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Piguet F, de Saint Denis T, Audouard E, Beccaria K, André A, Wurtz G, Schatz R, Alves S, Sevin C, Zerah M, Cartier N. The Challenge of Gene Therapy for Neurological Diseases: Strategies and Tools to Achieve Efficient Delivery to the Central Nervous System. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:349-374. [PMID: 33167739 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
For more than 10 years, gene therapy for neurological diseases has experienced intensive research growth and more recently therapeutic interventions for multiple indications. Beneficial results in several phase 1/2 clinical studies, together with improved vector technology have advanced gene therapy for the central nervous system (CNS) in a new era of development. Although most initial strategies have focused on orphan genetic diseases, such as lysosomal storage diseases, more complex and widespread conditions like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, or chronic pain are increasingly targeted for gene therapy. Increasing numbers of applications and patients to be treated will require improvement and simplification of gene therapy protocols to make them accessible to the largest number of affected people. Although vectors and manufacturing are a major field of academic research and industrial development, there is a growing need to improve, standardize, and simplify delivery methods. Delivery is the major issue for CNS therapies in general, and particularly for gene therapy. The blood-brain barrier restricts the passage of vectors; strategies to bypass this obstacle are a central focus of research. In this study, we present the different ways that can be used to deliver gene therapy products to the CNS. We focus on results obtained in large animals that have allowed the transfer of protocols to human patients and have resulted in the generation of clinical data. We discuss the different routes of administration, their advantages, and their limitations. We describe techniques, equipment, and protocols and how they should be selected for safe delivery and improved efficiency for the next generation of gene therapy trials for CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Piguet
- NeuroGenCell, INSERM U1127, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne University, CNRS, AP-HP, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Timothée de Saint Denis
- NeuroGenCell, INSERM U1127, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne University, CNRS, AP-HP, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,APHP, Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP Centre. Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Audouard
- NeuroGenCell, INSERM U1127, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne University, CNRS, AP-HP, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Kevin Beccaria
- NeuroGenCell, INSERM U1127, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne University, CNRS, AP-HP, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,APHP, Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP Centre. Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Arthur André
- NeuroGenCell, INSERM U1127, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne University, CNRS, AP-HP, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,APHP, Department of Neurosurgery, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Wurtz
- NeuroGenCell, INSERM U1127, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne University, CNRS, AP-HP, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Raphael Schatz
- NeuroGenCell, INSERM U1127, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne University, CNRS, AP-HP, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Sandro Alves
- BrainVectis-Askbio France, iPeps Paris Brain Institute, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Sevin
- NeuroGenCell, INSERM U1127, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne University, CNRS, AP-HP, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,BrainVectis-Askbio France, iPeps Paris Brain Institute, Paris, France.,APHP, Department of Neurology, Hopital le Kremlin Bicetre, Paris, France
| | - Michel Zerah
- NeuroGenCell, INSERM U1127, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne University, CNRS, AP-HP, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,APHP, Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP Centre. Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Cartier
- NeuroGenCell, INSERM U1127, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne University, CNRS, AP-HP, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Lang FF, Conrad C, Gomez-Manzano C, Yung WA, Sawaya R, Weinberg JS, Prabhu SS, Rao G, Fuller GN, Aldape KD, Gumin J, Vence LM, Wistuba I, Rodriguez-Canales J, Villalobos PA, Dirven CM, Tejada S, Valle RD, Alonso MM, Ewald B, Peterkin JJ, Tufaro F, Fueyo J. Phase I Study of DNX-2401 (Delta-24-RGD) Oncolytic Adenovirus: Replication and Immunotherapeutic Effects in Recurrent Malignant Glioma. J Clin Oncol 2018; 36:1419-1427. [PMID: 29432077 PMCID: PMC6075856 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2017.75.8219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose DNX-2401 (Delta-24-RGD; tasadenoturev) is a tumor-selective, replication-competent oncolytic adenovirus. Preclinical studies demonstrated antiglioma efficacy, but the effects and mechanisms of action have not been evaluated in patients. Methods A phase I, dose-escalation, biologic-end-point clinical trial of DNX-2401 was conducted in 37 patients with recurrent malignant glioma. Patients received a single intratumoral injection of DNX-2401 into biopsy-confirmed recurrent tumor to evaluate safety and response across eight dose levels (group A). To investigate the mechanism of action, a second group of patients (group B) underwent intratumoral injection through a permanently implanted catheter, followed 14 days later by en bloc resection to acquire post-treatment specimens. Results In group A (n = 25), 20% of patients survived > 3 years from treatment, and three patients had a ≥ 95% reduction in the enhancing tumor (12%), with all three of these dramatic responses resulting in > 3 years of progression-free survival from the time of treatment. Analyses of post-treatment surgical specimens (group B, n = 12) showed that DNX-2401 replicates and spreads within the tumor, documenting direct virus-induced oncolysis in patients. In addition to radiographic signs of inflammation, histopathologic examination of immune markers in post-treatment specimens showed tumor infiltration by CD8+ and T-bet+ cells, and transmembrane immunoglobulin mucin-3 downregulation after treatment. Analyses of patient-derived cell lines for damage-associated molecular patterns revealed induction of immunogenic cell death in tumor cells after DNX-2401 administration. Conclusion Treatment with DNX-2401 resulted in dramatic responses with long-term survival in recurrent high-grade gliomas that are probably due to direct oncolytic effects of the virus followed by elicitation of an immune-mediated antiglioma response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick F. Lang
- Frederick F. Lang, Charles Conrad, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, W.K. Alfred Yung, Raymond Sawaya, Jeffrey S. Weinberg, Sujit S. Prabhu, Ganesh Rao, Gregory N. Fuller, Kenneth D. Aldape, Joy Gumin, Luis M. Vence, Ignacio Wistuba, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales, Pamela A. Villalobos, and Juan Fueyo, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Brett Ewald, Joanna J. Peterkin, and Frank Tufaro, DNAtrix, Houston, TX; Clemens M.F. Dirven, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Sonia Tejada, Ricardo D. Valle, and Marta M. Alonso, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Charles Conrad
- Frederick F. Lang, Charles Conrad, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, W.K. Alfred Yung, Raymond Sawaya, Jeffrey S. Weinberg, Sujit S. Prabhu, Ganesh Rao, Gregory N. Fuller, Kenneth D. Aldape, Joy Gumin, Luis M. Vence, Ignacio Wistuba, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales, Pamela A. Villalobos, and Juan Fueyo, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Brett Ewald, Joanna J. Peterkin, and Frank Tufaro, DNAtrix, Houston, TX; Clemens M.F. Dirven, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Sonia Tejada, Ricardo D. Valle, and Marta M. Alonso, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Candelaria Gomez-Manzano
- Frederick F. Lang, Charles Conrad, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, W.K. Alfred Yung, Raymond Sawaya, Jeffrey S. Weinberg, Sujit S. Prabhu, Ganesh Rao, Gregory N. Fuller, Kenneth D. Aldape, Joy Gumin, Luis M. Vence, Ignacio Wistuba, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales, Pamela A. Villalobos, and Juan Fueyo, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Brett Ewald, Joanna J. Peterkin, and Frank Tufaro, DNAtrix, Houston, TX; Clemens M.F. Dirven, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Sonia Tejada, Ricardo D. Valle, and Marta M. Alonso, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - W.K. Alfred Yung
- Frederick F. Lang, Charles Conrad, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, W.K. Alfred Yung, Raymond Sawaya, Jeffrey S. Weinberg, Sujit S. Prabhu, Ganesh Rao, Gregory N. Fuller, Kenneth D. Aldape, Joy Gumin, Luis M. Vence, Ignacio Wistuba, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales, Pamela A. Villalobos, and Juan Fueyo, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Brett Ewald, Joanna J. Peterkin, and Frank Tufaro, DNAtrix, Houston, TX; Clemens M.F. Dirven, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Sonia Tejada, Ricardo D. Valle, and Marta M. Alonso, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Raymond Sawaya
- Frederick F. Lang, Charles Conrad, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, W.K. Alfred Yung, Raymond Sawaya, Jeffrey S. Weinberg, Sujit S. Prabhu, Ganesh Rao, Gregory N. Fuller, Kenneth D. Aldape, Joy Gumin, Luis M. Vence, Ignacio Wistuba, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales, Pamela A. Villalobos, and Juan Fueyo, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Brett Ewald, Joanna J. Peterkin, and Frank Tufaro, DNAtrix, Houston, TX; Clemens M.F. Dirven, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Sonia Tejada, Ricardo D. Valle, and Marta M. Alonso, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jeffrey S. Weinberg
- Frederick F. Lang, Charles Conrad, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, W.K. Alfred Yung, Raymond Sawaya, Jeffrey S. Weinberg, Sujit S. Prabhu, Ganesh Rao, Gregory N. Fuller, Kenneth D. Aldape, Joy Gumin, Luis M. Vence, Ignacio Wistuba, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales, Pamela A. Villalobos, and Juan Fueyo, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Brett Ewald, Joanna J. Peterkin, and Frank Tufaro, DNAtrix, Houston, TX; Clemens M.F. Dirven, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Sonia Tejada, Ricardo D. Valle, and Marta M. Alonso, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sujit S. Prabhu
- Frederick F. Lang, Charles Conrad, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, W.K. Alfred Yung, Raymond Sawaya, Jeffrey S. Weinberg, Sujit S. Prabhu, Ganesh Rao, Gregory N. Fuller, Kenneth D. Aldape, Joy Gumin, Luis M. Vence, Ignacio Wistuba, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales, Pamela A. Villalobos, and Juan Fueyo, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Brett Ewald, Joanna J. Peterkin, and Frank Tufaro, DNAtrix, Houston, TX; Clemens M.F. Dirven, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Sonia Tejada, Ricardo D. Valle, and Marta M. Alonso, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ganesh Rao
- Frederick F. Lang, Charles Conrad, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, W.K. Alfred Yung, Raymond Sawaya, Jeffrey S. Weinberg, Sujit S. Prabhu, Ganesh Rao, Gregory N. Fuller, Kenneth D. Aldape, Joy Gumin, Luis M. Vence, Ignacio Wistuba, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales, Pamela A. Villalobos, and Juan Fueyo, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Brett Ewald, Joanna J. Peterkin, and Frank Tufaro, DNAtrix, Houston, TX; Clemens M.F. Dirven, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Sonia Tejada, Ricardo D. Valle, and Marta M. Alonso, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gregory N. Fuller
- Frederick F. Lang, Charles Conrad, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, W.K. Alfred Yung, Raymond Sawaya, Jeffrey S. Weinberg, Sujit S. Prabhu, Ganesh Rao, Gregory N. Fuller, Kenneth D. Aldape, Joy Gumin, Luis M. Vence, Ignacio Wistuba, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales, Pamela A. Villalobos, and Juan Fueyo, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Brett Ewald, Joanna J. Peterkin, and Frank Tufaro, DNAtrix, Houston, TX; Clemens M.F. Dirven, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Sonia Tejada, Ricardo D. Valle, and Marta M. Alonso, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Kenneth D. Aldape
- Frederick F. Lang, Charles Conrad, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, W.K. Alfred Yung, Raymond Sawaya, Jeffrey S. Weinberg, Sujit S. Prabhu, Ganesh Rao, Gregory N. Fuller, Kenneth D. Aldape, Joy Gumin, Luis M. Vence, Ignacio Wistuba, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales, Pamela A. Villalobos, and Juan Fueyo, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Brett Ewald, Joanna J. Peterkin, and Frank Tufaro, DNAtrix, Houston, TX; Clemens M.F. Dirven, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Sonia Tejada, Ricardo D. Valle, and Marta M. Alonso, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joy Gumin
- Frederick F. Lang, Charles Conrad, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, W.K. Alfred Yung, Raymond Sawaya, Jeffrey S. Weinberg, Sujit S. Prabhu, Ganesh Rao, Gregory N. Fuller, Kenneth D. Aldape, Joy Gumin, Luis M. Vence, Ignacio Wistuba, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales, Pamela A. Villalobos, and Juan Fueyo, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Brett Ewald, Joanna J. Peterkin, and Frank Tufaro, DNAtrix, Houston, TX; Clemens M.F. Dirven, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Sonia Tejada, Ricardo D. Valle, and Marta M. Alonso, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luis M. Vence
- Frederick F. Lang, Charles Conrad, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, W.K. Alfred Yung, Raymond Sawaya, Jeffrey S. Weinberg, Sujit S. Prabhu, Ganesh Rao, Gregory N. Fuller, Kenneth D. Aldape, Joy Gumin, Luis M. Vence, Ignacio Wistuba, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales, Pamela A. Villalobos, and Juan Fueyo, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Brett Ewald, Joanna J. Peterkin, and Frank Tufaro, DNAtrix, Houston, TX; Clemens M.F. Dirven, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Sonia Tejada, Ricardo D. Valle, and Marta M. Alonso, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Wistuba
- Frederick F. Lang, Charles Conrad, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, W.K. Alfred Yung, Raymond Sawaya, Jeffrey S. Weinberg, Sujit S. Prabhu, Ganesh Rao, Gregory N. Fuller, Kenneth D. Aldape, Joy Gumin, Luis M. Vence, Ignacio Wistuba, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales, Pamela A. Villalobos, and Juan Fueyo, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Brett Ewald, Joanna J. Peterkin, and Frank Tufaro, DNAtrix, Houston, TX; Clemens M.F. Dirven, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Sonia Tejada, Ricardo D. Valle, and Marta M. Alonso, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jaime Rodriguez-Canales
- Frederick F. Lang, Charles Conrad, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, W.K. Alfred Yung, Raymond Sawaya, Jeffrey S. Weinberg, Sujit S. Prabhu, Ganesh Rao, Gregory N. Fuller, Kenneth D. Aldape, Joy Gumin, Luis M. Vence, Ignacio Wistuba, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales, Pamela A. Villalobos, and Juan Fueyo, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Brett Ewald, Joanna J. Peterkin, and Frank Tufaro, DNAtrix, Houston, TX; Clemens M.F. Dirven, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Sonia Tejada, Ricardo D. Valle, and Marta M. Alonso, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pamela A. Villalobos
- Frederick F. Lang, Charles Conrad, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, W.K. Alfred Yung, Raymond Sawaya, Jeffrey S. Weinberg, Sujit S. Prabhu, Ganesh Rao, Gregory N. Fuller, Kenneth D. Aldape, Joy Gumin, Luis M. Vence, Ignacio Wistuba, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales, Pamela A. Villalobos, and Juan Fueyo, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Brett Ewald, Joanna J. Peterkin, and Frank Tufaro, DNAtrix, Houston, TX; Clemens M.F. Dirven, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Sonia Tejada, Ricardo D. Valle, and Marta M. Alonso, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Clemens M.F. Dirven
- Frederick F. Lang, Charles Conrad, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, W.K. Alfred Yung, Raymond Sawaya, Jeffrey S. Weinberg, Sujit S. Prabhu, Ganesh Rao, Gregory N. Fuller, Kenneth D. Aldape, Joy Gumin, Luis M. Vence, Ignacio Wistuba, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales, Pamela A. Villalobos, and Juan Fueyo, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Brett Ewald, Joanna J. Peterkin, and Frank Tufaro, DNAtrix, Houston, TX; Clemens M.F. Dirven, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Sonia Tejada, Ricardo D. Valle, and Marta M. Alonso, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sonia Tejada
- Frederick F. Lang, Charles Conrad, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, W.K. Alfred Yung, Raymond Sawaya, Jeffrey S. Weinberg, Sujit S. Prabhu, Ganesh Rao, Gregory N. Fuller, Kenneth D. Aldape, Joy Gumin, Luis M. Vence, Ignacio Wistuba, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales, Pamela A. Villalobos, and Juan Fueyo, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Brett Ewald, Joanna J. Peterkin, and Frank Tufaro, DNAtrix, Houston, TX; Clemens M.F. Dirven, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Sonia Tejada, Ricardo D. Valle, and Marta M. Alonso, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ricardo D. Valle
- Frederick F. Lang, Charles Conrad, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, W.K. Alfred Yung, Raymond Sawaya, Jeffrey S. Weinberg, Sujit S. Prabhu, Ganesh Rao, Gregory N. Fuller, Kenneth D. Aldape, Joy Gumin, Luis M. Vence, Ignacio Wistuba, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales, Pamela A. Villalobos, and Juan Fueyo, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Brett Ewald, Joanna J. Peterkin, and Frank Tufaro, DNAtrix, Houston, TX; Clemens M.F. Dirven, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Sonia Tejada, Ricardo D. Valle, and Marta M. Alonso, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta M. Alonso
- Frederick F. Lang, Charles Conrad, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, W.K. Alfred Yung, Raymond Sawaya, Jeffrey S. Weinberg, Sujit S. Prabhu, Ganesh Rao, Gregory N. Fuller, Kenneth D. Aldape, Joy Gumin, Luis M. Vence, Ignacio Wistuba, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales, Pamela A. Villalobos, and Juan Fueyo, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Brett Ewald, Joanna J. Peterkin, and Frank Tufaro, DNAtrix, Houston, TX; Clemens M.F. Dirven, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Sonia Tejada, Ricardo D. Valle, and Marta M. Alonso, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Brett Ewald
- Frederick F. Lang, Charles Conrad, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, W.K. Alfred Yung, Raymond Sawaya, Jeffrey S. Weinberg, Sujit S. Prabhu, Ganesh Rao, Gregory N. Fuller, Kenneth D. Aldape, Joy Gumin, Luis M. Vence, Ignacio Wistuba, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales, Pamela A. Villalobos, and Juan Fueyo, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Brett Ewald, Joanna J. Peterkin, and Frank Tufaro, DNAtrix, Houston, TX; Clemens M.F. Dirven, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Sonia Tejada, Ricardo D. Valle, and Marta M. Alonso, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joanna J. Peterkin
- Frederick F. Lang, Charles Conrad, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, W.K. Alfred Yung, Raymond Sawaya, Jeffrey S. Weinberg, Sujit S. Prabhu, Ganesh Rao, Gregory N. Fuller, Kenneth D. Aldape, Joy Gumin, Luis M. Vence, Ignacio Wistuba, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales, Pamela A. Villalobos, and Juan Fueyo, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Brett Ewald, Joanna J. Peterkin, and Frank Tufaro, DNAtrix, Houston, TX; Clemens M.F. Dirven, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Sonia Tejada, Ricardo D. Valle, and Marta M. Alonso, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Frank Tufaro
- Frederick F. Lang, Charles Conrad, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, W.K. Alfred Yung, Raymond Sawaya, Jeffrey S. Weinberg, Sujit S. Prabhu, Ganesh Rao, Gregory N. Fuller, Kenneth D. Aldape, Joy Gumin, Luis M. Vence, Ignacio Wistuba, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales, Pamela A. Villalobos, and Juan Fueyo, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Brett Ewald, Joanna J. Peterkin, and Frank Tufaro, DNAtrix, Houston, TX; Clemens M.F. Dirven, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Sonia Tejada, Ricardo D. Valle, and Marta M. Alonso, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan Fueyo
- Frederick F. Lang, Charles Conrad, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, W.K. Alfred Yung, Raymond Sawaya, Jeffrey S. Weinberg, Sujit S. Prabhu, Ganesh Rao, Gregory N. Fuller, Kenneth D. Aldape, Joy Gumin, Luis M. Vence, Ignacio Wistuba, Jaime Rodriguez-Canales, Pamela A. Villalobos, and Juan Fueyo, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Brett Ewald, Joanna J. Peterkin, and Frank Tufaro, DNAtrix, Houston, TX; Clemens M.F. Dirven, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Sonia Tejada, Ricardo D. Valle, and Marta M. Alonso, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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