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Chavarria V, Espinosa-Ramírez G, Sotelo J, Flores-Rivera J, Anguiano O, Hernández AC, Guzmán-Ríos ED, Salazar A, Ordoñez G, Pineda B. Conversion Predictors of Clinically Isolated Syndrome to Multiple Sclerosis in Mexican Patients: A Prospective Study. Arch Med Res 2023:102843. [PMID: 37429750 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.102843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS) is the first clinical episode suggestive of Clinical Definite Multiple Sclerosis (CDMS). There are no reports on possible predictors of conversion to CDMS in Mexican mestizo patients. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate immunological markers, clinical and paraclinical findings, and the presence of herpesvirus DNA to predict the transition from CIS to CDMS in Mexican patients. METHODS A single-center prospective cohort study was conducted with newly diagnosed patients with CIS in Mexico between 2006 and 2010. Clinical information, immunophenotype, serum cytokines, anti-myelin protein immunoglobulins, and herpes viral DNA were determined at the time of diagnosis. RESULTS 273 patients diagnosed with CIS met the enrolment criteria; after 10 years of follow-up, 46% met the 2010 McDonald criteria for CDMS. Baseline parameters associated with conversion to CDMS were motor symptoms, multifocal syndromes, and alterations of somatosensory evoked potentials. The presence of at least one lesion on magnetic resonance imaging was the main factor associated with an increased risk of conversion to CDMS (RR 15.52, 95% CI 3.96-60.79, p = 0.000). Patients who converted to CDMS showed a significantly lower percentage of circulating regulatory T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and B cells, and the conversion to CDMS was associated with the presence of varicella-zoster virus and herpes simplex virus 1 DNA in cerebrospinal fluid and blood. CONCLUSION There is scarce evidence in Mexico regarding the demographic and clinical aspects of CIS and CDMS. This study shows several predictors of conversion to CDMS to be considered in Mexican patients with CIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Chavarria
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Julio Sotelo
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Flores-Rivera
- Demyelinating Diseases Clinic, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Omar Anguiano
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Campos Hernández
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Aleli Salazar
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Graciela Ordoñez
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Benjamin Pineda
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Alhazzani K, Ahmad SF, Al-Harbi NO, Attia SM, Bakheet SA, Sarawi W, Alqarni SA, Algahtani M, Nadeem A. Pharmacological Inhibition of STAT3 by Stattic Ameliorates Clinical Symptoms and Reduces Autoinflammation in Myeloid, Lymphoid, and Neuronal Tissue Compartments in Relapsing-Remitting Model of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in SJL/J Mice. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13070925. [PMID: 34206429 PMCID: PMC8308768 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease that leads to demyelination and neuronal loss in the central nervous system. Immune cells of lymphoid and myeloid origin play a significant role in the initiation and amplification of neuronal inflammation in MS. STAT3 signaling plays a pivotal role in both myeloid and lymphoid immune cells, such as neutrophils and CD4+ T cells, through regulation of their inflammatory potential. Dysregulation in STAT3 signaling in myeloid and lymphoid cell compartments has been reported in MS. In this report, we attempted to investigate the effect of a small molecular inhibitor of STAT3, i.e., Stattic, in a relapsing–remitting (RR) model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The effect of Stattic was investigated for clinical features, oxidative stress parameters, and Th17-related signaling in both the periphery and brain of SJL/J mice. Our data report that p-STAT3 expression is elevated in granulocytes, CD4+ T cells, and brain tissue in myelin proteolipid protein (PLP)-immunized SJL/J mice, which is associated with the presence of clinical symptoms and upregulation of inflammatory markers in these cells/tissues. Treatment with Stattic leads to the amelioration of disease symptoms and attenuation of inflammatory markers in neutrophils (iNOS/nitrotyrosine/IL-1β), CD4+ T cells (IL-17A/IL-23R), and brain tissue (IL-17A/iNOS/IL-1β/MPO activity/lipid peroxides) in mice with EAE. These data suggest that the blockade of STAT3 signaling in cells of lymphoid and myeloid origin may cause the attenuation of systemic and neuronal inflammation, which could be responsible for the amelioration of disease symptoms in an RR model of EAE. Therefore, pharmacological inhibition of STAT3 in RRMS could be a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Hellberg S, Raffetseder J, Rundquist O, Magnusson R, Papapavlou G, Jenmalm MC, Ernerudh J, Gustafsson M. Progesterone Dampens Immune Responses in In Vitro Activated CD4 + T Cells and Affects Genes Associated With Autoimmune Diseases That Improve During Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:672168. [PMID: 34054852 PMCID: PMC8149943 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The changes in progesterone (P4) levels during and after pregnancy coincide with the temporary improvement and worsening of several autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Most likely immune-endocrine interactions play a major role in these pregnancy-induced effects. In this study, we used next generation sequencing to investigate the direct effects of P4 on CD4+ T cell activation, key event in pregnancy and disease. We report profound dampening effects of P4 on T cell activation, altering the gene and protein expression profile and reversing many of the changes induced during the activation. The transcriptomic changes induced by P4 were significantly enriched for genes associated with diseases known to be modulated during pregnancy such as MS, RA and psoriasis. STAT1 and STAT3 were significantly downregulated by P4 and their downstream targets were significantly enriched among the disease-associated genes. Several of these genes included well-known and disease-relevant cytokines, such as IL-12β, CXCL10 and OSM, which were further validated also at the protein level using proximity extension assay. Our results extend the previous knowledge of P4 as an immune regulatory hormone and support its importance during pregnancy for regulating potentially detrimental immune responses towards the semi-allogenic fetus. Further, our results also point toward a potential role for P4 in the pregnancy-induced disease immunomodulation and highlight the need for further studies evaluating P4 as a future treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hellberg
- Bioinformatics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johanna Raffetseder
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Olof Rundquist
- Bioinformatics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Magnusson
- Bioinformatics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Georgia Papapavlou
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maria C Jenmalm
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jan Ernerudh
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mika Gustafsson
- Bioinformatics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Grzegorski T, Losy J. What do we currently know about the clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of multiple sclerosis? An update. Rev Neurosci 2020; 31:335-349. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, demyelinating, not fully understood disease of the central nervous system. The first demyelinating clinical episode is called clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) suggestive of MS. Although the most common manifestations of CIS are long tracts dysfunction and unilateral optic neuritis, it can also include isolated brainstem syndromes, cerebellar involvement, and polysymptomatic clinical image. Recently, the frequency of CIS diagnosis has decreased due to the more sensitive and less specific 2017 McDonald criteria compared with the revisions from 2010. Not all patients with CIS develop MS. The risk of conversion can be estimated based on many predictive factors including epidemiological, ethnical, clinical, biochemical, radiological, immunogenetic, and other markers. The management of CIS is nowadays widely discussed among clinicians and neuroscientists. To date, interferons, glatiramer acetate, teriflunomide, cladribine, and some other agents have been evaluated in randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies relying on large groups of patients with the first demyelinating event. All of these drugs were shown to have beneficial effects in patients with CIS and might be used routinely in the future. The goal of this article is to explore the most relevant topics regarding CIS as well as to provide the most recent information in the field. The review presents CIS definition, classification, clinical image, predictive factors, and management. What is more, this is one of very few reviews summarizing the topic in the light of the 2017 McDonald criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Grzegorski
- Department of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Chair of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego Street, 60-355Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Losy
- Department of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Chair of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego Street, 60-355Poznan, Poland
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Canto E, Isobe N, Didonna A, Hauser SL, Oksenberg JR. Aberrant STAT phosphorylation signaling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroinflammation 2018. [PMID: 29514694 PMCID: PMC5840794 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by increased activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), linked to perturbations in the phosphorylation of signaling proteins. Methods We developed a phosphoflow cytometry protocol to assess the levels of 11 phosphorylated nuclear proteins at baseline conditions and after cell activation in distinct PBMC populations from 41 treatment-naïve relapsing-remitting (RR) MS subjects and 37 healthy controls, and in a second cohort of 9 untreated RRMS patients and 10 secondary progressive (SP) MS patients. Levels of HLA-ABC, HLA-E, and HLA-DR were also assessed. Phosphorylation levels of selected proteins were also assessed in mouse splenocytes isolated from myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35–55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Results Modest differences were observed at baseline between patients and controls, with general lower phosphorylation levels in cells from affected individuals. Conversely, a dramatic increase in phosphorylated p38MAPK and STAT proteins was observed across all cell types in MS patients compared to controls after in vitro activation. A similar phosphorylation profile was observed in mouse lymphocytes primed in vivo with MOG. Furthermore, levels of all p-STAT proteins were found directly correlated with HLA expression in monocytes. Levels of phosphorylated proteins did not differ between relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive MS patients either in baseline conditions or after stimulation. Lastly, phosphorylation levels appear to be independent of the genotype. Conclusion The response to IFN-α through STAT proteins signaling is strongly dysregulated in MS patients irrespective of disease stage. These findings suggest that the aberrant activation of this pathway could lead to changes in the expression of HLA molecules in antigen presenting cells, which are known to play important roles in the regulation of the immune response in health and disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1105-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Canto
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Noriko Isobe
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Alessandro Didonna
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | | | - Stephen L Hauser
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jorge R Oksenberg
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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Liu Y, Gibson SA, Benveniste EN, Qin H. Opportunities for Translation from the Bench: Therapeutic Intervention of the JAK/STAT Pathway in Neuroinflammatory Diseases. Crit Rev Immunol 2018; 35:505-27. [PMID: 27279046 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2016015517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic CD4+ T cells and myeloid cells play critical roles in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. These immune cells secrete aberrantly high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines that pathogenically bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems and damage neurons and oligodendrocytes. These cytokines include interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-6, IL-12, IL-21, IL-23, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). It is, therefore, not surprising that both the dysregulated expression of these cytokines and the subsequent activation of their downstream signaling cascades is a common feature in MS/EAE. The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway is utilized by numerous cytokines for signal transduction and is essential for the development and regulation of immune responses. Unbridled activation of the JAK/STAT pathway by pro-inflammatory cytokines has been demonstrated to be critically involved in the pathogenesis of MS/EAE. In this review, we discuss recent advancements in our understanding of the involvement of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of MS/EAE, with a particular focus on therapeutic approaches to target the JAK/STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Liu
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294; Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sara A Gibson
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Etty N Benveniste
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Hongwei Qin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
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Ireland SJ, Monson NL, Davis LS. Seeking balance: Potentiation and inhibition of multiple sclerosis autoimmune responses by IL-6 and IL-10. Cytokine 2015; 73:236-44. [PMID: 25794663 PMCID: PMC4437890 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 are produced by cells of the adaptive and innate arms of the immune system and they appear to play key roles in genetically diverse autoimmune diseases such as relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Whereas previous intense investigations focused on the generation of autoantibodies and their contribution to immune-mediated pathogenesis in these diseases; more recent attention has focused on the roles of cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-10. In response to pathogens, antigen presenting cells (APC), including B cells, produce IL-6 and IL-10 in order to up-or down-regulate immune cell activation and effector responses. Evidence of elevated levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 has been routinely observed during inflammatory responses and in a number of autoimmune diseases. Our recent studies suggest that MS peripheral blood B cells secrete higher quantities of IL-6 and less IL-10 than B cells from healthy controls. Persistent production of IL-6, in turn, contributes to T cell expansion and the functional hyperactivity of APC such as MS B cells. Altered B cell activity can have a profound impact on resultant T cell effector functions. Enhanced signaling through the IL-6 receptor can effectively inhibit cytolytic activity, induce T cell resistance to IL-10-mediated immunosuppression and increase skewing of autoreactive T cells to a pathogenic Th17 phenotype. Our recent findings and studies by others support a role for the indirect attenuation of B cell responses by Glatiramer acetate (GA) therapy. Our studies suggest that GA therapy temporarily permits homeostatic regulatory mechanisms to be reinstated. Future studies of mechanisms underlying dysregulated B cell cytokine production could lead to the identification of novel targets for improved immunoregulatory therapies for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Ireland
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8884, United States.
| | - Nancy L Monson
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8884, United States.
| | - Laurie S Davis
- Rheumatic Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8884, United States.
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Benveniste EN, Liu Y, McFarland BC, Qin H. Involvement of the janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway in multiple sclerosis and the animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 34:577-88. [PMID: 25084174 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are characterized by focal inflammatory infiltrates into the central nervous system, demyelinating lesions, axonal damage, and abundant production of cytokines that activate immune cells and damage neurons and oligodendrocytes, including interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-6, IL-17, IL-21, IL-23, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, and interferon-gamma. The Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway mediates the biological activities of these cytokines and is essential for the development and regulation of immune responses. Dysregulation of the JAK/STAT pathway contributes to numerous autoimmune diseases, including MS/EAE. The JAK/STAT pathway is aberrantly activated in MS/EAE because of excessive production of cytokines, loss of expression of negative regulators such as suppressors of cytokine signaling proteins, and significant enrichment of genes encoding components of the JAK/STAT pathway, including STAT3. Specific JAK/STAT inhibitors have been used in numerous preclinical models of MS and demonstrate beneficial effects on the clinical course of disease and attenuation of innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition, other drugs such as statins, glatiramer acetate, laquinimod, and fumarates have beneficial effects that involve inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway. We conclude by discussing the feasibility of the JAK/STAT pathway as a target for neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etty N Benveniste
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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Zhang J, Zeng YQ, Zhang J, Pan XD, Kang DY, Huang TW, Chen XC. Tripchlorolide ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by down-regulating ERK1/2-NF-κB and JAK/STAT signaling pathways. J Neurochem 2015; 133:104-12. [PMID: 25662403 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics; Fujian Institute of Geriatrics; Fujian Medical University Union Hospital; Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology; Fujian Medical University Union Hospital; Fuzhou China
| | - Yu-qi Zeng
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics; Fujian Institute of Geriatrics; Fujian Medical University Union Hospital; Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology; Fujian Medical University Union Hospital; Fuzhou China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics; Fujian Institute of Geriatrics; Fujian Medical University Union Hospital; Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology; Fujian Medical University Union Hospital; Fuzhou China
| | - Xiao-dong Pan
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics; Fujian Institute of Geriatrics; Fujian Medical University Union Hospital; Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology; Fujian Medical University Union Hospital; Fuzhou China
| | - De-yong Kang
- Department of Pathology; Fujian Medical University Union Hospital; Fuzhou China
| | - Tian-wen Huang
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics; Fujian Institute of Geriatrics; Fujian Medical University Union Hospital; Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology; Fujian Medical University Union Hospital; Fuzhou China
| | - Xiao-chun Chen
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics; Fujian Institute of Geriatrics; Fujian Medical University Union Hospital; Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology; Fujian Medical University Union Hospital; Fuzhou China
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The regulation of reactive changes around multiple sclerosis lesions by phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014; 72:1135-44. [PMID: 24226263 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) by phosphorylation is thought to mediate anti-inflammatory responses to CNS injury. Several studies have reported an increase in phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) in peripheral T cells and monocytes from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) during relapses, suggesting that pSTAT3 might represent an inflammatory marker. Here, we examined immunoreactivity for pSTAT3 in brain tissue samples from MS patients and controls. Phosphorylated STAT3 immunoreactivity was sparse within lesions, with no difference between active and inactive lesions. It was, however, significantly greater in white matter (WM) adjacent to active and inactive lesions; moreover, it was significantly greater in WM adjacent to active versus inactive lesions. Phosphorylated STAT3-positive cells were identified as astrocytes and macrophages/microglia. Phosphorylated STAT3 expression was also detected by Western blotting in WM of patients with MS. In comparison, pSTAT3 immunoreactivity was either rare or found focally in brain tissue samples from patients with other neurologic diseases. Our findings show that pSTAT3 does not correlate with inflammatory activity in MS lesions, but that it may play an important role in regulating reactive changes proximal to MS lesions.
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Liu Y, Holdbrooks AT, De Sarno P, Rowse AL, Yanagisawa LL, McFarland BC, Harrington LE, Raman C, Sabbaj S, Benveniste EN, Qin H. Therapeutic efficacy of suppressing the Jak/STAT pathway in multiple models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:59-72. [PMID: 24323580 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic Th cells and myeloid cells are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. The JAK/STAT pathway is used by numerous cytokines for signaling and is critical for development, regulation, and termination of immune responses. Dysregulation of the JAK/STAT pathway has pathological implications in autoimmune and neuroinflammatory diseases. Many of the cytokines involved in MS/EAE, including IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF, use the JAK/STAT pathway to induce biological responses. Thus, targeting JAKs has implications for treating autoimmune inflammation of the brain. We have used AZD1480, a JAK1/2 inhibitor, to investigate the therapeutic potential of inhibiting the JAK/STAT pathway in models of EAE. AZD1480 treatment inhibits disease severity in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced classical and atypical EAE models by preventing entry of immune cells into the brain, suppressing differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells, deactivating myeloid cells, inhibiting STAT activation in the brain, and reducing expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Treatment of SJL/J mice with AZD1480 delays disease onset of PLP-induced relapsing-remitting disease, reduces relapses and diminishes clinical severity. AZD1480 treatment was also effective in reducing ongoing paralysis induced by adoptive transfer of either pathogenic Th1 or Th17 cells. In vivo AZD1480 treatment impairs both the priming and expansion of T cells and attenuates Ag presentation functions of myeloid cells. Inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway has clinical efficacy in multiple preclinical models of MS, suggesting the feasibility of the JAK/STAT pathway as a target for neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Liu
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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Integration of MicroRNA databases to study MicroRNAs associated with multiple sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 45:520-35. [PMID: 22549745 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs which regulate many genes post-transcriptionally. In various contexts of medical science, miRNAs gained increasing attention over the last few years. Analyzing the functions, interactions and cellular effects of miRNAs is a very complex and challenging task. Many miRNA databases with diverse data contents have been developed. Here, we demonstrate how to integrate their information in a reasonable way on a set of miRNAs that were found to be dysregulated in the blood of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Using the miR2Disease database, we retrieved 16 miRNAs associated with MS according to four different studies. We studied the predicted and experimentally validated target genes of these miRNAs, their expression profiles in different blood cell types and brain tissues, the pathways and biological processes affected by these miRNAs as well as their regulation by transcription factors. Only miRNA-mRNA interactions that were predicted by at least seven different prediction algorithms were considered. This resulted in a network of 1,498 target genes. In this network, the MS-associated miRNAs hsa-miR-20a-5p and hsa-miR-20b-5p occurred as central hubs regulating about 500 genes each. Strikingly, many of the putative target genes play a role in T cell activation and signaling, and many have transcription factor activity. The latter suggests that miRNAs often act as regulators of regulators with many secondary effects on gene expression. Our present work provides a guideline on how information of different databases can be integrated in the analysis of miRNAs. Future investigations of miRNAs shall help to better understand the mechanisms underlying different diseases and their treatments.
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Hoppenbrouwers IA, Hintzen RQ. Genetics of multiple sclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:194-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Riveros C, Mellor D, Gandhi KS, McKay FC, Cox MB, Berretta R, Vaezpour SY, Inostroza-Ponta M, Broadley SA, Heard RN, Vucic S, Stewart GJ, Williams DW, Scott RJ, Lechner-Scott J, Booth DR, Moscato P. A transcription factor map as revealed by a genome-wide gene expression analysis of whole-blood mRNA transcriptome in multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14176. [PMID: 21152067 PMCID: PMC2995726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several lines of evidence suggest that transcription factors are involved in the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) but complete mapping of the whole network has been elusive. One of the reasons is that there are several clinical subtypes of MS and transcription factors that may be involved in one subtype may not be in others. We investigate the possibility that this network could be mapped using microarray technologies and contemporary bioinformatics methods on a dataset derived from whole blood in 99 untreated MS patients (36 Relapse Remitting MS, 43 Primary Progressive MS, and 20 Secondary Progressive MS) and 45 age-matched healthy controls. Methodology/Principal Findings We have used two different analytical methodologies: a non-standard differential expression analysis and a differential co-expression analysis, which have converged on a significant number of regulatory motifs that are statistically overrepresented in genes that are either differentially expressed (or differentially co-expressed) in cases and controls (e.g., V$KROX_Q6, p-value <3.31E-6; V$CREBP1_Q2, p-value <9.93E-6, V$YY1_02, p-value <1.65E-5). Conclusions/Significance Our analysis uncovered a network of transcription factors that potentially dysregulate several genes in MS or one or more of its disease subtypes. The most significant transcription factor motifs were for the Early Growth Response EGR/KROX family, ATF2, YY1 (Yin and Yang 1), E2F-1/DP-1 and E2F-4/DP-2 heterodimers, SOX5, and CREB and ATF families. These transcription factors are involved in early T-lymphocyte specification and commitment as well as in oligodendrocyte dedifferentiation and development, both pathways that have significant biological plausibility in MS causation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Riveros
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Drew Mellor
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
- School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Kaushal S. Gandhi
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Fiona C. McKay
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Mathew B. Cox
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Regina Berretta
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - S. Yahya Vaezpour
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
- Department of Computer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mario Inostroza-Ponta
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
- Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Simon A. Broadley
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Gold Coast Hospital, Southport, Australia
| | - Robert N. Heard
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Stephen Vucic
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Graeme J. Stewart
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | | | - Rodney J. Scott
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Jeanette Lechner-Scott
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - David R. Booth
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Pablo Moscato
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics, St Lucia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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17
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Cénit MC, Alcina A, Márquez A, Mendoza JL, Díaz-Rubio M, de las Heras V, Izquierdo G, Arroyo R, Fernández O, de la Concha EG, Matesanz F, Urcelay E. STAT3 locus in inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis susceptibility. Genes Immun 2010; 11:264-8. [PMID: 20200543 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2010.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) signaling is a critical component of Th17-dependent autoimmune processes. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed the role of the STAT3 gene in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) susceptibility, although confirmation in clinical subphenotypes is warranted. Mice with targeted deletion of Stat3 in T cells are resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, which is a multiple sclerosis (MS) model. Moreover, increased phosphorylated STAT3 was reported in T cells of patients evolving from clinically isolated syndrome to defined MS and in relapsing patients. These evidences led us to analyze the role of STAT3 in Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and MS risk. Polymorphisms in the STAT3 region (rs3809758/rs744166/rs1026916/rs12948909) were genotyped and the inferred haplotypes were subsequently analyzed in 860 IBD and 1540 MS Spanish patients and 1720 ethnically matched controls. The haplotype conformed by the risk alleles of each polymorphism was significantly associated with both clinical phenotypes of IBD (CD: P=0.005, odds ratio 1.25, 95% confidence interval 1.06-1.46; and UC: P=0.002, odds ratio 1.19, 95% confidence interval 1.02-1.38). No evidence of association was detected for MS. The originally described association of IBD with STAT3 polymorphisms is corroborated for the two clinical phenotypes, CD and UC, in an independent population. A major role of this gene in MS seems unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Cénit
- Immunology Department, Hospital Clínico S Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Madia F, Frisullo G, Nociti V, Conte A, Luigetti M, Del Grande A, Patanella AK, Iorio R, Tonali PA, Batocchi AP, Sabatelli M. pSTAT1, pSTAT3, and T-bet as markers of disease activity in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2009; 14:107-17. [PMID: 19691533 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2009.00220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is considered an auto-immune disorder. We evaluated expression of pSTAT1, T-bet, and pSTAT3 in circulating T-cells, B-cells, and monocytes and spontaneous production of interleukin-17 (IL17), interferon-gamma (IFN gamma), and interleukin-10 (IL10) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 14 active CIDP patients compared with 6 patients with long-lasting remission and 20 controls. Active disease patients showed higher pSTAT1, T-bet, and pSTAT3 in CD4(+) T-cells than controls (p < 0.001, p = 0.0002, p = 0.0097, respectively) and remission patients (p < 0.001, p = 0.0036, p = 0.0008, respectively). pSTAT1, T-bet, and pSTAT3 were also higher in monocytes from active CIDP patients than controls (p = 0.0011, p = 0.0041, p = 0.0413, respectively) and remission patients (p = 0.0073, p = 0.0274, p = 0.0251, respectively). Moreover in CD8(+) T-cells, pSTAT3 expression was higher in active CIDP patients than in remission patients (p = 0.0345) and in controls (p = 0.0023). IL17 and IFN gamma production were significantly higher in active CIDP patients than in controls (p < 0.0395, p = 0.0010, respectively); IFN gamma levels were higher also in remission CIDP patients (p = 0.0073). IL10 levels were higher in active phase patients than in controls (p = 0.0334). Our data suggest that pSTAT1, T-bet, and pSTAT3 can be considered putative markers of disease activity and potential targets for specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Madia
- Institute of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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