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Mazumder AG, Patial V, Singh D. Mycophenolate mofetil contributes to downregulation of the hippocampal interleukin type 2 and 1β mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway hyperactivation and attenuates neurobehavioral comorbidities in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 75:84-93. [PMID: 30243822 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of neuroinflammatory mediators has been well established in the pathogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and associated neurobehavioral comorbidities. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is commonly used as an immunosuppressant in organ transplantations. Its neuroprotective effect is well explored in different preclinical and clinical studies. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of MMF in rat model of lithium pilocarpine (LiPc)-induced spontaneous recurrent seizures and its associated neurobehavioral comorbidities. MMF treatment showed a dose-dependent decrease in seizure severity and reduced aggression in epileptic rats. There was marked improvement in spatial and recognition memory functions, along with substantial decrease in depression-like behavior in MMF treated epileptic rats. There was considerable decrease in mossy fiber sprouting in the dentate gyrus and the cornu ammonis 3 regions of the hippocampus, along with reduction in neuronal death in the treated groups. Furthermore, the hippocampal mRNA level of IL-1β, IL-2, PI3K, AKT, HIF-1α, RAPTOR, mTOR, Rps6kb1 and Rps6 was found to be decreased in MMF treated animals. mTOR, S6, pS6 and GFAP protein expression was decreased, whereas NeuN was increased in the rat hippocampus of the treated animals. The results concluded that MMF suppress recurrent seizures, and improves its associated behavioral impairments and cognitive deficit in rat model of TLE. The observed effects of MMF be correlated with the inhibition of IL-2 and IL-1β linked PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway hyperactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Ghosh Mazumder
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vikram Patial
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Damanpreet Singh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Kalam MA, Khan AA, Alshamsan A, Haque A, Shakeel F. Solubility of a poorly soluble immunosuppressant in different pure solvents: Measurement, correlation, thermodynamics and molecular interactions. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute and usually monophasic, neurological, demyelinating disease. Although most patients have good outcomes without sequelae after conventional plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, 20% of patients continue to have severe disease and 5% die of their disease. Therefore, there is an obvious need for more acceptable and efficacious therapies. Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is the classical animal model for GBS. As there is no specific drug for GBS, several drugs targeting the humoral and cellular components of the immune response have been used to treat EAN in the endeavour to find new treatment alternatives for GBS. This review focused on some new strategies for GBS, which have been reported but have not yet been widely used, and on the main drugs which have been investigated in EAN.
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Losen M, Martinez-Martinez P, Molenaar PC, Lazaridis K, Tzartos S, Brenner T, Duan RS, Luo J, Lindstrom J, Kusner L. Standardization of the experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) model by immunization of rats with Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptors--Recommendations for methods and experimental designs. Exp Neurol 2015; 270:18-28. [PMID: 25796590 PMCID: PMC4466156 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) with antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) is characterized by a chronic, fatigable weakness of voluntary muscles. The production of autoantibodies involves the dysregulation of T cells which provide the environment for the development of autoreactive B cells. The symptoms are caused by destruction of the postsynaptic membrane and degradation of the AChR by IgG autoantibodies, predominantly of the G1 and G3 subclasses. Active immunization of animals with AChR from mammalian muscles, AChR from Torpedo or Electrophorus electric organs, and recombinant or synthetic AChR fragments generates a chronic model of MG, termed experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). This model covers cellular mechanisms involved in the immune response against the AChR, e.g. antigen presentation, T cell-help and regulation, B cell selection and differentiation into plasma cells. Our aim is to define standard operation procedures and recommendations for the rat EAMG model using purified AChR from the Torpedo californica electric organ, in order to facilitate more rapid translation of preclinical proof of concept or efficacy studies into clinical trials and, ultimately, clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Losen
- Division Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Pilar Martinez-Martinez
- Division Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter C Molenaar
- Division Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Socrates Tzartos
- Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Talma Brenner
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rui-Sheng Duan
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, PR China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jon Lindstrom
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Linda Kusner
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Plomp JJ, Morsch M, Phillips WD, Verschuuren JJGM. Electrophysiological analysis of neuromuscular synaptic function in myasthenia gravis patients and animal models. Exp Neurol 2015; 270:41-54. [PMID: 25620417 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Study of the electrophysiological function of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is instrumental in the understanding of the symptoms and pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis (MG), an autoimmune disorder characterized by fluctuating and fatigable muscle weakness. Most patients have autoantibodies to the acetylcholine receptor at the NMJ. However, in recent years autoantibodies to other crucial postsynaptic membrane proteins have been found in previously 'seronegative' MG patients. Electromyographical recording of compound and single-fibre muscle action potentials provides a crucial in vivo method to determine neuromuscular transmission failure while ex vivo (miniature) endplate potential recordings can reveal the precise synaptic impairment. Here we will review these electrophysiological methods used to assess NMJ function and discuss their application and typical results found in the diagnostic and experimental study of patients and animal models of the several forms of MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap J Plomp
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Marco Morsch
- Motor Neuron Disease Research Group, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Verschuuren JJ, Huijbers MG, Plomp JJ, Niks EH, Molenaar PC, Martinez-Martinez P, Gomez AM, De Baets MH, Losen M. Pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis with antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor, muscle-specific kinase and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4. Autoimmun Rev 2013; 12:918-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Marolda R, Ruocco C, Cordiglieri C, Toscani C, Antozzi C, Mantegazza R, Baggi F. Differential targeting of immune-cells by Pixantrone in experimental myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 258:41-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Benatar M, Sanders DB, Burns TM, Cutter GR, Guptill JT, Baggi F, Kaminski HJ, Mantegazza R, Meriggioli MN, Quan J, Wolfe GI. Recommendations for myasthenia gravis clinical trials. Muscle Nerve 2012; 45:909-17. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.23330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chauhan A, Sharma U, Reeta KH, Jagannathan NR, Mehra RD, Gupta YK. Neuroimaging, biochemical and cellular evidence of protection by mycophenolate mofetil on middle cerebral artery occlusion induced injury in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 684:71-8. [PMID: 22487058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Presently, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is the only approved drug for the management of acute ischemic stroke. However, it has limitations like narrow therapeutic window and increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage. In previous studies, immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporine A and tacrolimus have shown neuroprotection by improving neurological functions and infarct volume in models of ischemic stroke. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on the cerebral ischemic injury in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) model in rats. MCAo was carried out in male Wistar rats by inserting an intraluminal thread. One hour after MCAo, the animals were treated with MMF (50, 100, 200mg/kg, i.p.). Reperfusion was done after 2h of occlusion. Thirty minutes after reperfusion, animals were subjected to diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of neuroprotective effect of MMF. Twenty four hours after MCAo, motor performance was assessed and the animals were euthanized for estimation of brain malondialdehyde, glutathione, myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide levels. The effect of MMF on apoptosis was also evaluated. MMF significantly attenuated the percent infarct area, apparent diffusion coefficient and signal intensity as compared to a vehicle treated group. Treatment with MMF prevented the motor impairment and significantly reversed the changes in levels of malondialdehyde, glutathione, myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide. MMF treatment significantly reduced the apoptosis. Data of the present study indicate neuroprotective effect of MMF in the experimental model of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Chauhan
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
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Baggi F, Antozzi C, Toscani C, Cordiglieri C. Acetylcholine Receptor-Induced Experimental Myasthenia Gravis: What Have We Learned from Animal Models After Three Decades? Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2011; 60:19-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-011-0158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Gomez AM, Vrolix K, Martínez-Martínez P, Molenaar PC, Phernambucq M, van der Esch E, Duimel H, Verheyen F, Voll RE, Manz RA, De Baets MH, Losen M. Proteasome inhibition with bortezomib depletes plasma cells and autoantibodies in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2503-13. [PMID: 21239719 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bortezomib, an inhibitor of proteasomes, has been reported to reduce autoantibody titers and to improve clinical condition in mice suffering from lupus-like disease. Bortezomib depletes both short- and long-lived plasma cells; the latter normally survive the standard immunosuppressant treatments targeting T and B cells. These findings encouraged us to test whether bortezomib is effective for alleviating the symptoms in the experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) model for myasthenia gravis, a disease that is characterized by autoantibodies against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) of skeletal muscle. Lewis rats were immunized with saline (control, n = 36) or Torpedo AChR (EAMG, n = 54) in CFA in the first week of an experimental period of 8 wk. After immunization, rats received twice a week s.c. injections of bortezomib (0.2 mg/kg in saline) or saline injections. Bortezomib induced apoptosis in bone marrow cells and reduced the amount of plasma cells in the bone marrow by up to 81%. In the EAMG animals, bortezomib efficiently reduced the rise of anti-AChR autoantibody titers, prevented ultrastructural damage of the postsynaptic membrane, improved neuromuscular transmission, and decreased myasthenic symptoms. This study thus underscores the potential of the therapeutic use of proteasome inhibitors to target plasma cells in Ab-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro M Gomez
- Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Vrolix K, Fraussen J, Molenaar PC, Losen M, Somers V, Stinissen P, De Baets MH, Martínez-Martínez P. The auto-antigen repertoire in myasthenia gravis. Autoimmunity 2010; 43:380-400. [PMID: 20380581 DOI: 10.3109/08916930903518073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is an antibody-mediated autoimmune disorder affecting the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). MG is characterized by an impaired signal transmission between the motor neuron and the skeletal muscle cell, caused by auto-antibodies directed against NMJ proteins. The auto-antibodies target the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) in about 90% of MG patients. In approximately 5% of MG patients, the muscle specific kinase (MuSK) is the auto-antigen. In the remaining 5% of MG patients, however, antibodies against the nAChR or MuSK are not detectable (idiopathic MG, iMG). Although only the anti-nAChR and anti-MuSK auto-antibodies have been demonstrated to be pathogenic, several other antibodies recognizing self-antigens can also be found in MG patients. Various auto-antibodies associated with thymic abnormalities have been reported, as well as many non-MG-specific auto-antibodies. However, their contribution to the cause, pathology and severity of the disease is still poorly understood. Here, we comprehensively review the reported auto-antibodies in MG patients and discuss their role in the pathology of this autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Vrolix
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Souroujon MC, Brenner T, Fuchs S. Development of novel therapies for MG: Studies in animal models. Autoimmunity 2010; 43:446-60. [DOI: 10.3109/08916930903518081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Martínez-Martínez P, Phernambucq M, Steinbusch L, Schaeffer L, Berrih-Aknin S, Duimel H, Frederik P, Molenaar P, De Baets MH, Losen M. Silencing rapsyn in vivo decreases acetylcholine receptors and augments sodium channels and secondary postsynaptic membrane folding. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 35:14-23. [PMID: 19344765 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor-associated protein of the synapse (rapsyn) is required for anchoring and stabilizing the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) in the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) during development. Here we studied the role of rapsyn in the maintenance of the adult NMJ by reducing rapsyn expression levels with short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Silencing rapsyn led to the average reduction of the protein levels of rapsyn (31% loss) and AChR (36% loss) at the NMJ within 2 weeks, corresponding to previously reported half life of these proteins. On the other hand, the sodium channel protein expression was augmented (66%) in rapsyn-silenced muscles. Unexpectedly, at the ultrastructural level a significant increase in the amount of secondary folds of the postsynaptic membrane in silenced muscles was observed. The neuromuscular transmission in rapsyn-silenced muscles was mildly impaired. The results suggest that the adult NMJ can rapidly produce postsynaptic folds to compensate for AChR and rapsyn loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Martínez-Martínez
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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