1
|
Site of Nerve Division Affects Pain-Related Behavior and Spinal Cord Glial Proliferation after C7 Neurotomy in a Rat Stroke Model. Pain Res Manag 2022; 2022:7446482. [PMID: 35371367 PMCID: PMC8967577 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7446482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to evaluate whether the site of C7 neurotomy affects spinal cord glial cell activation and pain-related behavior on the paralyzed side in a rat stroke model. Methods After middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats, they underwent C7 neurotomy 0, 2, and 4 mm distal to the intervertebral foramen on the paralyzed side. Pain-related behavior and immunofluorescence examination of spinal cord glial cell activation in the ipsilateral C7 dorsal horn were evaluated. Results Mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MPWT) was lower, and the number of microglia and astrocytes (/mm2) was higher as the distance between the site of C7 neurotomy and the intervertebral foramen decreased from 4 mm to 0. Conclusion The site of C7 neurotomy affects MPWT and spinal cord glial proliferation in rats with MCAO. Nerve division closer to intervertebral foramen resulted in lower MPWT and higher degree of glial proliferation in the spinal cord.
Collapse
|
2
|
González Rodríguez A, González Porto SA, Comellas Melero N, Arufe MC. Acellular nerve graft enriched with mesenchymal stem cells in the transfer of the phrenic nerve to the musculocutaneous nerve in a C5-C6 brachial plexus avulsion in a rat model. Microsurgery 2022; 42:57-65. [PMID: 34661312 DOI: 10.1002/micr.30829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phrenic nerve transfer has been shown to achieve good nerve regeneration in brachial plexus avulsion. Acellular nerve allografts (ANAs) showed inferior results to autografts, which is why its use with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is currently being studied. The aim is to study the effect of BM-MSCs associated with ANAs in a rat model of phrenic nerve transfer to the musculocutaneous nerve in a C5-C6 avulsion. MATERIAL AND METHODS 42 Wistar-Lewis rats underwent a C5-C6 lesion in the right forelimb by excising a 3 mm segment from both roots, followed by a phrenic nerve transfer to the musculocutaneous nerve associated with the interposition of a three types of nerve graft (randomly distributed): control (autograft) group (n = 12), ANAs group (n = 12), and ANAs + BM-MSCs group (n = 18) After 12 weeks, amplitude and latency of the NAP and the compound motor action potential (CMAP) were measured. Biceps muscles were studied by histological analysis and nerve grafts by electron microscopy and fluorescence analysis. RESULTS Statistically significant reductions were found in latency of the CMAP between groups control (2.48 ± 0.47 ms) and experimental (ANAs: 4.38 ± 0.78 ms, ANAs + BM-MSCs: 4.08 ± 0.85 ms) and increases in the amplitude of the CMAP between groups control (0.04388 ± 0.02 V) and ANAs + BM-MSCs (0.02275 ± 0.02 V), as well as in the thickness of the myelin sheath between groups control (0.81 ± 0.07 μm) and experimental (ANAs: 0.72 ± 0.08 μm, ANAs + BM-MSCs: 0.72 ± 0.07 μm) and in the area of the myelin sheath between groups control (13.09 ± 2.67 μm2 ) and ANAs (10.01 ± 2.97 μm2 ) (p < .05). No statistically significant differences have been found between groups ANAs and ANAs + BM-MSCs. CONCLUSIONS This study presents a model for the study of lesions of the upper trunk and validates the autologous graft as the gold standard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba González Rodríguez
- Research Group on Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine; Physiotherapy, Biomedical Sciences and Medicine Department, A Coruña University (CHUAC. INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Nerea Comellas Melero
- Research Group on Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine; Physiotherapy, Biomedical Sciences and Medicine Department, A Coruña University (CHUAC. INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - María C Arufe
- Research Group on Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine; Physiotherapy, Biomedical Sciences and Medicine Department, A Coruña University (CHUAC. INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Comparison of Different In Vivo Animal Models of Brachial Plexus Avulsion and Its Application in Pain Study. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8875915. [PMID: 33273909 PMCID: PMC7676973 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8875915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachial plexus injuries (BPIs) are high-energy trauma that can result in serious functional problems in the affected upper extremities, and brachial plexus avulsion (BPA) could be considered the most severe type of them. The booming occurrence rate of BPA brings up devastating impact on patients' life. Complications of muscle atrophy, neuropathic pain, and denervation-associated psychological disorders are major challenges in the treatment of BPA. Animal models of BPA are good vehicles for this kind of research. Full understanding of the current in vivo BPA models, which could be classified into anterior approach avulsion, posterior approach avulsion, and closed approach avulsion groups, could help researchers select the appropriate type of models for their studies. Each group of the BPA model has its distinct merits and demerits. An ideal BPA model that can inherit the advantages and make up for the disadvantages is still required for further exploration.
Collapse
|
4
|
Fang J, Li L, Zhai H, Qin B, Quan D, Shi E, Zhu M, Yang J, Liu X, Gu L. Local Riluzole Release from a Thermosensitive Hydrogel Rescues Injured Motoneurons through Nerve Root Stumps in a Brachial Plexus Injury Rat Model. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2800-2813. [PMID: 32986187 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The C5-C6 nerve roots are usually spared from avulsion after brachial plexus injury (BPI) and can thus be used as donors for nerve repair. A BPI rat model with C5-C6 nerve root stumps has been established in our previous work. The aim of this study was to test whether riluzole loaded into a thermosensitive hydrogel could applied locally in the nerve root stumps of this BPI rat model, thus increasing the reparative effect of the nerve root stumps. Nile red (a hydrophobic dye) was used as a substitute for riluzole since riluzole itself does not emit light. Nile red, loaded into a thermosensitive hydrogel, was added to the nerve root stumps of the BPI rat model. Additionally, eighteen rats, with operation on right brachial plexus, were evenly divided into three groups: control (Con), thermosensitive hydrogel (Gel) and thermosensitive hydrogel loaded with riluzole (Gel + Ri) groups. Direct nerve repair was performed after local riluzole release for two weeks. Functional and electrophysiological evaluations and histological assessments were used to evaluate the reparative effect 8 weeks after nerve repair. Nile red was slowly released from the thermosensitive hydrogel and retrograde transport through the nerve root stumps to the motoneurons, according to immunofluorescence. Discernible functional recovery began earlier in the Gel + Ri group. The compound muscle action potential, ChAT-expressing motoneurons, positivity for neurofilaments and S100, diameter of regenerating axons, myelin sheath thickness and density of myelinated fibers were markedly increased in the Gel + Ri group compared with the Con and Gel groups. Our results indicate that the local administration of riluzole could undergo retrograde transportation through C5-C6 nerve root stumps, thereby promoting neuroprotection and increasing nerve regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Fang
- Department of Microsurgery & Orthopedic Trauma, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Er Road, 510080, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Microsurgery & Orthopedic Trauma, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Er Road, 510080, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, China
| | - Hong Zhai
- PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bengang Qin
- Department of Microsurgery & Orthopedic Trauma, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Er Road, 510080, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Daping Quan
- PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Functional Biomaterials Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Enxian Shi
- Department of Microsurgery & Orthopedic Trauma, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Er Road, 510080, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Menghai Zhu
- Department of Microsurgery & Orthopedic Trauma, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Er Road, 510080, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiantao Yang
- Department of Microsurgery & Orthopedic Trauma, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Er Road, 510080, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Department of Microsurgery & Orthopedic Trauma, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Er Road, 510080, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liqiang Gu
- Department of Microsurgery & Orthopedic Trauma, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Er Road, 510080, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bangari DS, Pardo ID, Sellers R, Johnson JA, Ryan S, Thurberg BL. Peripheral Nerve Microscopic Changes Related to Study Procedures: Two Nonclinical Case Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 48:220-227. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623319854328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerves are routinely examined microscopically during the nonclinical safety assessment of therapeutics. In addition to test article-related on- or off-target changes, microscopic changes in peripheral nerves may also be caused by study procedures, such as parenteral test article administration and blood or tissue sampling. We present 2 nonclinical case studies in which nonstandard peripheral nerves had study procedure-related histologic changes. The first case study describes mouse trigeminal nerve changes as a result of blood sampling via retro-orbital sinus puncture. These changes included minimal-to-mild nerve fiber (axonal) degeneration associated with macrophage infiltration. The second case study presents rat brachial plexus changes associated with animal handling and blood sampling. Brachial plexus changes included minimal-to-moderate inflammation, focal hemorrhage, and nerve fiber degeneration. In both cases, the histological changes were morphologically indistinguishable from those that might be due to test article. Therefore, careful consideration of the incidence and severity across groups and a review of study procedures to rule out handling-related nerve damage are essential before identifying a test article-related effect on peripheral nerves. Study design considerations to avoid such procedure-related changes will be discussed, as well as sampling strategies to help distinguish these from test article-related effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rani Sellers
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | | | - Susan Ryan
- Global Discovery Pathology, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|