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Knaggs H, Tabor G, Williams J. An initial investigation into the effects of the equine transeva technique (pulsating current electrotherapy) on the equine Gluteus superficialis. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/cep210001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The equine transeva technique (ETT), is a novel electrotherapy, which utilises pulsating current electrotherapy to target sensory and motor neurons. The technique may facilitate increased circulation and correction of musculoskeletal issues and injuries, such as tendon and ligament tears and muscle atrophy. Despite the importance of understanding the impact of ETT on horses, no current scientific research exists in this area. This preliminary study investigated the effects of ETT on the musculoskeletal system of the horse, specifically within the Gluteus superficialis (GS). Using surface electromyography, muscle workload was measured in 11 sound and healthy horses of varying breeds and disciplines within the inclusion criteria. Integrated electromyography (iEMG) calculated the percentage change in maximal contractions before and after ETT treatment during one minute trials at 30 s intervals. An ANCOVA determined if these constituted significant changes (Bonferroni adjusted alpha: P≤0.02). Significant differences in muscle workload were found on the left side between pre- and post-treatment readings across trials (P≤0.02), however no significant changes occurred for the right side. The majority of horses (82%; n=9) experienced bilateral changes, with 78% of these (n=7) exhibiting a negative change in muscle workload recorded from the pretreatment condition, which may indicate muscular relaxation. The results suggest ETT may have some effect on muscle workload in the athletic horse, however further research is needed to confirm the effects observed. Future studies should include randomising the side which is treated first, a larger sample size, expansion of temporal variables and consideration of a longitudinal study to determine if these trends accrue over multiple maintenance-purposed treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Knaggs
- Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucester, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
| | - G. Tabor
- Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucester, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
| | - J.M. Williams
- Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucester, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
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Englander ZA, Garrett WE, Spritzer CE, DeFrate LE. In vivo attachment site to attachment site length and strain of the ACL and its bundles during the full gait cycle measured by MRI and high-speed biplanar radiography. J Biomech 2019; 98:109443. [PMID: 31679755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to measure in vivo attachment site to attachment site lengths and strains of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and its bundles throughout a full cycle of treadmill gait. To obtain these measurements, models of the femur, tibia, and associated ACL attachment sites were created from magnetic resonance (MR) images in 10 healthy subjects. ACL attachment sites were subdivided into anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) bundles. High-speed biplanar radiographs were obtained as subjects ambulated at 1 m/s. The bone models were registered to the radiographs, thereby reproducing the in vivo positions of the bones and ACL attachment sites throughout gait. The lengths of the ACL and both bundles were estimated as straight line distances between attachment sites for each knee position. Increased attachment to attachment ACL length and strain were observed during midstance (length = 28.5 ± 2.6 mm, strain = 5 ± 4%, mean ± standard deviation), and heel strike (length = 30.5 ± 3.0 mm, strain = 12 ± 5%) when the knee was positioned at low flexion angles. Significant inverse correlations were observed between mean attachment to attachment ACL lengths and flexion (rho = -0.87, p < 0.001), as well as both bundle lengths and flexion (rho = -0.86, p < 0.001 and rho = -0.82, p < 0.001, respectively). AM and PL bundle attachment to attachment lengths were highly correlated throughout treadmill gait (rho = 0.90, p < 0.001). These data can provide valuable information to inform design criteria for ACL grafts used in reconstructive surgery, and may be useful in the design of rehabilitation and injury prevention protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë A Englander
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Louis E DeFrate
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Koenig I, Eichelberger P, Blasimann A, Hauswirth A, Baeyens JP, Radlinger L. Wavelet analyses of electromyographic signals derived from lower extremity muscles while walking or running: A systematic review. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206549. [PMID: 30388151 PMCID: PMC6214539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface electromyography is often used to assess muscle activity and muscle function. A wavelet approach provides information about the intensity of muscle activity and motor unit recruitment strategies at every time point of the gait cycle. The aim was to review papers that employed wavelet analyses to investigate electromyograms of lower extremity muscles during walking and running. Eleven databases were searched up until June 1st 2017. The composition was based on the PICO model and the PRISMA checklist. First author, year, subject characteristics, intervention, outcome measures & variables, results and wavelet specification were extracted. Eighteen studies included the use of wavelets to investigate electromyograms of lower extremity muscles. Three main topics were discussed: 1.) The capability of the method to correctly assign participants to a specific group (recognition rate) varied between 68.4%-100%. 2.) Patients with ankle osteoarthritis or total knee arthroplasty presented a delayed muscle activation in the early stance phase but a prolonged activation in mid stance. 3.) Atrophic muscles did not contain type II muscle fiber components but more energy in their lower frequencies. The simultaneous information of time, frequency and intensity is of high clinical relevance because it offers valuable information about pre-and reflex activation behavior on different walking and running speeds as well as spectral changes towards high or low frequencies at every time point of the gait cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Koenig
- Bern University of Applied Sciences, Department of Health Professions, Division of Physiotherapy, Bern, Switzerland
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Patric Eichelberger
- Bern University of Applied Sciences, Department of Health Professions, Division of Physiotherapy, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Angela Blasimann
- Bern University of Applied Sciences, Department of Health Professions, Division of Physiotherapy, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Hauswirth
- Bern University of Applied Sciences, Department of Health Professions, Division of Physiotherapy, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Baeyens
- Bern University of Applied Sciences, Department of Health Professions, Division of Physiotherapy, Bern, Switzerland
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lorenz Radlinger
- Bern University of Applied Sciences, Department of Health Professions, Division of Physiotherapy, Bern, Switzerland
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Kuntze G, von Tscharner V, Hutchison C, Ronsky JL. Alterations in lower limb multimuscle activation patterns during stair climbing in female total knee arthroplasty patients. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:2718-25. [PMID: 26354313 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00370.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients commonly experience neuromuscular adaptations that may affect stair climbing competence. This study identified multimuscle pattern (MMP) changes in postoperative female TKA patients during stair climbing with a support vector machine (SVM). It was hypothesized that TKA patients adopt temporal and spectral muscle activation characteristics indicative of muscle atrophy and cocontraction strategies. Nineteen female subjects [10 unilateral sex-specific TKAs, 62.2 ± 8.6 yr, body mass index (BMI) 28.2 ± 5.4 kg/m(2); 9 healthy control subjects, 61.4 ± 7.4 yr, BMI 25.6 ± 2.4 kg/m(2)] were recruited. Surface electromyograms (EMGs) were obtained for seven lower limb muscles of the affected limb of TKA subjects and a randomly assigned limb for control subjects during stair climbing. Stance phase (±30%) EMG data were wavelet transformed and normalized to total power. Data across all muscles were combined to form MMPs and analyzed with a SVM. Statistical analysis was performed with binomial tests, independent group t-tests, or independent group Mann-Whitney U-tests in SPSS (P < 0.05). SVM results indicated significantly altered muscle activation patterns in the TKA group for biceps femoris (recognition rate 84.2%), semitendinosus (recognition rate 73.7%), gastrocnemius (recognition rate 68.4%), and tibialis anterior (recognition rate 68.4%). Further analysis identified no significant differences in spectral activation characteristics between groups. Temporal adaptations, indicative of cocontraction strategies, were, however, evident in TKA MMPs. This approach may provide a valuable tool for clinical neuromuscular function assessment and rehabilitation monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kuntze
- Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - V von Tscharner
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - C Hutchison
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - J L Ronsky
- Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Kuntze G, von Tscharner V, Hutchison C, Ronsky J. Multi-muscle activation strategies during walking in female post-operative total joint replacement patients. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2015; 25:715-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Maurer C, von Tscharner V, Nigg BM. Speed-dependent variation in the Piper rhythm. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2013; 23:673-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Heel-strike in walking: Assessment of potential sources of intra- and inter-subject variability in the activation patterns of muscles stabilizing the knee joint. J Biomech 2013; 46:1262-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Taylor KA, Cutcliffe HC, Queen RM, Utturkar GM, Spritzer CE, Garrett WE, DeFrate LE. In vivo measurement of ACL length and relative strain during walking. J Biomech 2012. [PMID: 23178040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have addressed the effects of ACL injury and reconstruction on knee joint motion, there is currently little data available describing in vivo ACL strain during activities of daily living. Data describing in vivo ACL strain during activities such as gait is critical to understanding the biomechanical function of the ligament, and ultimately, to improving the surgical treatment of patients with ACL rupture. Thus, our objective was to characterize the relative strain in the ACL during both the stance and swing phases of normal level walking. Eight normal subjects were recruited for this study. Through a combination of magnetic resonance imaging, biplanar fluoroscopy, and motion capture, we created in vivo models of each subject's normal walking movements to measure knee flexion, ACL length, and relative ACL strain during gait. Regression analysis demonstrated an inverse relationship between knee flexion and ACL length (R(2)=0.61, p<0.001). Furthermore, relative strain in the ACL peaked at 13±2% (mean±95%CI) during mid-stance when the knee was near full extension. Additionally, there was a second local maximum of 10±7% near the end of swing phase, just prior to heel strike. These data are a vital step in further comprehending the normal in vivo biomechanics experienced by the ACL. In the future, this information could prove critical to improving ACL reconstruction and provide useful validation to future computational models investigating ACL function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Taylor
- Sports Medicine Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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McKay JL, Welch TDJ, Vidakovic B, Ting LH. Statistically significant contrasts between EMG waveforms revealed using wavelet-based functional ANOVA. J Neurophysiol 2012; 109:591-602. [PMID: 23100136 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00447.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed wavelet-based functional ANOVA (wfANOVA) as a novel approach for comparing neurophysiological signals that are functions of time. Temporal resolution is often sacrificed by analyzing such data in large time bins, increasing statistical power by reducing the number of comparisons. We performed ANOVA in the wavelet domain because differences between curves tend to be represented by a few temporally localized wavelets, which we transformed back to the time domain for visualization. We compared wfANOVA and ANOVA performed in the time domain (tANOVA) on both experimental electromyographic (EMG) signals from responses to perturbation during standing balance across changes in peak perturbation acceleration (3 levels) and velocity (4 levels) and on simulated data with known contrasts. In experimental EMG data, wfANOVA revealed the continuous shape and magnitude of significant differences over time without a priori selection of time bins. However, tANOVA revealed only the largest differences at discontinuous time points, resulting in features with later onsets and shorter durations than those identified using wfANOVA (P < 0.02). Furthermore, wfANOVA required significantly fewer (~1/4;×; P < 0.015) significant F tests than tANOVA, resulting in post hoc tests with increased power. In simulated EMG data, wfANOVA identified known contrast curves with a high level of precision (r(2) = 0.94 ± 0.08) and performed better than tANOVA across noise levels (P < <0.01). Therefore, wfANOVA may be useful for revealing differences in the shape and magnitude of neurophysiological signals (e.g., EMG, firing rates) across multiple conditions with both high temporal resolution and high statistical power.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lucas McKay
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0535, USA
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