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Matur AV, Candelario-Jalil E, Paul S, Karamyan VT, Lee JD, Pennypacker K, Fraser JF. Translating Animal Models of Ischemic Stroke to the Human Condition. Transl Stroke Res 2023; 14:842-853. [PMID: 36125734 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability. However, very few neuroprotective agents have shown promise for treatment of ischemic stroke in clinical trials, despite showing efficacy in many successful preclinical studies. This may be attributed, at least in part, to the incongruency between experimental animal stroke models used in preclinical studies and the manifestation of ischemic stroke in humans. Most often the human population selected for clinical trials are more diverse than the experimental model used in a preclinical study. For successful translation, it is critical to develop clinical trial designs that match the experimental animal model used in the preclinical study. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of commonly used animal models with clear correlates between rodent models used to study ischemic stroke and the clinical stroke pathologies with which they most closely align. By improving the correlation between preclinical studies and clinical trials, new neuroprotective agents and stroke therapies may be more accurately and efficiently identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijith V Matur
- Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Eduardo Candelario-Jalil
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Surojit Paul
- Department of Neurology and Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Vardan T Karamyan
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Jessica D Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Keith Pennypacker
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Justin F Fraser
- Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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2
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Li W, Liu J, Zhang Q, Ma X, Duan J, Wang J, Tian Y, Shi W. Bioinformatics analysis identifies the protective targets of omentin in mice with focal cerebral ischemia injury. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2023; 169:106780. [PMID: 37704123 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2023.106780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Omentin is known to play a protective role in ischemic stroke. However, its regulatory networks and downstream targets in the pathogenesis of IS are incompletely revealed now. In this study, the model of photochemical brain ischemia was constructed after omentin over-expression. 8 key differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained and analyzed by transcriptome analysis. These DEGs were mainly related to the negative regulation of hormone secretion, cellular phosphate ion homeostasis, and other pathways. Moreover, the mRNA expression of predicted gene 3435 (Gm3435), ankyrin repeat domain 53 (Ankrd53), fibroblast growth factor 23 (Fgf23) and the Fgf23 protein expression were down-regulated after omentin over-expression in HT22 cells injured by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). In conclusion, our findings identified 8 key DEGs regulated by omentin after IS. In vitro models, the Gm3435, Ankrd53, Fgf23 mRNA expression and the Fgf23 protein expression were further verified to consistent with the transcriptomics results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Li
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China; Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China; Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China; The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiaojuan Ma
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China; Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China
| | - Jinwei Duan
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China; Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China
| | - Jiachen Wang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China; The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China; Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China.
| | - Wenzhen Shi
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China; Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710018, China.
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Huang A, Chen Y, Wang S, Du H, Guan A, Wu H, Zhai Q, Duan N, Li X, Zhao P, Zhu Y, Bai J, Xiao Y, Yang T, Wang Q, Deng B. Esketamine ameliorates post-stroke anxiety by modulating microglial HDAC3/NF-κB/COX1 inflammatory signaling in ischemic cortex. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 947:175667. [PMID: 36997050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Post-stroke anxiety (PSA) is a kind of affective disorder occurring after a stroke, with anxiety as the primary clinical manifestation. PSA's mechanism is unclear, and there are few prevention and treatment measures. Our previous study found that HDAC3 could activate NF-κB signaling through mediated p65 deacetylation, which further influenced microglia activation. That implies HDAC3 may be the key mediator in ischemic stroke mice and modulates anxiety susceptibility to stress. This study established a PSA model in male C57BL/6 mice through photothrombotic stroke combined with chronic restrain stress. We focused on exploring whether esketamine administration can alleviate anxiety-like behavior and neuroinflammation, which may be associated with inhibiting HDAC3 expression and NF-κB pathway activation. The results showed that esketamine administration alleviated anxiety-like behavior in PSA mice. And the results showed that esketamine alleviated cortical microglial activation, altered microglial number, and kept morphology features. Furthermore, the results showed that the expression of HDAC3, phosphor-p65/p65, and COX1 significantly decreased in esketamine-treated PSA mice. Besides, we also found that esketamine reduced PGE2 expression, one of the primary regulators of negative emotions. Interestingly, our results indicate that esketamine reduced the perineuronal net (PNN) number in the pathological process of PSA. In conclusion, this study suggests esketamine could alleviate microglial activation, reduces inflammatory cytokine, and inhibits the expression of HDAC3 and NF-κB in the cortex of PSA mice to attenuate anxiety-like behavior. Our results provided a new potential therapeutic target for applying esketamine to PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The 904th Hospital of PLA, Medical School of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shaoshuang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hailiang Du
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ao Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huanghui Wu
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Zhai
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Na Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pin Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yulin Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ye Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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Britsch DRS, Syeara N, Stowe AM, Karamyan VT. Rodent Stroke Models to Study Functional Recovery and Neural Repair. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2616:3-12. [PMID: 36715922 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2926-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Rodent ischemic stroke models are essential research tools for studying this highly prevalent disease and represent a critical element in the translational pipeline for development of new therapies. The majority of ischemic stroke models have been developed to study the acute phase of the disease and neuroprotective strategies, but a subset of models is better suited for studying stroke recovery. Each model therefore has characteristics that lend itself to certain types of investigations and outcome measures, and it is important to consider both explicit and implicit details when designing experiments that utilize each model. The following chapter briefly summarizes the known aspects of the main rodent stroke models with emphasis on their clinical relevance and suitability for studying recovery and neural repair following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daimen R S Britsch
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Nausheen Syeara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Ann M Stowe
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Vardan T Karamyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA.
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA.
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5
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Blood-Brain Barrier Transporters: Opportunities for Therapeutic Development in Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031898. [PMID: 35163820 PMCID: PMC8836701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, stroke is a leading cause of death and long-term disability. Over the past decades, several efforts have attempted to discover new drugs or repurpose existing therapeutics to promote post-stroke neurological recovery. Preclinical stroke studies have reported successes in identifying novel neuroprotective agents; however, none of these compounds have advanced beyond a phase III clinical trial. One reason for these failures is the lack of consideration of blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport mechanisms that can enable these drugs to achieve efficacious concentrations in ischemic brain tissue. Despite the knowledge that drugs with neuroprotective properties (i.e., statins, memantine, metformin) are substrates for endogenous BBB transporters, preclinical stroke research has not extensively studied the role of transporters in central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery. Here, we review current knowledge on specific BBB uptake transporters (i.e., organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs in humans; Oatps in rodents); organic cation transporters (OCTs in humans; Octs in rodents) that can be targeted for improved neuroprotective drug delivery. Additionally, we provide state-of-the-art perspectives on how transporter pharmacology can be integrated into preclinical stroke research. Specifically, we discuss the utility of in vivo stroke models to transporter studies and considerations (i.e., species selection, co-morbid conditions) that will optimize the translational success of stroke pharmacotherapeutic experiments.
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Huang SJ, Zuo MT, Qi XJ, Huang CY, Liu ZY. Phosphoproteomics reveals NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity as a key signaling pathway in the toxicity of gelsenicine. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 156:112507. [PMID: 34389372 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Gelsenicine is one of the most toxic compounds in the genus Gelsemium, but the mechanism of toxicity is not clear. In this paper, tandem mass tag quantitative phosphoproteomics was used to study the changes in protein phosphorylation in different brain regions at different time points after gelsenicine poisoning in mice. The correlation between neurotransmitter receptors and the toxicity of gelsenicine was analyzed by molecular docking and rescue experiments. Parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) was used to verify the related proteins. A total of 17877 unique phosphosites were quantified and mapped to 4170 brain proteins to understand the signaling pathways. Phosphoproteomics revealed gelsenicine poisoning mainly affected protein phosphorylation levels in the hippocampus, and through bioinformatics analysis, it was found gelsenicine poisoning significantly affected neurotransmitter synaptic pathway. The molecular docking results showed that gelsenicine could bind to the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR). In addition, we found that NMDA was effective in improving the survival rate of the animals tested, and this effect was associated with reduced protein phosphorylation by PRM validation. The results revealed that gelsenicine affects neurotransmitter release and receptor function. This is the first demonstration that NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity is a key signaling pathway in the toxicity of gelsenicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Juan Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Meng-Ting Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Xue-Jia Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Chong-Yin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Zhao-Ying Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.
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7
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Abe Y, Kwon S, Oishi M, Unekawa M, Takata N, Seki F, Koyama R, Abe M, Sakimura K, Masamoto K, Tomita Y, Okano H, Mushiake H, Tanaka KF. Optical manipulation of local cerebral blood flow in the deep brain of freely moving mice. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109427. [PMID: 34320360 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An artificial tool for manipulating local cerebral blood flow (CBF) is necessary for understanding how CBF controls brain function. Here, we generate vascular optogenetic tools whereby smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells express optical actuators in the brain. The illumination of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)-expressing mice induces a local reduction in CBF. Photoactivated adenylyl cyclase (PAC) is an optical protein that increases intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and the illumination of PAC-expressing mice induces a local increase in CBF. We target the ventral striatum, determine the temporal kinetics of CBF change, and optimize the illumination intensity to confine the effects to the ventral striatum. We demonstrate the utility of this vascular optogenetic manipulation in freely and adaptively behaving mice and validate the task- and actuator-dependent behavioral readouts. The development of vascular optogenetic animal models will help accelerate research linking vasculature, circuits, and behavior to health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Abe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Live Imaging Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Soojin Kwon
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Oishi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Miyuki Unekawa
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Norio Takata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Live Imaging Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Fumiko Seki
- Live Imaging Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuto Masamoto
- Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tomita
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Live Imaging Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hajime Mushiake
- Department of Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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Developing of Focal Ischemia in the Hippocampus or the Amygdala Reveals a Regional Compensation Rule for Fear Memory Acquisition. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0398-20.2021. [PMID: 33785521 PMCID: PMC8174052 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0398-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circuit compensation is often observed in patients with acute ischemic stroke, suggesting the importance of the interaction between brain regions. Also, contextual fear memory is an association between multisensory contexts and fearful stimuli, for which the interaction between the hippocampus and the amygdala is believed to be critical. To understand how focal ischemia in one region could influence the other region, we used a modified photo-thrombosis to induce focal ischemia in the hippocampus or the amygdala or both in freely-moving rats. We found that the learning curve and short-term memory (STM) were not affected in the rats although focal ischemia was induced 5 h before learning in either the hippocampus or the amygdala; these were impaired by the induction of ischemia in both the regions. Furthermore, the learning curve and STM were impaired when ischemia was induced 24 h before learning in either the hippocampus or the amygdala when the synaptic transmission was altered in one region because of ischemia in the other region. These results suggest that the circuit compensation between the hippocampus and the amygdala is critical for fear memory acquisition.
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Wang NY, Li JN, Liu WL, Huang Q, Li WX, Tan YH, Liu F, Song ZH, Wang MY, Xie N, Mao RR, Gan P, Ding YQ, Zhang Z, Shan BC, Chen LD, Zhou QX, Xu L. Ferulic Acid Ameliorates Alzheimer's Disease-like Pathology and Repairs Cognitive Decline by Preventing Capillary Hypofunction in APP/PS1 Mice. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1064-1080. [PMID: 33786807 PMCID: PMC8423929 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain capillaries are crucial for cognitive functions by supplying oxygen and other nutrients to and removing metabolic wastes from the brain. Recent studies have demonstrated that constriction of brain capillaries is triggered by beta-amyloid (Aβ) oligomers via endothelin-1 (ET1)-mediated action on the ET1 receptor A (ETRA), potentially exacerbating Aβ plaque deposition, the primary pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, direct evidence is still lacking whether changes in brain capillaries are causally involved in the pathophysiology of AD. Using APP/PS1 mouse model of AD (AD mice) relative to age-matched negative littermates, we identified that reductions of density and diameter of hippocampal capillaries occurred from 4 to 7 months old while Aβ plaque deposition and spatial memory deficit developed at 7 months old. Notably, the injection of ET1 into the hippocampus induced early Aβ plaque deposition at 5 months old in AD mice. Conversely, treatment of ferulic acid against the ETRA to counteract the ET1-mediated vasoconstriction for 30 days prevented reductions of density and diameter of hippocampal capillaries as well as ameliorated Aβ plaque deposition and spatial memory deficit at 7 months old in AD mice. Thus, these data suggest that reductions of density and diameter of hippocampal capillaries are crucial for initiating Aβ plaque deposition and spatial memory deficit at the early stages, implicating the development of new therapies for halting or curing memory decline in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni-Ya Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Model and Drug Development, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Jin-Nan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Model and Drug Development, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Wei-Lin Liu
- The Academy of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analysis Techniques, Institute of High Energy Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wen-Xing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Model and Drug Development, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Ya-Hong Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Model and Drug Development, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Fang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Model and Drug Development, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Zi-Hua Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences At the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Meng-Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Innovative Natural Drugs and Traditional Chinese Medicine Injections, Qingfeng Pharmaceutical Corporations, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Ning Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Innovative Natural Drugs and Traditional Chinese Medicine Injections, Qingfeng Pharmaceutical Corporations, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Rong-Rong Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Model and Drug Development, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Ping Gan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Model and Drug Development, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Centre for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences At the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Bao-Ci Shan
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analysis Techniques, Institute of High Energy Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Li-Dian Chen
- The Academy of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
| | - Qi-Xin Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Model and Drug Development, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
- Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
| | - Lin Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Model and Drug Development, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
- Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
- Mental Health Institute, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligent Technology, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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10
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Xue X, Zhou H, Zhou L. Two cases of rt-PA with dual antiplatelet therapies with capsular warning syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24698. [PMID: 33655934 PMCID: PMC7939207 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Capsular warning syndrome (CWS) is a term to describe stereotyped lacunar transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Patients with CWS are at high risk of developing completed stroke. However, the exact pathophysiology of CWS is still unclear, and there is no conclusive clinical strategy for CWS patients. PATIENT SYMPTOMS Two cases of middle-aged men with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus presented with fluctuating right-sided weakness, numbness, and dysarthria. DIAGNOSES These two patients were diagnosed with CWS. INTERVENTIONS Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) intravenous thrombolysis (0.9 mg/kg) was administered first and treated with aspirin (100 mg) and clopidogrel (75 mg) after 24 h of rt-PA for 21 days following by aspirin (100 mg) alone. OUTCOMES Both cases got favorable clinical outcomes of somatic symptoms. In addition, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI or DW-MRI) showed that ischemic injury disappeared in case 1 while maintained within a reasonable range in case 2. LESSONS Early recognition and rt-PA/dual antiplatelet treatment may be an effective strategy for patients with CWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Xue
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Zhou
- MasGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lichun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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11
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Long C, Liu M, Tian H, Li Y, Wu F, Mwangi J, Lu Q, Mohamed Abd El-Aziz T, Lai R, Shen C. Potential Role of Platelet-Activating C-Type Lectin-Like Proteins in Viper Envenomation Induced Thrombotic Microangiopathy Symptom. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E749. [PMID: 33260875 PMCID: PMC7760373 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Envenomation by viperid snakes may lead to severe bleeding, consumption coagulopathy, and thrombotic microangiopathy symptoms. The exact etiology or toxins responsible for thrombotic microangiopathy symptoms after snake envenomation remain obscure. Snake C-type lectin-like proteins (snaclecs) are one of the main non-enzymatic protein constituents in viper venoms, of which a majority are considered as modulators of thrombosis and hemostasis. In this study, we demonstrated that two snaclecs (mucetin and stejnulxin), isolated and identified from Protobothrops mucrosquamatus and Trimeresurus stejnegeri venoms, directly induced platelet degranulation and clot-retraction in vitro, and microvascular thrombosis has been confirmed in various organs in vivo. These snaclecs reduced cerebral blood flow and impaired motor balance and spatial memories in mice, which partially represent the thrombotic microangiopathy symptoms in some snakebite patients. The functional blocking of these snaclecs with antibodies alleviated the viper venom induced platelet activation and thrombotic microangiopathy-like symptoms. Understanding the pathophysiology of thrombotic microangiopathy associated with snake envenoming may lead to emerging therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbo Long
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human, Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; (C.L.); (H.T.); (F.W.); (J.M.); (Q.L.); (R.L.)
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100009, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China;
| | - Huiwen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human, Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; (C.L.); (H.T.); (F.W.); (J.M.); (Q.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Ya Li
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Yunnan Province/Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China;
| | - Feilong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human, Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; (C.L.); (H.T.); (F.W.); (J.M.); (Q.L.); (R.L.)
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100009, China
| | - James Mwangi
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human, Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; (C.L.); (H.T.); (F.W.); (J.M.); (Q.L.); (R.L.)
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100009, China
| | - Qiumin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human, Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; (C.L.); (H.T.); (F.W.); (J.M.); (Q.L.); (R.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650051, China
| | - Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA;
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Ren Lai
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human, Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; (C.L.); (H.T.); (F.W.); (J.M.); (Q.L.); (R.L.)
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, CAS, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Chuanbin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human, Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; (C.L.); (H.T.); (F.W.); (J.M.); (Q.L.); (R.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, LKSKI-Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
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12
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Kuriakose D, Xiao Z. Pathophysiology and Treatment of Stroke: Present Status and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7609. [PMID: 33076218 PMCID: PMC7589849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death and a major contributor to disability worldwide. The prevalence of stroke is highest in developing countries, with ischemic stroke being the most common type. Considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the pathophysiology of stroke and the underlying mechanisms leading to ischemic insult. Stroke therapy primarily focuses on restoring blood flow to the brain and treating stroke-induced neurological damage. Lack of success in recent clinical trials has led to significant refinement of animal models, focus-driven study design and use of new technologies in stroke research. Simultaneously, despite progress in stroke management, post-stroke care exerts a substantial impact on families, the healthcare system and the economy. Improvements in pre-clinical and clinical care are likely to underpin successful stroke treatment, recovery, rehabilitation and prevention. In this review, we focus on the pathophysiology of stroke, major advances in the identification of therapeutic targets and recent trends in stroke research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhicheng Xiao
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia;
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13
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Shi C, Yang L, Braun A, Anders HJ. Extracellular DNA-A Danger Signal Triggering Immunothrombosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:568513. [PMID: 33117353 PMCID: PMC7575749 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.568513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clotting and inflammation are effective danger response patterns positively selected by evolution to limit fatal bleeding and pathogen invasion upon traumatic injuries. As a trade-off, thrombotic, and thromboembolic events complicate severe forms of infectious and non-infectious states of acute and chronic inflammation, i.e., immunothrombosis. Factors linked to thrombosis and inflammation include mediators released by platelet granules, complement, and lipid mediators and certain integrins. Extracellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was a previously unrecognized cellular component in the blood, which elicits profound proinflammatory and prothrombotic effects. Pathogens trigger the release of extracellular DNA together with other pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Dying cells in the inflamed or infected tissue release extracellular DNA together with other danger associated molecular pattern (DAMPs). Neutrophils release DNA by forming neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) during infection, trauma or other forms of vascular injury. Fluorescence tissue imaging localized extracellular DNA to sites of injury and to intravascular thrombi. Functional studies using deoxyribonuclease (DNase)-deficient mouse strains or recombinant DNase show that extracellular DNA contributes to the process of immunothrombosis. Here, we review rodent models of immunothrombosis and the evolving evidence for extracellular DNA as a driver of immunothrombosis and discuss challenges and prospects for extracellular DNA as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxu Shi
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Luying Yang
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Attila Braun
- German Center for Lung Research, Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
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14
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Sun L, Han R, Guo F, Chen H, Wang W, Chen Z, Liu W, Sun X, Gao C. Antagonistic effects of IL-17 and Astragaloside IV on cortical neurogenesis and cognitive behavior after stroke in adult mice through Akt/GSK-3β pathway. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:74. [PMID: 32818074 PMCID: PMC7417740 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00298-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the exact effect of IL-17 on regulating neural stem cells (NSCs) stemness and adult neurogenesis in ischemic cortex after stroke, how Astragaloside IV(As-IV) regulated IL-17 expression and the underlying mechanism. Photochemical brain ischemia model was established and IL-17 protein expression was observed at different time after stroke in WT mice. At 3 days after stroke, when IL-17 expression peaked, IL-17 knock out (KO) mice were used to observe cell proliferation and neurogenesis in ischemic cortex. Then, As-IV was administered intravenously to assess cell apoptosis, proliferation, neurogenesis, and cognitive deficits by immunochemistry staining, western blots, and animal behavior tests in WT mice. Furthermore, IL-17 KO mice and As-IV were used simultaneously to evaluate the mechanism of cell apoptosis and proliferation after stroke in vivo. Besides, in vitro, As-IV and recombinant mouse IL-17A was administered, respectively, into NSCs culture, and then their diameters, viable cell proliferation and pathway relevant protein was assessed. The results showed knocking out IL-17 contributed to regulating PI3K/Akt pathway, promoting NSCs proliferation, and neurogenesis after ischemic stroke. Moreover, As-IV treatment helped inhibit neural apoptosis, promote the neurogenesis and eventually relieve mice anxiety after stroke. Unsurprisingly, IL-17 protein expression could be downregulated by As-IV in vivo and in vitro and they exerted antagonistic effect on neurogenesis by regulating Akt/GSK-3β pathway, with significant regulation for apoptosis. In conclusion, IL-17 exerts negative effect on promoting NSCs proliferation, neurogenesis and cognitive deficits after ischemic stroke, which could be reversed by As-IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, 710038 Xi’an, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Ruili Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, 710038 Xi’an, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Fei Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, 710038 Xi’an, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Hai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, 710038 Xi’an, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, 710032 Xi’an, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Zhiyang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, 710038 Xi’an, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, 710038 Xi’an, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Xude Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, 710038 Xi’an, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Changjun Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, 710038 Xi’an, Shaanxi Province China
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15
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Sun L, Zhang H, Wang W, Chen Z, Wang S, Li J, Li G, Gao C, Sun X. Astragaloside IV Exerts Cognitive Benefits and Promotes Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Stroke Mice by Downregulating Interleukin-17 Expression via Wnt Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:421. [PMID: 32317974 PMCID: PMC7147333 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stroke remains a leading cause of adult disability and the demand for stroke rehabilitation services is growing, and Astragaloside IV (As IV), a primary bioactive compound of Radix Astragali : Astragalus mongholicus Bunge (Fabaceae), may be a promising stroke therapy. Methods To access the effect of As IV on adult mice after ischemic stroke, a photochemical ischemia model was established on C57BL/6 mice, which were intravenously administered As IV for three consecutive days later. And then the cognitive benefits and hippocampal neurogenesis were evaluated by Morris Water Maze (MWM) test, Golgi staining, and immunohistochemical staining in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, to find out the underlying mechanism, interleukin-17 (IL-17) knockout (KO) mice were used, through RNA sequence (RNA-seq) analysis and immunohistochemistry. Then the mechanism of neurogenesis promoted by As IV was observed by western blot both in vivo and in vitro. Specifically, As IV, recombinant mouse IL-17A and IL-17F, and Wingless/integrated (Wnt)-expressing virus was administered respectively in neural stem cells (NSCs), and then their diameters and protein expression of Nestin, IL-17, and Wnt pathway relevant protein, were measured in vitro. Results Administering As IV resulted in significant amelioration of stroke-induced cognitive deficits. And more hippocampal neurons with normal morphology, significant increments in the length of the apical dendrites, and the density of their spines were observed in As IV-treated mice. Furthermore, the immunohistochemistry staining of DCX/BrdU and Sox2/Nestin showed As IV could promote hippocampal neurogenesis and NSC proliferation after ischemic stroke, as well as in vitro. For the mechanism underlying, IL-17 expression was downregulated significantly by As IV treatment and knocking out IL-17 was associated with nervous regeneration and synapse repair according to the analysis of RNA-seq. Consistent to As IV treatment, knocking out IL-17 showed some promotion on hippocampal neurogenesis and proliferation of NSCs, with activating Wnt pathway after stoke. Finally, in vitro, NSCs’ diameters and protein expression of Nestin, IL-17, and Wnt pathway were regulated by either administering As IV or inhibiting IL-17. Conclusion As IV stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis after stroke, thus potentially facilitates brain to remodel and repair by downregulating IL-17 expression via Wnt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Heming Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhiyang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiangjing Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guangyao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Changjun Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xude Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
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16
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Microcirculatory Changes in Experimental Models of Stroke and CNS-Injury Induced Immunodepression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205184. [PMID: 31635068 PMCID: PMC6834192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second-leading cause of death globally and the leading cause of disability in adults. Medical complications after stroke, especially infections such as pneumonia, are the leading cause of death in stroke survivors. Systemic immunodepression is considered to contribute to increased susceptibility to infections after stroke. Different experimental models have contributed significantly to the current knowledge of stroke pathophysiology and its consequences. Each model causes different changes in the cerebral microcirculation and local inflammatory responses after ischemia. The vast majority of studies which focused on the peripheral immune response to stroke employed the middle cerebral artery occlusion method. We review various experimental stroke models with regard to microcirculatory changes and discuss the impact on local and peripheral immune response for studies of CNS-injury (central nervous system injury) induced immunodepression.
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17
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Lv ZM, Zhao RJ, Zhi XS, Huang Y, Chen JY, Song NN, Su CJ, Ding YQ. Expression of DCX and Transcription Factor Profiling in Photothrombosis-Induced Focal Ischemia in Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:455. [PMID: 30524246 PMCID: PMC6262056 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is present in the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone in mammalian brain under physiological conditions. Recently, adult neurogenesis has also been reported in other brain regions after brain injury. In this study, we established a focal striatal ischemic model in adult mice via photothrombosis (PT) and investigated how focal ischemia elicits neurogenesis in the striatum. We found that astrocytes and microglia increased in early post-ischemic stage, followed by a 1-week late-onset of doublecortin (DCX) expression in the striatum. The number of DCX-positive neurons reached the peak level at day 7, but they were still observed at day 28 post-ischemia. Moreover, Rbp-J (a key effector of Notch signaling) deletion in astrocytes has been reported to promote the neuron regeneration after brain ischemia, and we provided the change of gene expression profile in the striatum of astrocyte-specific Rbp-J knockout (KO) mice glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP-CreER:Rbp-Jfl/fl), which may help to clarify detailed potential mechanisms for the post-ischemic neurogenesis in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Man Lv
- Department of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong-Jian Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Xiao-Song Zhi
- Center for Stem Cells and Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Yin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning-Ning Song
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Jun Su
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- Department of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Photothrombotic Stroke as a Model of Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 9:437-451. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0593-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Chang L, Yin CY, Wu HY, Tian BB, Zhu Y, Luo CX, Zhu DY. (+)-Borneol is neuroprotective against permanent cerebral ischemia in rats by suppressing production of proinflammatory cytokines. J Biomed Res 2017; 31:306-314. [PMID: 28808202 PMCID: PMC5548991 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.31.20160138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of disability and death globally. It occurs when a major artery is occluded in the brain and leads to death of cells within the injured tissue. (+)-Borneol, a simple bicyclic monoterpene extracted from traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used in various types of diseases. However, no study has proved the effects of (+)-borneol on functional recovery from permanent ischemic stroke and the mechanism is still unknown. Here, we report that in the rat model of permanent cerebral ischemia, we found that (+)-borneol (1.0 mg/kg) significantly ameliorated infarct size and neurological scoresvia reducing the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in a dose dependent manner. Notably, (+)-borneol showed long-term effects on the improvement of sensorimotor functions in the photothrombotic model of stroke, which decreased the number of foot faults in the grid-walking task and forelimb asymmetry scores in the cylinder task, at least in part through reducing loss of dendritic spines in the length, brunch number and density. These findings suggest that (+)-borneol could serve as a therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chang
- Institution of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Chun-Yu Yin
- Institution of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Hai-Yin Wu
- Institution of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Bin-Bin Tian
- Institution of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Institution of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Chun-Xia Luo
- Institution of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Dong-Ya Zhu
- Institution of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China.,The Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
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20
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Sommer CJ. Ischemic stroke: experimental models and reality. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 133:245-261. [PMID: 28064357 PMCID: PMC5250659 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of cerebral stroke cases are caused by transient or permanent occlusion of a cerebral blood vessel (“ischemic stroke”) eventually leading to brain infarction. The final infarct size and the neurological outcome depend on a multitude of factors such as the duration and severity of ischemia, the existence of collateral systems and an adequate systemic blood pressure, etiology and localization of the infarct, but also on age, sex, comorbidities with the respective multimedication and genetic background. Thus, ischemic stroke is a highly complex and heterogeneous disorder. It is immediately obvious that experimental models of stroke can cover only individual specific aspects of this multifaceted disease. A basic understanding of the principal molecular pathways induced by ischemia-like conditions comes already from in vitro studies. One of the most frequently used in vivo models in stroke research is the endovascular suture or filament model in rodents with occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), which causes reproducible infarcts in the MCA territory. It does not require craniectomy and allows reperfusion by withdrawal of the occluding filament. Although promptly restored blood flow is far from the pathophysiology of spontaneous human stroke, it more closely mimics the therapeutic situation of mechanical thrombectomy which is expected to be increasingly applied to stroke patients. Direct transient or permanent occlusion of cerebral arteries represents an alternative approach but requires craniectomy. Application of endothelin-1, a potent vasoconstrictor, allows induction of transient focal ischemia in nearly any brain region and is frequently used to model lacunar stroke. Circumscribed and highly reproducible cortical lesions are characteristic of photothrombotic stroke where infarcts are induced by photoactivation of a systemically given dye through the intact skull. The major shortcoming of this model is near complete lack of a penumbra. The two models mimicking human stroke most closely are various embolic stroke models and spontaneous stroke models. Closeness to reality has its price and goes along with higher variability of infarct size and location as well as unpredictable stroke onset in spontaneous models versus unpredictable reperfusion in embolic clot models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens J Sommer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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Jiao CX, Zhou H, Yang CX, Ma C, Yang YX, Mao RR, Xu L, Zhou QX. Protective efficacy of a single salvianolic acid A treatment on photothrombosis-induced sustained spatial memory impairments. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:1181-1192. [PMID: 28490880 PMCID: PMC5414628 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s127094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With respect to the high burden of ischemic stroke and the absence of pharmacological treatment for promoting rehabilitation, promising candidates with specific effects on long-term functional recovery are highly desired. Candidates need reasonable experimental paradigms to evaluate the long-term functional outcome focused on ischemia-induced sensorimotor and memory deficits. "Danshen", a traditional Chinese herb, has long been used to treat coronary and cerebral vascular diseases as well as dementia. Salvianolic acid A (SAA), one of the major active ingredients of Danshen, was demonstrated to be effective in protecting against cerebral ischemic injury. Here, employing an experimental stroke model induced by photothrombosis in the unilateral frontal cortex of rats, we investigated whether SAA has long-term protective effects on ischemia-induced sensorimotor and memory deficits in our behavioral tests. The results indicated that a single SAA treatment improved the cortical ischemia-induced sensorimotor deficits during 15 days' cylinder test period, and alleviated ischemia-induced sustained spatial memory impairments during the 2 months' dependent Morris Water Maze (MWM) tests. In addition, either ischemic injury or SAA treatment did not show any changes compared with sham group in other behavioral tests including rotarod tests, swimming speed in MWM tests, open field tests, elevated plus maze tests, treadmill tests and forced swimming tests. The results reveal that the cognitive deficits are not the results of animal's anxiety or confounding motor impairments. Overall, the present paradigm appears suitable for the preclinical evaluation of the long-term effects of pharmacological treatments on ischemic stroke. Meanwhile, SAA might have therapeutic potential for the treatment of memory deficits associated with ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xiang Jiao
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, CAS, Kunming.,Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomollogical Biopharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali
| | - Heng Zhou
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, CAS, Kunming.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Xian Yang
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, CAS, Kunming.,Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Chen Ma
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, CAS, Kunming.,Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yue-Xiong Yang
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, CAS, Kunming.,Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Rong-Rong Mao
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, CAS, Kunming.,Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Lin Xu
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, CAS, Kunming.,Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Qi-Xin Zhou
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, CAS, Kunming.,Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Vallone F, Lai S, Spalletti C, Panarese A, Alia C, Micera S, Caleo M, Di Garbo A. Post-Stroke Longitudinal Alterations of Inter-Hemispheric Correlation and Hemispheric Dominance in Mouse Pre-Motor Cortex. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146858. [PMID: 26752066 PMCID: PMC4709093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Limited restoration of function is known to occur spontaneously after an ischemic injury to the primary motor cortex. Evidence suggests that Pre-Motor Areas (PMAs) may “take over” control of the disrupted functions. However, little is known about functional reorganizations in PMAs. Forelimb movements in mice can be driven by two cortical regions, Caudal and Rostral Forelimb Areas (CFA and RFA), generally accepted as primary motor and pre-motor cortex, respectively. Here, we examined longitudinal changes in functional coupling between the two RFAs following unilateral photothrombotic stroke in CFA (mm from Bregma: +0.5 anterior, +1.25 lateral). Methods Local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded from the RFAs of both hemispheres in freely moving injured and naïve mice. Neural signals were acquired at 9, 16 and 23 days after surgery (sub-acute period in stroke animals) through one bipolar electrode per hemisphere placed in the center of RFA, with a ground screw over the occipital bone. LFPs were pre-processed through an efficient method of artifact removal and analysed through: spectral,cross-correlation, mutual information and Granger causality analysis. Results Spectral analysis demonstrated an early decrease (day 9) in the alpha band power in both the RFAs. In the late sub-acute period (days 16 and 23), inter-hemispheric functional coupling was reduced in ischemic animals, as shown by a decrease in the cross-correlation and mutual information measures. Within the gamma and delta bands, correlation measures were already reduced at day 9. Granger analysis, used as a measure of the symmetry of the inter-hemispheric causal connectivity, showed a less balanced activity in the two RFAs after stroke, with more frequent oscillations of hemispheric dominance. Conclusions These results indicate robust electrophysiological changes in PMAs after stroke. Specifically, we found alterations in transcallosal connectivity, with reduced inter-hemispheric functional coupling and a fluctuating dominance pattern. These reorganizations may underlie vicariation of lost functions following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Vallone
- Institute of Biophysics, CNR, Pisa, Italy
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Lai
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Spalletti
- Neuroscience Institute, CNR, Pisa, Italy
- Life Science Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Panarese
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Silvestro Micera
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering School of Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Fluri F, Schuhmann MK, Kleinschnitz C. Animal models of ischemic stroke and their application in clinical research. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:3445-54. [PMID: 26170628 PMCID: PMC4494187 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s56071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review outlines the most frequently used rodent stroke models and discusses their strengths and shortcomings. Mimicking all aspects of human stroke in one animal model is not feasible because ischemic stroke in humans is a heterogeneous disorder with a complex pathophysiology. The transient or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) model is one of the models that most closely simulate human ischemic stroke. Furthermore, this model is characterized by reliable and well-reproducible infarcts. Therefore, the MCAo model has been involved in the majority of studies that address pathophysiological processes or neuroprotective agents. Another model uses thromboembolic clots and thus is more convenient for investigating thrombolytic agents and pathophysiological processes after thrombolysis. However, for many reasons, preclinical stroke research has a low translational success rate. One factor might be the choice of stroke model. Whereas the therapeutic responsiveness of permanent focal stroke in humans declines significantly within 3 hours after stroke onset, the therapeutic window in animal models with prompt reperfusion is up to 12 hours, resulting in a much longer action time of the investigated agent. Another major problem of animal stroke models is that studies are mostly conducted in young animals without any comorbidity. These models differ from human stroke, which particularly affects elderly people who have various cerebrovascular risk factors. Choosing the most appropriate stroke model and optimizing the study design of preclinical trials might increase the translational potential of animal stroke models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Fluri
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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