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Atkinson E, Dickman R. Growth factors and their peptide mimetics for treatment of traumatic brain injury. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 90:117368. [PMID: 37331175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability in adults, caused by a physical insult damaging the brain. Growth factor-based therapies have the potential to reduce the effects of secondary injury and improve outcomes by providing neuroprotection against glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative damage, hypoxia, and ischemia, as well as promoting neurite outgrowth and the formation of new blood vessels. Despite promising evidence in preclinical studies, few neurotrophic factors have been tested in clinical trials for TBI. Translation to the clinic is not trivial and is limited by the short in vivo half-life of the protein, the inability to cross the blood-brain barrier and human delivery systems. Synthetic peptide mimetics have the potential to be used in place of recombinant growth factors, activating the same downstream signalling pathways, with a decrease in size and more favourable pharmacokinetic properties. In this review, we will discuss growth factors with the potential to modulate damage caused by secondary injury mechanisms following a traumatic brain injury that have been trialled in other indications including spinal cord injury, stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. Peptide mimetics of nerve growth factor (NGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), glial cell line-derived growth factor (GDNF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) will be highlighted, most of which have not yet been tested in preclinical or clinical models of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Atkinson
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Rachael Dickman
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
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Novel Hominid-Specific IAPP Isoforms: Potential Biomarkers of Early Alzheimer's Disease and Inhibitors of Amyloid Formation. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010167. [PMID: 36671553 PMCID: PMC9856209 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background and aims: Amyloidosis due to aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ42) is a key pathogenic event in Alzheimer's disease (AD), whereas aggregation of mature islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP37) in human islets leads to β-cell dysfunction. The aim of this study is to uncover potential biomarkers that might additionally point to therapy for early AD patients. (2) Methods: We used bioinformatic approach to uncover novel IAPP isoforms and developed a quantitative selective reaction monitoring (SRM) proteomic assay to measure their peptide levels in human plasma and CSF from individuals with early AD and controls, as well as postmortem cerebrum of clinical confirmed AD and controls. We used Thioflavin T amyloid reporter assay to measure the IAPP isoform fibrillation propensity and anti-amyloid potential against aggregation of Aβ42 and IAPP37. (3) Results: We uncovered hominid-specific IAPP isoforms: hIAPPβ, which encodes an elongated propeptide, and hIAPPγ, which is processed to mature IAPP25 instead of IAPP37. We found that hIAPPβ was significantly reduced in the plasma of AD patients with the accuracy of 89%. We uncovered that IAPP25 and a GDNF derived DNSP11 were nonaggregating peptides that inhibited the aggregation of IAPP37 and Aβ42. (4) Conclusions: The novel peptides derived from hIAPP isoforms have potential to serve as blood-derived biomarkers for early AD and be developed as peptide based anti-amyloid medicine.
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Conway JA, Kramer ER. Is activation of GDNF/RET signaling the answer for successful treatment of Parkinson's disease? A discussion of data from the culture dish to the clinic. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1462-1467. [PMID: 34916419 PMCID: PMC8771118 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.327330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotrophic signaling of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) with its canonical receptor, the receptor tyrosine kinase RET, coupled together with the GDNF family receptor alpha 1 is important for dopaminergic neuron survival and physiology in cell culture experiments and animal models. This prompted the idea to try GDNF/RET signaling as a therapeutic approach to treat Parkinson's disease with the hallmark of dopaminergic cell death in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. Despite several clinical trials with GDNF in Parkinson's disease patients, which mainly focused on optimizing the GDNF delivery technique, benefits were only seen in a few patients. In general, the endpoints did not show significant improvements. This suggests that it will be helpful to learn more about the basic biology of this fascinating but complicated GDNF/RET signaling system in the dopaminergic midbrain and about recent developments in the field to facilitate its use in the clinic. Here we will refer to the latest publications and point out important open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Conway
- Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Devon, UK
| | - Edgar R Kramer
- Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Devon, UK
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Sonne JWH, Seavey C, Groshong JS. Rapid immunohistological measurement of tyrosine hydroxylase in rat midbrain by near-infrared instrument-based detection. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 116:101992. [PMID: 34166778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a robust, fresh-frozen approach to immunohistochemistry (IHC), without committing the tissue to IHC via fixation and cryopreservation while maintaining long-term storage, using LiCor-based infrared (IR) quantification for sensitive assessment of TH in immunoreacted midbrain sections for quantitative comparison across studies. In fresh-frozen tissue stored up to 1 year prior to IHC reaction, we found our method to be highly sensitive to rotenone treatment in 3-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats, and correlated with a significant decline in rotarod latency-to-fall measurement by approximately 2.5 fold. The measured midbrain region revealed a 31 % lower TH signal when compared to control (p < 0.01 by t test, n = 5). Bivariate analysis of integrated TH counts versus rotarod latency-to-fall indicates a positive slope and modest but significant correlation of R2 = 0.68 (p < 0.05, n = 10). These results indicate this rapid, instrument-based quantification method by IR detection successfully quantifies TH levels in rat brain tissue, while taking only 5 days from euthanasia to data output. This approach also allows for the identification of multiple targets by IHC with the simultaneous performance of downstream molecular analysis within the same animal tissue, allowing for the use of fewer animals per study.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W H Sonne
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, 607 Grove Road, Greenville, SC, USA.
| | - Corey Seavey
- College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jason S Groshong
- College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA; Science Department, Valencia College, Orlando, FL, USA.
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Mena-Hernández J, Jung-Cook H, Llaguno-Munive M, García-López P, Ganem-Rondero A, López-Ramírez S, Barragán-Aroche F, Rivera-Huerta M, Mayet-Cruz L. Preparation and Evaluation of Mebendazole Microemulsion for Intranasal Delivery: an Alternative Approach for Glioblastoma Treatment. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:264. [PMID: 32980937 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01805-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mebendazole (MBZ) has demonstrated antitumor activity in glioblastoma models, the drug has low aqueous solubility and therefore is poorly absorbed. Considering that other strategies are needed to improve its bioavailability, the current study was aimed to develop and evaluate novel microemulsions of MBZ (MBZ-NaH ME) for intranasal administration. MBZ raw materials were characterized by FTIR, DSC, and XDP. Subsequently, the raw material that contained mainly polymorph C was selected to prepare microemulsions. Two different oleic acid (OA) systems were selected. Formulation A was composed of OA and docosahexaenoic acid (3:1% w/w), while formulation B was composed of OA and Labrafil M2125 (1:1% w/w). Sodium hyaluronate (NaH) at 0.1% was selected as a mucoadhesive agent. MBZ MEs showed a particle size of 209 nm and 145 nm, respectively, and the pH was suitable for nasal formulations (4.5-6.5). Formulation B, which showed the best solubility and rheological behavior, was selected for intranasal evaluation. The nasal toxicity study revealed no damage in the epithelium. Furthermore, formulation B improved significantly the median survival time in the orthotopic C6 rat model compared to the control group. Moreover, NIRF signal intensity revealed a decrease in tumor growth in the treated group with MBZ-MaH ME, which was confirmed by histologic examinations. Results suggest that the intranasal administration of mebendazole-loaded microemulsion might be appropriated for glioblastoma treatment. Graphical abstract.
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Small Molecules and Peptides Targeting Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptors for the Treatment of Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186575. [PMID: 32911810 PMCID: PMC7554781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligands (GFLs) are able to promote the survival of multiple neuronal populations in the body and, therefore, hold considerable promise for disease-modifying treatments of diseases and conditions caused by neurodegeneration. Available data reveal the potential of GFLs for the therapy of Parkinson's disease, neuropathic pain and diseases caused by retinal degeneration but, also, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and, possibly, Alzheimer's disease. Despite promising data collected in preclinical models, clinical translation of GFLs is yet to be conducted. The main reasons for the limited success of GFLs clinical development are the poor pharmacological characteristics of GFL proteins, such as the inability of GFLs to cross tissue barriers, poor diffusion in tissues, biphasic dose-response and activation of several receptors in the organism in different cell types, along with ethical limitations on patients' selection in clinical trials. The development of small molecules selectively targeting particular GFL receptors with improved pharmacokinetic properties can overcome many of the difficulties and limitations associated with the clinical use of GFL proteins. The current review lists several strategies to target the GFL receptor complex with drug-like molecules, discusses their advantages, provides an overview of available chemical scaffolds and peptides able to activate GFL receptors and describes the effects of these molecules in cultured cells and animal models.
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Gash DM, Gerhardt GA, Bradley LH, Wagner R, Slevin JT. GDNF clinical trials for Parkinson's disease: a critical human dimension. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:65-70. [PMID: 32830288 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Don Marshall Gash
- Department of Neuroscience, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. .,College of Medicine, Lewis Honors College, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Greg A Gerhardt
- Department of Neuroscience, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Luke H Bradley
- Department of Neuroscience, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Renee Wagner
- Department of Neurology, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - John T Slevin
- Department of Neurology, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Spatial and temporal immunoreactivity in the rat brain using an affinity purified polyclonal antibody to DNSP-11. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 100:101664. [PMID: 31394198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.101664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
DNSP-11 antibody signal was investigated in perfusion fixated Fischer 344 rat brains by immunohistochemistry with a custom, affinity purified polyclonal antibody. The DNSP-11-antibody signal was differentially localized from the mature GDNF protein both spatially and temporally. In the mesencephalon of post-natal day 10 animals, when GDNF is maximally expressed, DNSP-11 and GDNF antibody immunoreactivities co-localize extensively but not exclusively. In adult 3-month-old animals, GDNF expression is markedly reduced while the DNSP-11 signal remains intense. DNSP-11-antibody signal was present in the 3-month-old rat brain with signal in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, with the strongest signal observed in the locus ceruleus where GDNF is not expressed. While amino acid sequence homologues such as NPY and Tfg do exist, binding patterns reported in the literature of do not recapitulate the immunoreactive patterns observed for the DNSP-11-antibody signal.
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Macias-Velez RJ, Fukushima-Díaz de León L, Beas-Zárate C, Rivera-Cervantes MC. Intranasal Erythropoietin Protects CA1 Hippocampal Cells, Modulated by Specific Time Pattern Molecular Changes After Ischemic Damage in Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 68:590-602. [PMID: 31054091 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01308-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin, a multitarget molecule exhibited neuroprotective properties, especially against cerebral ischemia. However, little effort has been made to determinate both the administration pathway and doses that diminishes neuronal damage. In this study, we investigate the effect on CA1 region of different intranasal doses of rHuEPO (500, 1000 and 2500 IU/kg) applied in distinct post-damage times (1, 6, and 24 h) against ischemic cellular damage. Furthermore, most effective dose and time were used to evaluate gen and protein expression changes in 3 key molecules (EPO, EPOR, and βcR). We established that CA1-region present histopathological damage in this ischemia model and that rHuEPO protects cells against damage, particularly at 1000 IU dose. Molecular data shows that EPO and EPOR gene expression are upregulated in a short term after damage treatment with rHuEPO (1 h); oppositely, BcR is upregulated in ischemic and Isc + EPO. Protein expression data displays no changes on EPO expression in evaluated times after treatment, but a tendency to increase 24 h after damage; in the opposite way, EPOR is upregulated significantly 6 h after treatment and this effect last until 24 h. So, our data suggest that a single intranasal dose of rHuEPO (1 h post-injury) provides histological neurorestoration in CA1 hippocampal region, even if we did not observe a dose-dependent dose effect, the medium dose evaluated (1000 UI/kg of b.w.) was more effective and sufficient for induces molecular changes that provides a platform for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Macias-Velez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - L Fukushima-Díaz de León
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - C Beas-Zárate
- Laboratorio de Regeneración Neural y Desarrollo Neural, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - M C Rivera-Cervantes
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Grondin R, Littrell OM, Zhang Z, Ai Y, Huettl P, Pomerleau F, Quintero JE, Andersen AH, Stenslik MJ, Bradley LH, Lemmon J, O'Neill MJ, Gash DM, Gerhardt GA. GDNF revisited: A novel mammalian cell-derived variant form of GDNF increases dopamine turnover and improves brain biodistribution. Neuropharmacology 2019; 147:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Stenslik MJ, Evans A, Pomerleau F, Weeks R, Huettl P, Foreman E, Turchan-Cholewo J, Andersen A, Cass WA, Zhang Z, Grondin RC, Gash DM, Gerhardt GA, Bradley LH. Methodology and effects of repeated intranasal delivery of DNSP-11 in awake Rhesus macaques. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 303:30-40. [PMID: 29614295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine if the intranasal delivery of neuroactive compounds is a viable, long-term treatment strategy for progressive, chronic neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), intranasal methodologies in preclinical models comparable to humans are needed. NEW METHOD We developed a methodology to evaluate the repeated intranasal delivery of neuroactive compounds on the non-human primate (NHP) brain, without the need for sedation. We evaluated the effects of the neuroactive peptide, DNSP-11 following repeated intranasal delivery and dose-escalation over the course of 10-weeks in Rhesus macaques. This approach allowed us to examine striatal target engagement, safety and tolerability, and brain distribution following a single 125I-labeled DNSP-11 dose. RESULTS Our initial data support that repeated intranasal delivery and dose-escalation of DNSP-11 resulted in bilateral, striatal target engagement based on neurochemical changes in dopamine (DA) metabolites-without observable, adverse behavioral effects or weight loss in NHPs. Furthermore, a 125I-labeled DNSP-11 study illustrates diffuse rostral to caudal distribution in the brain including the striatum-our target region of interest. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS The results of this study are compared to our experiments in normal and 6-OHDA lesioned rats, where DNSP-11 was repeatedly delivered intranasally using a micropipette with animals under light sedation. CONCLUSIONS The results from this proof-of-concept study support the utility of our repeated intranasal dosing methodology in awake Rhesus macaques, to evaluate the effects of neuroactive compounds on the NHP brain. Additionally, results indicate that DNSP-11 can be safely and effectively delivered intranasally in MPTP-treated NHPs, while engaging the DA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Stenslik
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Restoration Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States
| | - A Evans
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Restoration Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States
| | - F Pomerleau
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Restoration Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States
| | - R Weeks
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Restoration Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States
| | - P Huettl
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Restoration Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States
| | - E Foreman
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Restoration Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States
| | - J Turchan-Cholewo
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Restoration Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States
| | - A Andersen
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States
| | - W A Cass
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Restoration Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Restoration Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States
| | - R C Grondin
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Restoration Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States
| | - D M Gash
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Restoration Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States
| | - G A Gerhardt
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Restoration Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States
| | - L H Bradley
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Restoration Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States; Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry and Center of Structural Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States.
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Zanin JP, Unsain N, Anastasia A. Growth factors and hormones pro-peptides: the unexpected adventures of the BDNF prodomain. J Neurochem 2017; 141:330-340. [PMID: 28218971 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Most growth factors and hormones are synthesized as pre-pro-proteins which are processed to the biologically active mature protein. The pre- and prodomains are cleaved from the precursor protein in the secretory pathway or, in some cases, extracellularly. The canonical functions of these prodomains are to assist in folding and stabilization of the mature domain, to direct intra and extracellular localization, to facilitate storage, and to regulate bioavailability of their mature counterpart. Recently, exciting evidence has revealed that prodomains of certain growth factors, after cleaved from the precursor pro-protein, can act as independent active signaling molecules. In this review, we discuss the various classical functions of prodomains, and the biological consequences of these pro-peptides acting as ligands. We will focus our attention on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor prodomain (pBDNF), which has been recently described as a novel secreted ligand influencing neuronal morphology and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Zanin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nicolás Unsain
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, (INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Agustin Anastasia
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, (INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Córdoba, Argentina
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Asakawa T, Fang H, Sugiyama K, Nozaki T, Hong Z, Yang Y, Hua F, Ding G, Chao D, Fenoy AJ, Villarreal SJ, Onoe H, Suzuki K, Mori N, Namba H, Xia Y. Animal behavioral assessments in current research of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 65:63-94. [PMID: 27026638 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is traditionally classified as a movement disorder. Patients typically suffer from many motor dysfunctions. Presently, clinicians and scientists recognize that many non-motor symptoms are associated with PD. There is an increasing interest in both motor and non-motor symptoms in clinical studies on PD patients and laboratory research on animal models that imitate the pathophysiologic features and symptoms of PD patients. Therefore, appropriate behavioral assessments are extremely crucial for correctly understanding the mechanisms of PD and accurately evaluating the efficacy and safety of novel therapies. This article systematically reviews the behavioral assessments, for both motor and non-motor symptoms, in various animal models involved in current PD research. We addressed the strengths and weaknesses of these behavioral tests and their appropriate applications. Moreover, we discussed potential mechanisms behind these behavioral tests and cautioned readers against potential experimental bias. Since most of the behavioral assessments currently used for non-motor symptoms are not particularly designed for animals with PD, it is of the utmost importance to greatly improve experimental design and evaluation in PD research with animal models. Indeed, it is essential to develop specific assessments for non-motor symptoms in PD animals based on their characteristics. We concluded with a prospective view for behavioral assessments with real-time assessment with mobile internet and wearable device in future PD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Asakawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Huan Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kenji Sugiyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takao Nozaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Zhen Hong
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilin Yang
- The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Soochow University School of Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Fei Hua
- The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Soochow University School of Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Guanghong Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongman Chao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School,Houston, TX, USA
| | - Albert J Fenoy
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School,Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sebastian J Villarreal
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School,Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hirotaka Onoe
- Functional Probe Research Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Norio Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Namba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School,Houston, TX, USA.
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