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Choi Y, Lee S, Lee S, Hong S, Kwon HW. Bioelectronic Tongues Mimicking Insect Taste Systems for Real-Time Discrimination between Natural and Artificial Sweeteners. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3682-3691. [PMID: 36455033 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A bioelectronic tongue (B-ET) mimicking insect taste systems is developed for the real-time detection and discrimination of natural and artificial sweeteners. Here, a carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNT-FET) was hybridized with nanovesicles including the honeybee sugar taste receptor, gustatory receptor 1 of Apis mellifera (AmGr1). This strategy allowed us to detect glucose, a major component of nectar, down to 100 fM in real time and identify sweet tastants from other tastants. It could also be utilized for the detection of glucose in dextrose tablet solutions. Importantly, we demonstrated the discrimination between natural and artificial sweeteners down to 10 pM even in real beverages such as decaffeinated coffee using our hybrid platform. In this respect, our B-ET mimicking insect taste systems can be a powerful tool for various applications such as food screening and basic studies on insect taste systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonji Choi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Lee
- Department of Life Sciences & Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungha Lee
- Department of Life Sciences & Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghun Hong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Wook Kwon
- Department of Life Sciences & Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon22012, Republic of Korea
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Roberts RE, Yuvaraj JK, Andersson MN. Codon Optimization of Insect Odorant Receptor Genes May Increase Their Stable Expression for Functional Characterization in HEK293 Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:744401. [PMID: 34552471 PMCID: PMC8450354 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.744401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect odorant receptor (OR) genes are routinely expressed in Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293 cells for functional characterization ("de-orphanization") using transient or stable expression. However, progress in this research field has been hampered because some insect ORs are not functional in this system, which may be due to insufficient protein levels. We investigated whether codon optimization of insect OR sequences for expression in human cells could facilitate their functional characterization in HEK293 cells with stable and inducible expression. We tested the olfactory receptor co-receptor (Orco) proteins from the bark beetles Ips typographus ("Ityp") and Dendroctonus ponderosae ("Dpon"), and six ItypORs previously characterized in Xenopus laevis oocytes and/or HEK cells. Western blot analysis indicated that codon optimization yielded increased cellular protein levels for seven of the eight receptors. Our experimental assays demonstrated that codon optimization enabled functional characterization of two ORs (ItypOR25 and ItypOR29) which are unresponsive when expressed from wildtype (non-codon optimized) genes. Similar to previous Xenopus oocyte recordings, ItypOR25 responded primarily to the host/conifer monoterpene (+)-3-carene. ItypOR29 responded primarily to (+)-isopinochamphone and similar ketones produced by fungal symbionts and trees. Codon optimization also resulted in significantly increased responses in ItypOR49 to its pheromone ligand (R)-(-)-ipsdienol, and improved responses to the Orco agonist VUAA1 in ItypOrco. However, codon optimization did not result in functional expression of DponOrco, ItypOR23, ItypOR27, and ItypOR28 despite higher protein levels as indicated by Western blots. We conclude that codon optimization may enable or improve the functional characterization of insect ORs in HEK cells, although this method is not sufficient for all ORs that are not functionally expressed from wildtype genes.
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Comparison of Gene Expression Patterns in Articular Cartilage and Xiphoid Cartilage. Biochem Genet 2021; 60:676-706. [PMID: 34410558 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-021-10127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage is a resilient and smooth connective tissue that is found throughout the body. Among the three major types of cartilage, namely hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage is the most widespread type of cartilage predominantly located in the joint surfaces (articular cartilage, AC). It remains a huge challenge for orthopedic surgeons to deal with AC damage since it has limited capacity for self-repair. Xiphoid cartilage (XC) is a vestigial cartilage located in the distal end of the sternum. XC-derived chondrocytes exhibit strong chondrogenic differentiation capacity. Thus, XC could become a potential donor site of chondrocytes for cartilage repair and regeneration. However, the underlying gene expression patterns between AC and XC are still largely unknown. In the present study, we used state-of-the-art RNA-seq technology combined with validation method to investigate the gene expression patterns between AC and XC, and identified a series of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in chondrocyte commitment and differentiation including growth factors, transcription factors, and extracellular matrices. We demonstrated that the majority of significantly up-regulated DEGs (XC vs. AC) in XC were involved in regulating cartilage regeneration and repair, whereas the majority of significantly up-regulated DEGs (XC vs. AC) in AC were involved in regulating chondrocyte differentiation and maturation. This study has increased our knowledge of transcriptional networks in hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage. It also supports the use of XC-derived chondrocytes as a potential cell resource for cartilage regeneration and repair.
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Kolesov DV, Ivanova VO, Sokolinskaya EL, Kost LA, Balaban PM, Lukyanov KA, Nikitin ES, Bogdanov AM. Impacts of OrX and cAMP-insensitive Orco to the insect olfactory heteromer activity. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4549-4561. [PMID: 34129187 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06480-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Insect odorant receptors (ORs) have been suggested to function as ligand-gated cation channels, with OrX/Orco heteromers combining ionotropic and metabotropic activity. The latter is mediated by different G proteins and results in Orco self-activation by cyclic nucleotide binding. In this contribution, we co-express the odor-specific subunits DmOr49b and DmOr59b with either wild-type Orco or an Orco-PKC mutant lacking cAMP activation heterologously in mammalian cells. We show that the characteristics of heteromers strongly depend on both the OrX type and the coreceptor variant. Thus, methyl acetate-sensitive Or59b/Orco demonstrated 25-fold faster response kinetics over o-cresol-specific Or49b/Orco, while the latter required a 10-100 times lower ligand concentration to evoke a similar electrical response. Compared to wild-type Orco, Orco-PKC decreased odorant sensitivity in both heteromers, and blocked an outward current rectification intrinsic to the Or49b/Orco pair. Our observations thus provide an insight into insect OrX/Orco functioning, highlighting their natural and artificial tuning features and laying the groundwork for their application in chemogenetics, drug screening, and repellent design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila V Kolesov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Violetta O Ivanova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Liubov A Kost
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel M Balaban
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Evgeny S Nikitin
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey M Bogdanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.
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Yuvaraj JK, Roberts RE, Sonntag Y, Hou XQ, Grosse-Wilde E, Machara A, Zhang DD, Hansson BS, Johanson U, Löfstedt C, Andersson MN. Putative ligand binding sites of two functionally characterized bark beetle odorant receptors. BMC Biol 2021; 19:16. [PMID: 33499862 PMCID: PMC7836466 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bark beetles are major pests of conifer forests, and their behavior is primarily mediated via olfaction. Targeting the odorant receptors (ORs) may thus provide avenues towards improved pest control. Such an approach requires information on the function of ORs and their interactions with ligands, which is also essential for understanding the functional evolution of these receptors. Hence, we aimed to identify a high-quality complement of ORs from the destructive spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) and analyze their antennal expression and phylogenetic relationships with ORs from other beetles. Using 68 biologically relevant test compounds, we next aimed to functionally characterize ecologically important ORs, using two systems for heterologous expression. Our final aim was to gain insight into the ligand-OR interaction of the functionally characterized ORs, using a combination of computational and experimental methods. RESULTS We annotated 73 ORs from an antennal transcriptome of I. typographus and report the functional characterization of two ORs (ItypOR46 and ItypOR49), which are responsive to single enantiomers of the common bark beetle pheromone compounds ipsenol and ipsdienol, respectively. Their responses and antennal expression correlate with the specificities, localizations, and/or abundances of olfactory sensory neurons detecting these enantiomers. We use homology modeling and molecular docking to predict their binding sites. Our models reveal a likely binding cleft lined with residues that previously have been shown to affect the responses of insect ORs. Within this cleft, the active ligands are predicted to specifically interact with residues Tyr84 and Thr205 in ItypOR46. The suggested importance of these residues in the activation by ipsenol is experimentally supported through site-directed mutagenesis and functional testing, and hydrogen bonding appears key in pheromone binding. CONCLUSIONS The emerging insight into ligand binding in the two characterized ItypORs has a general importance for our understanding of the molecular and functional evolution of the insect OR gene family. Due to the ecological importance of the characterized receptors and widespread use of ipsenol and ipsdienol in bark beetle chemical communication, these ORs should be evaluated for their potential use in pest control and biosensors to detect bark beetle infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jothi K Yuvaraj
- Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Yonathan Sonntag
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Xiao-Qing Hou
- Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ewald Grosse-Wilde
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Present address: Faculty of Forestry & Wood Sci, Excellent Team for Mitigation, Czech University Life Sci Prague, Kamycka 129, Prague 6, 16521, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Machara
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo n. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Urban Johanson
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
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Yuvaraj JK, Roberts RE, Sonntag Y, Hou XQ, Grosse-Wilde E, Machara A, Zhang DD, Hansson BS, Johanson U, Löfstedt C, Andersson MN. Putative ligand binding sites of two functionally characterized bark beetle odorant receptors. BMC Biol 2021. [PMID: 33499862 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.07.980797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bark beetles are major pests of conifer forests, and their behavior is primarily mediated via olfaction. Targeting the odorant receptors (ORs) may thus provide avenues towards improved pest control. Such an approach requires information on the function of ORs and their interactions with ligands, which is also essential for understanding the functional evolution of these receptors. Hence, we aimed to identify a high-quality complement of ORs from the destructive spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) and analyze their antennal expression and phylogenetic relationships with ORs from other beetles. Using 68 biologically relevant test compounds, we next aimed to functionally characterize ecologically important ORs, using two systems for heterologous expression. Our final aim was to gain insight into the ligand-OR interaction of the functionally characterized ORs, using a combination of computational and experimental methods. RESULTS We annotated 73 ORs from an antennal transcriptome of I. typographus and report the functional characterization of two ORs (ItypOR46 and ItypOR49), which are responsive to single enantiomers of the common bark beetle pheromone compounds ipsenol and ipsdienol, respectively. Their responses and antennal expression correlate with the specificities, localizations, and/or abundances of olfactory sensory neurons detecting these enantiomers. We use homology modeling and molecular docking to predict their binding sites. Our models reveal a likely binding cleft lined with residues that previously have been shown to affect the responses of insect ORs. Within this cleft, the active ligands are predicted to specifically interact with residues Tyr84 and Thr205 in ItypOR46. The suggested importance of these residues in the activation by ipsenol is experimentally supported through site-directed mutagenesis and functional testing, and hydrogen bonding appears key in pheromone binding. CONCLUSIONS The emerging insight into ligand binding in the two characterized ItypORs has a general importance for our understanding of the molecular and functional evolution of the insect OR gene family. Due to the ecological importance of the characterized receptors and widespread use of ipsenol and ipsdienol in bark beetle chemical communication, these ORs should be evaluated for their potential use in pest control and biosensors to detect bark beetle infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jothi K Yuvaraj
- Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Yonathan Sonntag
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Xiao-Qing Hou
- Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ewald Grosse-Wilde
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Present address: Faculty of Forestry & Wood Sci, Excellent Team for Mitigation, Czech University Life Sci Prague, Kamycka 129, Prague 6, 16521, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Machara
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo n. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Urban Johanson
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
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Brito NF, Oliveira DS, Santos TC, Moreira MF, Melo ACA. Current and potential biotechnological applications of odorant-binding proteins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8631-8648. [PMID: 32888038 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10860-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are small soluble proteins whose biological function is believed to be facilitating olfaction by assisting the transport of volatile chemicals in both vertebrate and insect sensory organs, where they are secreted. Their capability to interact with a broad range of hydrophobic compounds combined with interesting features such as being small, stable, and easy to produce and modify, makes them suitable targets for applied research in various industrial segments, including textile, cosmetic, pesticide, and pharmaceutical, as well as for military, environmental, health, and security field applications. In addition to reviewing already established biotechnological applications of OBPs, this paper also discusses their potential use in prospecting of new technologies. The development of new products for insect population management is currently the most prevailing use for OBPs, followed by biosensor technology, an area that has recently seen a significant increase in studies evaluating their incorporation into sensing devices. Finally, less typical approaches include applications in anchorage systems and analytical tools. KEY POINTS: • Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) present desired characteristics for applied research. • OBPs are mainly used for developing new products for insect population control. • Incorporation of OBPs into chemosensory devices is a growing area of study. • Less conventional uses for OBPs include anchorage systems and analytical purposes. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália F Brito
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Daniele S Oliveira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Thaisa C Santos
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Monica F Moreira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-909, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia A Melo
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-909, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Hou X, Zhang DD, Yuvaraj JK, Corcoran JA, Andersson MN, Löfstedt C. Functional characterization of odorant receptors from the moth Eriocrania semipurpurella: A comparison of results in the Xenopus oocyte and HEK cell systems. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 117:103289. [PMID: 31778795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The Xenopus oocyte and the Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293 cell expression systems are frequently used for functional characterization (deorphanization) of insect odorant receptors (ORs). However, the inherent characteristics of these heterologous systems differ in several aspects, which raises the question of whether the two systems provide comparable results, and how well the results correspond to the responses obtained from olfactory sensory neurons in vivo. Five candidate pheromone receptors were previously identified in the primitive moth Eriocrania semipurpurella (Esem) and their responses were characterized in HEK cells. We re-examined the responses of these five EsemORs in Xenopus oocytes. We showed that in both systems, EsemOR1 specifically responded to the plant volatile β-caryophyllene. EsemOR3 responded stronger to the pheromone component (S,Z)-6-nonen-2-ol than to its enantiomer (R,Z)-6-nonen-2-ol, the second pheromone component. However, EsemOR3 also responded secondarily to the plant volatile β-caryophyllene in the oocyte system, but not in the HEK cell system. EsemOR4 was unresponsive in the HEK cells, but responded primarily to (R,Z)-6-nonen-2-ol followed by (S,Z)-6-nonen-2-ol in the oocytes, representing a discovery of a new pheromone receptor in this species. EsemOR5 was broadly tuned in both systems, but the rank order among the most active pheromone compounds and antagonists was different. EsemOR6 showed no response to any compound in either system. We compared the results obtained in the two different heterologous systems with the activity previously recorded in vivo, and performed in situ hybridization to localize the expression of these OR genes in the antennae. In spite of similar results overall, differences in OR responses between heterologous expression systems suggest that conclusions about the function of individual ORs may differ depending on the system used for deorphanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Hou
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Miazzi F, Hoyer C, Sachse S, Knaden M, Wicher D, Hansson BS, Lavista-Llanos S. Optimization of Insect Odorant Receptor Trafficking and Functional Expression Via Transient Transfection in HEK293 Cells. Chem Senses 2019; 44:673-682. [PMID: 31504297 PMCID: PMC6821309 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjz062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect odorant receptors (ORs) show a limited functional expression in various heterologous expression systems including insect and mammalian cells. This may be in part due to the absence of key components driving the release of these proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and directing them to the plasma membrane. In order to mitigate this problem, we took advantage of small export signals within the human HCN1 and Rhodopsin that have been shown to promote protein release from the endoplasmic reticulum and the trafficking of post-Golgi vesicles, respectively. Moreover, we designed a new vector based on a bidirectional expression cassette to drive the functional expression of the insect odorant receptor coreceptor (Orco) and an odor-binding OR, simultaneously. We show that this new method can be used to reliably express insect ORs in HEK293 cells via transient transfection and that is highly suitable for downstream applications using automated and high-throughput imaging platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Miazzi
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Carolin Hoyer
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Silke Sachse
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Dieter Wicher
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Sofia Lavista-Llanos
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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