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Islam R, Ahlfors JE, Siu R, Noman H, Akbary R, Morshead CM. Inhibition of Apoptosis in a Model of Ischemic Stroke Leads to Enhanced Cell Survival, Endogenous Neural Precursor Cell Activation and Improved Functional Outcomes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1786. [PMID: 38339065 PMCID: PMC10855341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke results in neuronal cell death, which causes long-term disabilities in adults. Treatment options are limited and rely on a narrow window of opportunity. Apoptosis inhibitors demonstrate efficacy in improving neuronal cell survival in animal models of stroke. However, many inhibitors non-specifically target apoptosis pathways and high doses are needed for treatment. We explored the use of a novel caspase-3/7 inhibitor, New World Laboratories (NWL) 283, with a lower IC50 than current caspase-3/7 inhibitors. We performed in vitro and in vivo assays to determine the efficacy of NWL283 in modulating cell death in a preclinical model of stroke. In vitro and in vivo assays show that NWL283 enhances cell survival of neural precursor cells. Delivery of NWL283 following stroke enhances endogenous NPC migration and leads to increased neurogenesis in the stroke-injured cortex. Furthermore, acute NWL283 administration is neuroprotective at the stroke injury site, decreasing neuronal cell death and reducing microglia activation. Coincident with NWL283 delivery for 8 days, stroke-injured mice exhibited improved functional outcomes that persisted following cessation of the drug. Therefore, we propose that NWL283 is a promising therapeutic warranting further investigation to enhance stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehnuma Islam
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Jan-Eric Ahlfors
- New World Laboratories, 275 Boul. Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - Ricky Siu
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - Humna Noman
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Roya Akbary
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - Cindi M. Morshead
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
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2
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Balbinot G, Bandini A, Schuch CP. Post-Stroke Hemiplegic Rodent Evaluation: A Framework for Assessing Forelimb Movement Quality Using Kinematics. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e369. [PMID: 35182413 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Kinematics is the gold-standard method for measuring detailed joint motions. Recent research demonstrates that post-stroke kinematic analysis in rats reveals reaching abnormalities similar to those seen in humans after stroke. Nonetheless, behavioral neuroscientists have failed to incorporate kinematic methods for assessing movement quality in stroke models. The availability of a user-friendly method to assess multi-segment forelimb kinematics models should greatly increase uptake of this approach. Here, we present a framework for multi-segment forelimb analysis in rodents after stroke. This method greatly enhances the understanding of post-stroke forelimb motor recovery by including several movement quality metrics often used in human clinical work, such as upper-limb linear and angular kinematics, movement smoothness and kinetics, abnormal synergies, and compensations. These metrics may constitute a preclinical surrogate for the Fugl-Meyer assessment of hemiplegic patients. The data obtained using this method are 83 outputs of linear and angular kinematics and kinetics. The outputs also include 24 time series of continuous data, which afford a graphical representation of the kinematics and kinetics of the reaching cycle. We show that post-stroke rodents displayed many features resembling those seen in humans after stroke that are evident only when multi-segment kinematics models are considered. This method expands the knowledge derived from methods constrained to paw movements to a multi-segment forelimb movement quality framework. Moreover, it highlights the need for preclinical work to consider more sensitive measures of sensorimotor impairment and recovery as a means to enhance the interpretation of true recovery and compensation. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Recording and data analysis of rodents performing the Montoya staircase task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Balbinot
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrea Bandini
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
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3
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Injectable hydrogel enables local and sustained co-delivery to the brain: Two clinically approved biomolecules, cyclosporine and erythropoietin, accelerate functional recovery in rat model of stroke. Biomaterials 2020; 235:119794. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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4
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Fifield KE, Vanderluit JL. Rapid degeneration of neurons in the penumbra region following a small, focal ischemic stroke. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:3196-3214. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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5
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Cheng Y, Chen B, Xie W, Chen Z, Yang G, Cai Y, Shang H, Zhao W. Ghrelin attenuates secondary brain injury following intracerebral hemorrhage by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and promoting Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 79:106180. [PMID: 31926478 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin, a brain-gut peptide, has been proven to exert neuroprotection in different kinds of neurological diseases; however, its role and the potential molecular mechanisms in secondary brain injury (SBI) after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are still unknown. In this study, we investigate whether treatment with ghrelin may attenuate SBI in a murine ICH model, and if so, whether the neuroprotective effects are due to the inhibition of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and promotion of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidative response element (ARE) signaling pathway. Stereotactically intrastriatal infusion of autologous blood was performed to mimic ICH. Ghrelin was given intraperitoneally immediately following ICH and again 1 h later. Results showed that ghrelin attenuated neurobehavioral deficits, brain edema, hematoma volume, and perihematomal cell death post-ICH. Ghrelin inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome activation and subsequently suppressed the neuroinflammatory response as evidenced by reduced microglia activation, neutrophil infiltration, and pro-inflammatory mediators release after ICH. Additionally, ghrelin alleviated ICH-induced oxidative stress according to the chemiluminescence of luminol and lucigenin, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assays. These changes were accompanied by upregulation of Nrf2 expression, Nrf2 nuclear accumulation, and enhanced Nrf2 DNA binding activity, as well as by increased expressions of Nrf2 downstream target antioxidative genes, including NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), glutathione cysteine ligase regulatory subunit (GCLC), and glutathione cysteine ligase modulatory subunit (GCLM). Together, our data suggested that ghrelin protected against ICH-induced SBI by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and promoting Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wanqun Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Zhenghong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Guoyuan Yang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China; Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yu Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, North Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hanbing Shang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
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6
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Ermine CM, Somaa F, Wang TY, Kagan BJ, Parish CL, Thompson LH. Long-Term Motor Deficit and Diffuse Cortical Atrophy Following Focal Cortical Ischemia in Athymic Rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:552. [PMID: 31920553 PMCID: PMC6927997 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of new stroke therapies requires animal models that recapitulate the pathophysiological and functional consequences of ischemic brain damage over time-frames relevant to the therapeutic intervention. This is particularly relevant for the rapidly developing area of stem cell therapies, where functional replacement of circuitry will require maturation of transplanted human cells over months. An additional challenge is the establishment of models of ischemia with stable behavioral phenotypes in chronically immune-suppressed animals to allow for long-term survival of human cell grafts. Here we report that microinjection of endothelin-1 into the sensorimotor cortex of athymic rats results in ischemic damage with a sustained deficit in function of the contralateral forepaw that persists for up to 9 months. The histological post-mortem analysis revealed chronic and diffuse atrophy of the ischemic cortical hemisphere that continued to progress over 9 months. Secondary atrophy remote to the primary site of injury and its relationship with long-term cognitive and functional decline is now recognized in human populations. Thus, focal cortical infarction in athymic rats mirrors important pathophysiological and functional features relevant to human stroke, and will be valuable for assessing efficacy of stem cell based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Ermine
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Fahad Somaa
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ting-Yi Wang
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Brett J Kagan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Clare L Parish
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lachlan H Thompson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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7
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Karthikeyan S, Jeffers MS, Carter A, Corbett D. Characterizing Spontaneous Motor Recovery Following Cortical and Subcortical Stroke in the Rat. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2018; 33:27-37. [PMID: 30526316 DOI: 10.1177/1545968318817823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a leading cause of neurological disability, often resulting in long-term motor impairments due to damage to cortical or subcortical motor areas. Despite the high prevalence of subcortical strokes in the clinical population, preclinical research has primarily focused on investigating and treating cortical strokes. Moreover, while both humans and animals show spontaneous recovery following stroke, little is known about how injury location affects this process. OBJECTIVE To capture the heterogeneity of human stroke and examine how stroke location affects spontaneous motor recovery following damage to cortical, subcortical, or a combination of both areas. METHODS Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor, was used to produce focal infarcts in the forelimb motor cortex (FMC), the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) or both the FMC and DLS in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The spontaneous recovery profile of animals was followed over an 8-week period using a battery of behavioral tasks assessing motor function and limb preference. RESULTS All 3 groups showed significant impairments on the Montoya staircase, beam, and cylinder tests following stroke, with the combined group (FMC + DLS) having the largest and most persistent impairments. Importantly, spontaneous recovery was not simply dependent on lesion volume, but on location, and the behavioral test employed. CONCLUSIONS Stroke location markedly and differentially influences the level of spontaneous functional recovery, which is only captured by using multiple outcome measures. These results illustrate the need for preclinical stroke models to align with the heterogeneity of human stroke, especially with respect to lesion location, size, and outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Karthikeyan
- 1 University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,2 Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Strider Jeffers
- 1 University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,2 Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony Carter
- 1 University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,2 Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dale Corbett
- 1 University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,2 Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Mundugaru R, Sivanesan S, Popa-Wagner A, Udaykumar P, Kirubagaran R, KP G, Vidyadhara D. Pluchea lanceolata protects hippocampal neurons from endothelin-1 induced ischemic injury to ameliorate cognitive deficits. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 94:75-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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9
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Molcho L, Ben-Zur T, Barhum Y, Angel A, Glat M, Offen D. Combined Gene Therapy to Reduce the Neuronal Damage in the Mouse Model of Focal Ischemic Injury. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 66:180-187. [PMID: 30178388 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Research into stroke is driven by frustration over the limited available therapeutics. Targeting a single aspect of this multifactorial disease contributes to the therapeutic boundaries. To overcome this, we devised a novel multifactorial-cocktail treatment, using lentiviruses encoding excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2(, glutamate dehydrogenase 2 (GDH2), and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) genes, that acts synergistically to address the effected excito-oxidative axis. Here, we used the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 (ET-1) to induce focal ischemic injury in mice by direct injection into the striatum. Mice treated with the mixture of these three genes show significant improvement in body balance, motor coordination, and decreased motor asymmetry compared to each gene separately. These results demonstrate that overexpression of the combined EAAT2, GDH2, and NRF2 genes can provide neuroprotection after ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Molcho
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tali Ben-Zur
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Barhum
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ariel Angel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mica Glat
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel Offen
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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10
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Molcho L, Ben-Zur T, Barhum Y, Offen D. DJ-1 based peptide, ND-13, promote functional recovery in mouse model of focal ischemic injury. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192954. [PMID: 29489843 PMCID: PMC5831040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide and inflicts serious long-term damage and disability. The vasoconstrictor Endothelin-1, presenting long-term neurological deficits associated with excitotoxicity and oxidative stress is being increasingly used to induce focal ischemic injury as a model of stroke. A DJ-1 based peptide named ND-13 was shown to protect against glutamate toxicity, neurotoxic insults and oxidative stress in various animal models. Here we focus on the benefits of treatment with ND-13 on the functional outcome of focal ischemic injury. Wild type C57BL/6 mice treated with ND-13, after ischemic induction in this model, showed significant improvement in motor function, including improved body balance and motor coordination, and decreased motor asymmetry. We found that DJ-1 knockout mice are more sensitive to Endothelin-1 ischemic insult than wild type mice, contributing thereby additional evidence to the widely reported relevance of DJ-1 in neuroprotection. Furthermore, treatment of DJ-1 knockout mice with ND-13, following Endothelin-1 induced ischemia, resulted in significant improvement in motor functions, suggesting that ND-13 provides compensation for DJ-1 deficits. These preliminary results demonstrate a possible basis for clinical application of the ND-13 peptide to enhance neuroprotection in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Molcho
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tali Ben-Zur
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Barhum
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel Offen
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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11
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Gomez-Smith M, Janik R, Adams C, Lake EM, Thomason LA, Jeffers MS, Stefanovic B, Corbett D. Reduced Cerebrovascular Reactivity and Increased Resting Cerebral Perfusion in Rats Exposed to a Cafeteria Diet. Neuroscience 2018; 371:166-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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12
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Jeffers MS, Karthikeyan S, Gomez-Smith M, Gasinzigwa S, Achenbach J, Feiten A, Corbett D. Does Stroke Rehabilitation Really Matter? Part B: An Algorithm for Prescribing an Effective Intensity of Rehabilitation. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2018; 32:73-83. [DOI: 10.1177/1545968317753074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background. The proportional recovery rule suggests that current rehabilitation practices may have limited ability to influence stroke recovery. However, the appropriate intensity of rehabilitation needed to achieve recovery remains unknown. Similarities between rodent and human recovery biomarkers may allow determination of rehabilitation thresholds necessary to activate endogenous biological recovery processes. Objective. We determined the relative influence that clinically relevant biomarkers of stroke recovery exert on functional outcome. These biomarkers were then used to generate an algorithm that prescribes individualized intensities of rehabilitation necessary for recovery of function. Methods. A retrospective cohort of 593 male Sprague-Dawley rats was used to identify biomarkers that best predicted poststroke change in pellet retrieval in the Montoya staircase-reaching task using multiple linear regression. Prospective manipulation of these factors using endothelin-1-induced stroke (n = 49) was used to validate the model. Results. Rehabilitation was necessary to reliably predict recovery across the continuum of stroke severity. As infarct volume and initial impairment increased, more intensive rehabilitation was required to engage recovery. In this model, we prescribed the specific dose of daily rehabilitation required for rats to achieve significant motor recovery using the biomarkers of initial poststroke impairment and infarct volume. Conclusions. Our algorithm demonstrates an individualized approach to stroke rehabilitation, wherein imaging and functional performance measures can be used to develop an optimized rehabilitation paradigm for rats, particularly those with severe impairments. Exploring this approach in human patients could lead to an increase in the proportion of individuals experiencing recovery of lost motor function poststroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Strider Jeffers
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sudhir Karthikeyan
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mariana Gomez-Smith
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Dale Corbett
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Carvalho WA, Bahia CP, Teixeira JC, Gomes-Leal W, Pereira A. Interlimb Dynamic after Unilateral Focal Lesion of the Cervical Dorsal Corticospinal Tract with Endothelin-1. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:89. [PMID: 29081738 PMCID: PMC5645515 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Handedness is one of the most recognized lateralized behavior in humans. Usually, it is associated with manual superiority regarding performance proficiency. For instance, more than 90% of the human population is considered more skilled with the right hand, which is controlled by the left hemisphere, than with the left. However, during the performance of bimanual tasks, the two hands usually assume asymmetric roles, with one hand acting on objects while the other provides support, stabilizing the object. Traditionally, the role of the two hands is viewed as fixed. However, several studies support an alternate view with flexible assignments for the two hands depending on the task. The supporting role of the hand depends on a closed loop pathway based on proprioceptive inputs from the periphery. The circuit’s efferent arm courses through the dorsal corticospinal tract (dCST) in rodents and terminate on spinal cord interneurons which modulate the excitability of motoneurons in the ventral horn. In the present work, we developed an experimental model of unilateral lesion targeting the cervical dCST with microinjections of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 (ET-1) to evaluate the degree of flexibility of forelimb assignment during a food manipulation task. Our results show that just 3 days after unilateral corticospinal tract (CST) injury in the cervical region, rats display severe motor impairment of the ipsilateral forepaw together with a remarkable reversal of motor assignment between the forelimbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walther A Carvalho
- Pará State University Center, Belém, Brazil.,Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Carlomagno P Bahia
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Jéssica C Teixeira
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Walace Gomes-Leal
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Antonio Pereira
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil.,Institute of Technology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
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14
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Cheng Y, Wei Y, Yang W, Song Y, Shang H, Cai Y, Wu Z, Zhao W. Cordycepin confers neuroprotection in mice models of intracerebral hemorrhage via suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1133-1145. [PMID: 28401330 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been recognized as a major contributor to brain injury caused by intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome acts as an important mediator of inflammatory response in various inflammation-related diseases including hemorrhagic insults. Cordycepin has recently been shown to possess anti-inflammatory effect; however, its role and the possible underlying mechanisms in ICH remain unclear. This study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of cordycepin in mice models of ICH and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. ICH was induced in male ICR mice by injecting autologous blood infusion stereotactically. Cordycepin was then given intraperitoneally (i.p.) at 30 min after ICH induction. The results demonstrated that NLRP3 inflammasome was activated and exacerbated the inflammatory progression after ICH. Cordycepin treatment significantly alleviated neurological deficits, brain edema, and perihematomal tissue damage following ICH. These changes were accompanied by downregulated NLRP3 inflammasome components expression and a reduction of production and release of inflammasome substrates interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18). Furthermore, cordycepin ameliorated neuronal death in the perihematomal regions, accompanied by a large reduction in the expression of high-mobility group protein B 1 (HMGB1) post-ICH. In conclusion, this study provides in vivo evidence that cordycepin confers neuroprotective effect in the models of ICH, possibly through the suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxu Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlei Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaying Song
- Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanbing Shang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, North Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201800, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhebao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Neurovascular unit remodelling in the subacute stage of stroke recovery. Neuroimage 2017; 146:869-882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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16
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Lively S, Hutchings S, Schlichter LC. Molecular and Cellular Responses to Interleukin-4 Treatment in a Rat Model of Transient Ischemia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:1058-1071. [PMID: 27634961 PMCID: PMC5070459 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Within hours after stroke, potentially cytotoxic pro-inflammatory mediators are elevated within the brain; thus, one potential therapeutic strategy is to reduce them and skew the brain toward an anti-inflammatory state. Because interleukin-4 (IL-4) treatment induces an anti-inflammatory, "alternative-activation" state in microglia and macrophages in vitro, we tested the hypothesis that early supplementation of the brain with IL-4 can shift it toward an anti-inflammatory state and reduce damage after transient focal ischemia. Adult male rat striata were injected with endothelin-1, with or without co-injection of IL-4. Inflammation, glial responses and damage to neurons and white matter were quantified from 1 to 7 days later. At 1 day, IL-4 treatment increased striatal expression of several anti-inflammatory markers (ARG1, CCL22, CD163, PPARγ), increased phagocytic (Iba1-positive, CD68-positive) microglia/macrophages, and increased VEGF-A-positive infiltrating neutrophils in the infarcts. At 7 days, there was evidence of sustained, propagating responses. IL-4 increased CD206, CD200R1, IL-4Rα, STAT6, PPARγ, CD11b, and TLR2 expression and increased microglia/macrophages in the infarct and astrogliosis outside the infarct. Neurodegeneration and myelin damage were not reduced, however. The sustained immune and glial responses when resolution and repair processes have begun warrant further studies of IL-4 treatment regimens and long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Starlee Lively
- From the Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada (SL, SH, LCS); Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (SH, LCS)
| | - Sarah Hutchings
- From the Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada (SL, SH, LCS); Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (SH, LCS)
| | - Lyanne C Schlichter
- From the Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada (SL, SH, LCS); Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (SH, LCS)
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Chronic Alcohol Intoxication and Cortical Ischemia: Study of Their Comorbidity and the Protective Effects of Minocycline. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1341453. [PMID: 27418952 PMCID: PMC4933869 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1341453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol intoxication (CAI) increases both morbidity and mortality of stroke patients. Despite the high prevalence of CAI and ischemic stroke, studies addressing their comorbidity and/or protective alternatives remain scarce. Thus, the influence of CAI on both stroke outcome and minocycline treatment (recognized for its neuroprotective effect) was investigated. Female Wistar rats (35 days old) were treated with water or ethanol (6.5 g/kg/day, 22.5% w/v) for 55 days. Then, focal ischemia was induced by endothelin-1 in the motor cortex. Two hours later, four doses of 50 mg/kg of minocycline every 12 hours followed by five doses of 25 mg/kg every 24 hours were administered. Behavioral performance (open field and rotarod tests) and immunohistochemical (cellular density, neuronal death, and astrocytic activation) and biochemical (lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels) analyses were performed. CAI increased motor disruption, nitrite and lipid peroxidation levels, and neuronal loss caused by ischemia, whereas it reduced the astrogliosis. Minocycline was effective in preventing the motor and tissue damage caused by stroke. However, these effects were attenuated when CAI preceded stroke. Our data suggest that CAI beginning in adolescence contributes to a worse outcome in ischemic stroke survivors and reduces the benefits of minocycline, possibly requiring adjustments in therapy.
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18
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Reynoso-Robles R, Vargas-Martínez J, Gómez-Maqueo-Chew A, Pérez-Guillé B, Mukherjee PS, Torres-Jardón R, Perry G, Gónzalez-Maciel A. Prefrontal white matter pathology in air pollution exposed Mexico City young urbanites and their potential impact on neurovascular unit dysfunction and the development of Alzheimer's disease. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 146:404-17. [PMID: 26829765 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Millions of urban children are chronically exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants, i.e., fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone, associated with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease. Compared with children living with clear air those in Mexico City (MC) exhibit systemic, brain and intrathecal inflammation, low CSF Aβ42, breakdown of the BBB, attention and short-term memory deficits, prefrontal white matter hyperintensities, damage to epithelial and endothelial barriers, tight junction and neural autoantibodies, and Alzheimer and Parkinson's hallmarks. The prefrontal white matter is a target of air pollution. We examined by light and electron microscopy the prefrontal white matter of MC dogs (n: 15, age 3.17±0.74 years), children and teens (n: 34, age: 12.64±4.2 years) versus controls. Major findings in MC residents included leaking capillaries and small arterioles with extravascular lipids and erythrocytes, lipofuscin in pericytes, smooth muscle and endothelial cells (EC), thickening of cerebrovascular basement membranes with small deposits of amyloid, patchy absence of the perivascular glial sheet, enlarged Virchow-Robin spaces and nanosize particles (20-48nm) in EC, basement membranes, axons and dendrites. Tight junctions, a key component of the neurovascular unit (NVU) were abnormal in MC versus control dogs (χ(2)<0.0001), and white matter perivascular damage was significantly worse in MC dogs (p=0.002). The integrity of the NVU, an interactive network of vascular, glial and neuronal cells is compromised in MC young residents. Characterizing the early NVU damage and identifying biomarkers of neurovascular dysfunction may provide a fresh insight into Alzheimer pathogenesis and open opportunities for pediatric neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Universidad del Valle de México, Mexico City 04850, México.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ricardo Torres-Jardón
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04310, México
| | - George Perry
- College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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