1
|
Schwermann N, Haller R, Koch S, Grassl GA, Winstel V. Pathogen-driven nucleotide overload triggers mitochondria-centered cell death in phagocytes. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011892. [PMID: 38157331 PMCID: PMC10756532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a dangerous pathogen that evolved refined immuno-evasive strategies to antagonize host immune responses. This involves the biogenesis of death-effector deoxyribonucleosides, which kill infectious foci-penetrating macrophages. However, the exact mechanisms whereby staphylococcal death-effector deoxyribonucleosides and coupled imbalances of intracellular deoxyribonucleotide species provoke immune cell death remain elusive. Here, we report that S. aureus systematically promotes an overload of deoxyribonucleotides to trigger mitochondrial rupture in macrophages, a fatal event that induces assembly of the caspase-9-processing apoptosome and subsequent activation of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Remarkably, genetic disruption of this cascade not only helps macrophages coping with death-effector deoxyribonucleoside-mediated cytotoxicity but also enhances their infiltration into abscesses thereby ameliorating pathogen control and infectious disease outcomes in laboratory animals. Combined with the discovery of protective alleles in human CASP9, these data highlight the role of mitochondria-centered apoptosis during S. aureus infection and suggest that gene polymorphisms may shape human susceptibility toward a predominant pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Schwermann
- Research Group Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections; TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rita Haller
- Research Group Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections; TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Koch
- Research Group Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections; TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guntram A. Grassl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Volker Winstel
- Research Group Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections; TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Avrutsky MI, Troy CM. Caspase-9: A Multimodal Therapeutic Target With Diverse Cellular Expression in Human Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:701301. [PMID: 34305609 PMCID: PMC8299054 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.701301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-9, a cysteine-aspartic protease known for its role as an initiator of intrinsic apoptosis, regulates physiological cell death and pathological tissue degeneration. Its nonapoptotic functions, including regulation of cellular differentiation/maturation, innate immunity, mitochondrial homeostasis, and autophagy, reveal a multimodal landscape of caspase-9 functions in health and disease. Recent work has demonstrated that caspase-9 can drive neurovascular injury through nonapoptotic endothelial cell dysfunction. CASP9 polymorphisms have been linked with various cancers, neurological disorders, autoimmune pathologies and lumbar disc disease. Clinical reports suggest alterations in caspase-9 expression, activity or function may be associated with acute and chronic neurodegeneration, retinal neuropathy, slow-channel myasthenic syndrome, lumbar disc disease, cardiomyopathies, atherosclerosis and autoimmune disease. Healthy tissues maintain caspase-9 activity at low basal levels, rendering supraphysiological caspase-9 activation a tractable target for therapeutic interventions. Strategies for selective inhibition of caspase-9 include dominant negative caspase-9 mutants and pharmacological inhibitors derived from the XIAP protein, whose Bir3 domain is an endogenous highly selective caspase-9 inhibitor. However, the mechanistic implications of caspase-9 expression and activation remain indeterminate in many pathologies. By assembling clinical reports of caspase-9 genetics, signaling and cellular localization in human tissues, this review identifies gaps between experimental and clinical studies on caspase-9, and presents opportunities for further investigations to examine the consequences of caspase activity in human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Avrutsky
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Carol M Troy
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li P, Zhou L, Zhao T, Liu X, Zhang P, Liu Y, Zheng X, Li Q. Caspase-9: structure, mechanisms and clinical application. Oncotarget 2017; 8:23996-24008. [PMID: 28177918 PMCID: PMC5410359 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most intensively studied initiator caspase, caspase-9 is a key player in the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway which is involved in various stimuli, including chemotherapies, stress agents and radiation. Caspase-9 is activated on the apoptosome complex to remain catalytic status and is thought of involving homo-dimerization monomeric zymogens. Failing to activate caspase-9 has profound physiological and pathophysiological outcomes, leading to degenerative and developmental disorders even cancer. To govern the apoptotic commitment process appropriately, plenty of proteins and small molecules involved in regulating caspase-9. Therefore, this review is to summarize recent pertinent literature on the comprehensive description of the molecular events implicated in caspase-9 activation and inhibition, as well as the clinical trials in progress to give deep insight into caspase-9 for suppressing cancer. We hope that our concerns will be helpful for further clinical studies addressing the roles of caspase-9 and its regulators demanded to identify more effective solutions to overcome intrinsic apoptosis-related diseases especially cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Libin Zhou
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiongxiong Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaogang Zheng
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alves CJ, Dariolli R, Jorge FM, Monteiro MR, Maximino JR, Martins RS, Strauss BE, Krieger JE, Callegaro D, Chadi G. Gene expression profiling for human iPS-derived motor neurons from sporadic ALS patients reveals a strong association between mitochondrial functions and neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:289. [PMID: 26300727 PMCID: PMC4523944 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that leads to widespread motor neuron death, general palsy and respiratory failure. The most prevalent sporadic ALS form is not genetically inherited. Attempts to translate therapeutic strategies have failed because the described mechanisms of disease are based on animal models carrying specific gene mutations and thus do not address sporadic ALS. In order to achieve a better approach to study the human disease, human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-differentiated motor neurons were obtained from motor nerve fibroblasts of sporadic ALS and non-ALS subjects using the STEMCCA Cre-Excisable Constitutive Polycistronic Lentivirus system and submitted to microarray analyses using a whole human genome platform. DAVID analyses of differentially expressed genes identified molecular function and biological process-related genes through Gene Ontology. REVIGO highlighted the related functions mRNA and DNA binding, GTP binding, transcription (co)-repressor activity, lipoprotein receptor binding, synapse organization, intracellular transport, mitotic cell cycle and cell death. KEGG showed pathways associated with Parkinson's disease and oxidative phosphorylation, highlighting iron homeostasis, neurotrophic functions, endosomal trafficking and ERK signaling. The analysis of most dysregulated genes and those representative of the majority of categorized genes indicates a strong association between mitochondrial function and cellular processes possibly related to motor neuron degeneration. In conclusion, iPSC-derived motor neurons from motor nerve fibroblasts of sporadic ALS patients may recapitulate key mechanisms of neurodegeneration and may offer an opportunity for translational investigation of sporadic ALS. Large gene profiling of differentiated motor neurons from sporadic ALS patients highlights mitochondrial participation in the establishment of autonomous mechanisms associated with sporadic ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chrystian J Alves
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration Center, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Dariolli
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology/LIM13, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo School of Medicine São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederico M Jorge
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration Center, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus R Monteiro
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration Center, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jessica R Maximino
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration Center, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto S Martins
- Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Center of Functional Neurosurgery, Clinics Hospital of University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan E Strauss
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology/LIM24, Cancer Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo School of Medicine São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José E Krieger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology/LIM13, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo School of Medicine São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dagoberto Callegaro
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration Center, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerson Chadi
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration Center, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu W, Jiang S, Xu Y, Chen B, Li Y, Zong F, Zhao W, Wu J. A meta-analysis of caspase 9 polymorphisms in promoter and exon sequence on cancer susceptibility. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37443. [PMID: 22616010 PMCID: PMC3355128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Caspases are important regulators and executioners in apoptosis pathway and have been defined as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes. Polymorphisms in promoter and exon of caspase 9 were shown to confer genetic susceptibility to multiple cancers, but the results were inconsistent. To accomplish a more precise estimation of the relationship, a meta-analysis was performed. Methodology/Principal Findings We assessed published studies of the association between caspase 9 polymorphisms and cancer risk from nine studies with 5,528 subjects for rs4645978, six studies with 2,403 subjects for rs105276 and two studies for rs4645981. Overall meta-analysis indicated that no evidence of an association between rs4645978 and cancers was found. Through the stratified analysis, statistically significant reduced cancer risks were observed among Caucasians (AG vs AA: OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.66–0.99, Pheterogeneity = 0.150 and the dominant model: OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.75–0.99, Pheterogeneity = 0.290) and prostate cancer. As for rs105276, Ex5+32G>A polymorphism was found with protective effect in overall meta-analysis (AA vs GG: OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.60–0.92, Pheterogeneity = 0.887; A vs G: OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.77–0.95, Pheterogeneity = 0.739 and the recessive model: OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.56–0.82, Pheterogeneity = 0.309) and Asians group. While for rs4645981, a statistically significant increase in risk of lung cancer was shown in Asians (T vs C: OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.07–1.42, Pheterogeneity = 0.399 and the dominant model: OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.04–1.43, Pheterogeneity = 0.660). Conclusions/Significance Our meta-analysis suggests that the caspase 9 rs4645978 most likely contributes to decreased susceptibility to cancer in Caucasians and prostate cancer. The A allele of rs105276 might be a protective factor for cancer, especially for Asians. However, it seems that rs4645981 confers increased susceptibility to lung cancer in Asians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Zong
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weihong Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianqing Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Iłżecka J. Serum caspase-9 levels are increased in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurol Sci 2011; 33:825-9. [PMID: 22048794 PMCID: PMC3397227 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-011-0837-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is known that apoptosis may play a role in the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Moreover, caspase-9 is implicated in the apoptosis pathway. The aim of the study was to investigate caspase-9 levels in serum of patients with ALS. The study involved 30 patients with ALS and 30 patients from the control group. The serum caspase-9 levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent method. The study showed that caspase-9 levels are significantly increased in serum of the patients with ALS comparing to the control group (p < 0.05). There was a significant correlation of serum caspase-9 levels with severity of clinical state of ALS patients and duration of the disease (p < 0.05). The results indicate that caspase-9 may be implicated in pathomechanism of neurodegeneration in ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Iłżecka
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Medical University, ul. Chodźki 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Polymorphisms in the promoter region of the CASP8 gene are not associated with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in Chinese patients. Ann Hematol 2011; 90:1137-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-011-1265-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
8
|
Sun ZM, Ling M, Huo Y, Chang Y, Li Y, Qin H, Yang G, Lucas R. Caspase 9 gene polymorphism and susceptibility to lumbar disc disease in the Han population in northern China. Connect Tissue Res 2011; 52:198-202. [PMID: 21117896 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2010.510914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated that apoptosis is involved in the development of disc degeneration. The initiator caspase 9 is activated through the apoptosome-driven intrinsic apoptotic pathway. The present study aimed to assess the potential association between the caspase 9 gene polymorphism and lumbar disc herniation (LDH) susceptibility, as well as severe grades of disc degeneration in the Han population in northern China. Genotyping was performed using the polymerase chain reaction and polymorphism was analyzed by restriction endonuclease cleavage in 387 patients with LDH and 412 control subjects. The allelic frequencies of caspase 9 Ex5+32 A were 0.483 and 0.391 in case patients and control subjects, respectively. Compared to those with the AA genotype, subjects with the GA/GG genotype have a higher risk to develop LDH (odds ratio 1.91; 95% confidence interval 1.29-2.81). Moreover, the GA/GG genotype was found to contribute to the risk of more severe grades of disc degeneration, as observed in magnetic resonance imaging scan. In conclusion, this study suggests that the single nucleotide polymorphism in the caspase 9 Ex5 + 32 G/A may be associated with LDH and disc degeneration in the Han population of northern China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Ming Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Guo TM, Liu M, Zhang YG, Guo WT, Wu SX. Association between Caspase-9 promoter region polymorphisms and discogenic low back pain. Connect Tissue Res 2011; 52:133-8. [PMID: 21091209 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2010.487621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-9 (CASP-9) is an initiator caspase protease for apoptosis, and plays an important role in the development and progression of lumbar disc disease (LDD). The expression and/or activity of CASP-9 are significantly enhanced in the degenerated disc. The polymorphism in the promoter region of CASP-9 enhances the transcriptional activity of this gene, thereby modulating the susceptibility to LDD. The current study investigated the relationship between the CASP-9 -1263A/G (rs4645978) and -712C/T (rs4645981) polymorphisms and discogenic low back pain (LBP). The CASP-9 -1263A/G and -712C/T genotypes in this study were defined by polymerase chain reaction in 154 patients with discogenic LBP and 216 controls that were frequency-matched by age, gender, and occupation. The results showed that the CASP-9 -1263 GG genotype, compared with the AA and AG genotypes [odds ratio (OR) = 1.997, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 1.216-3.279, p = 0.006] or the AA genotype (OR = 2.760, 95% CI = 1.464-5.203, p = 0.002), is associated with a significant increased risk of discogenic LBP, but the -712 TT or TT and CT genotypes do not contribute to discogenic LBP compared with the CC genotype (OR = 0.547, 95% CI = 0.200-1.494, p = 0.234 and OR = 0.669, 95% CI = 0.439-1.021, p = 0.062, respectively). These results indicated that the CASP-9 -1263A/G polymorphism is associated with a high risk of discogenic LBP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuan-Mao Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Guo C, Ahmad T, Beckly J, Cummings JRF, Hancock L, Geremia A, Cooney R, Pathan S, Jewell DP. Association of caspase-9 and RUNX3 with inflammatory bowel disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 77:23-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2010.01569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|