after SCI. While select nociceptive region's intrinsic activity associated strongly with evoked pain behaviors after SCI (eg., PFC, ACC, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, M1 and S1BF) other nociceptive regions had weaker associations (eg., amygdala, insula, auditory cortex, S1FL, S1HL, S2 and M2), but differed significantly in their intrinsic activities between sham and SCI. The weaker associated nociceptive regions may possibly encode both the evoked and affective components of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaraju G Sanganahalli
- Yale University School of Medicine, 12228, Diagnostic Radiology, New Haven, Connecticut, United States;
| | - Jyothsna Chitturi
- Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, 5751, Radiology, Newark, New Jersey, United States;
| | - Peter Herman
- Yale University School of Medicine, 12228, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Section of Bioimaging Science, New Haven, Connecticut, United States;
| | - Stella Elkabes
- Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, 5751, Neurosurgery, Newark, New Jersey, United States;
| | - Robert Heary
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, 576909, Nutley, New Jersey, United States;
| | | | - Sridhar Kannurpatti
- Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, 5751, Radiology, Newark, New Jersey, United States;
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Chitturi J, Sanganahalli BG, Herman P, Hyder F, Ni L, Elkabes S, Heary R, Kannurpatti SS. Association Between Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Spinal Morphometry and Sensorimotor Behavior in a Hemicontusion Model of Incomplete Cervical Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Brain Connect 2020; 10:479-489. [PMID: 32981350 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2020.0812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Structural connectivity in the reorganizing spinal cord after injury dictates functional connectivity and hence the neurological outcome. As magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based structural parameters are mostly accessible across spinal cord injury (SCI) patients, we studied MRI-based spinal morphological changes and their relationship to neurological outcome in the rat model of cervical SCI. Introduction: Functional connectivity assessments on patients with SCI rely heavily on MRI-based approaches to investigate the complete neural axis (both spinal cord and brain). Hence, underlying MRI-based structural and morphometric changes in the reorganizing spinal cord and their relationship to neurological outcomes is crucial for meaningful interpretation of functional connectivity changes across the neural axis. Methods: Young adult rats, aged 1.5 months, underwent a precise mechanical impact hemicontusion incomplete cervical SCI at the C4/C5 level, after which sensorimotor behavioral assessments were tracked during the reorganization period of 1-6 weeks, followed by MRI of the cervical spinal cord at 8 weeks after SCI. Results: A significant ipsilesional forelimb motor debilitation was observed from 1 to 6 weeks after injury. Heat sensitivity testing (Hargreaves) showed ipsilesional forelimb hypersensitivity at 5 and 6 weeks after SCI. MRI of the cervical spine showed ipsilateral T1- and T2-weighted lesions across all SCI rats compared with no significant lesions in sham rats. Morphometric assessments of the lesional and nonlesional changes showed the diverse nature of their interindividual variability in the SCI receiving rats. While the various T1 and T2 MRI lesional volumes associated weakly or moderately with neurological outcome, the nonlesional spinal morphometric changes associated much more strongly. The results have important implications for interpreting functional MRI-based functional connectivity after SCI by providing vital underlying structural changes and their relative neurological impact. Impact statement Functional connectivity assessments on patients with SCI relies heavily upon MRI based approaches. Hence, underlying MRI based structural and morphometric changes in the reorganizing spinal cord and its relationship to neurological outcomes is vital for meaningful interpretation of functional connectivity changes across the complete neural axis (both spinal cord and the brain).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothsna Chitturi
- Department of Radiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Basavaraju G Sanganahalli
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR) Core Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Peter Herman
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR) Core Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR) Core Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Li Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Stella Elkabes
- Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Robert Heary
- Hackensack University School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sridhar S Kannurpatti
- Department of Radiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Laing AC, Brenneman EC, Yung A, liu J, Kozlowski P, Oxland T. The Effects of Age on the Morphometry of the Cervical Spinal Cord and Spinal Column in Adult Rats: An MRI-Based Study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:1885-95. [PMID: 25044631 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Laing
- Injury Biomechanics and Aging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology; University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West; Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD); University of British Columbia; 818 West 10th Avenue Vancouver British Columbia V5Z 1M9 Canada
| | - Elora C. Brenneman
- Injury Biomechanics and Aging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology; University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West; Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Andrew Yung
- MRI Research Centre, University of British Columbia; 2221 Westbrook Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 2B5 Canada
| | - Jie liu
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD); University of British Columbia; 818 West 10th Avenue Vancouver British Columbia V5Z 1M9 Canada
| | - Piotr Kozlowski
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD); University of British Columbia; 818 West 10th Avenue Vancouver British Columbia V5Z 1M9 Canada
- MRI Research Centre, University of British Columbia; 2221 Westbrook Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 2B5 Canada
| | - Thomas Oxland
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD); University of British Columbia; 818 West 10th Avenue Vancouver British Columbia V5Z 1M9 Canada
- Orthopaedics and Injury Biomechanics Group, Departments of Orthopaedics and Mechanical Engineering; University of British Columbia; 818 West 10th Avenue Vancouver British Columbia V5Z 1M9 Canada
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Choe AS, Gao Y, Li X, Compton KB, Stepniewska I, Anderson AW. Accuracy of image registration between MRI and light microscopy in the ex vivo brain. Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 29:683-92. [PMID: 21546191 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2011.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A multistep procedure was developed to register magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histological data from the same sample in the light microscopy image space, with the ultimate goal of allowing quantitative comparisons of the two datasets. The fixed brain of an owl monkey was used to develop and test the procedure. In addition to the MRI and histological data, photographic images of the brain tissue block acquired during sectioning were assembled into a blockface volume to provide an intermediate step for the overall registration process. The MR volume was first registered to the blockface volume using a combination of linear and nonlinear registration, and two dimensional (2D) blockface sections were registered to corresponding myelin-stained sections using a combination of linear and nonlinear registration. Before this 2D registration, two major types of tissue distortions were corrected: tissue tearing and independent movement of different parts of the brain, both introduced during histological processing of the sections. The correction procedure utilized a 2D method to close tissue tears and a multiple iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm to reposition separate pieces of tissue in the image. The accuracy of the overall MR to micrograph registration procedure was assessed by measuring the distance between registered landmarks chosen in the MR image space and the corresponding landmarks chosen in the micrograph space. The average error distance of the MR data registered to micrograph data was 0.324±0.277 mm, only 8% larger than the width of the MRI voxel (0.3 mm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann S Choe
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Post-mortem assessment of rat spinal cord injury and white matter sparing using inversion recovery-supported proton density magnetic resonance imaging. Spinal Cord 2010; 49:345-51. [PMID: 20877332 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2010.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN This was an experimental study. OBJECTIVES White matter sparing influences locomotor recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). The objective of the present post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigation was to assess the potential of a simple inversion recovery (IR) sequence in combination with high-resolution proton density (PD) images to selectively depict spared white matter after experimental SCI in the rat. SETTING This study was conducted at University of Liège and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Liège, Belgium and Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium. METHODS Post-mortem 9.4 tesla (T) MRI was obtained from five excised rat spines 2 months after compressive SCI. The locomotor recovery had been followed weekly using the standardized Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan scale. IR MRI was used to depict normal white matter as very hypo-intense. Preserved white matter, cord atrophy and lesion volume were assessed, and histology was used to confirm MRI data. RESULTS MRI showed lesion severity and white matter sparing in accordance with the degree of locomotor recovery. IR MRI enhanced detection of spared and injured white matter by selectively altering the signal of spared white matter. Even subtle white matter changes could be detected, increasing diagnostic accuracy as compared to PD alone. MRI accuracy was confirmed by histology. CONCLUSION High-resolution IR-supported PD MRI provides useful micro-anatomical information about white matter damage and sparing in the post-mortem assessment of chronic rat SCI.
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