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Talhada D, Marklund N, Wieloch T, Kuric E, Ruscher K. Plasticity-Enhancing Effects of Levodopa Treatment after Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10226. [PMID: 34638567 PMCID: PMC8508853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic treatment in combination with rehabilitative training enhances long-term recovery after stroke. However, the underlying mechanisms on structural plasticity are unknown. Here, we show an increased dopaminergic innervation of the ischemic territory during the first week after stroke induced in Wistar rats subjected to transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (tMCAO) for 120 min. This response was also found in rats subjected to permanent focal ischemia induced by photothrombosis (PT) and mice subjected to PT or tMCAO. Dopaminergic branches were detected in the infarct core of mice and rats in both stroke models. In addition, the Nogo A pathway was significantly downregulated in rats treated with levodopa (LD) compared to vehicle-treated animals subjected to tMCAO. Specifically, the number of Nogo A positive oligodendrocytes as well as the levels of Nogo A and the Nogo A receptor were significantly downregulated in the peri-infarct area of LD-treated animals, while the number of Oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 positive cells increased in this region after treatment. In addition, we observed lower protein levels of Growth Associated Protein 43 in the peri-infarct area compared to sham-operated animals without treatment effect. The results provide the first evidence of the plasticity-promoting actions of dopaminergic treatment following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Talhada
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, S-22184 Lund, Sweden; (D.T.); (T.W.); (E.K.)
| | - Niklas Marklund
- LUBIN Lab—Lunds Laboratorium för Neurokirurgisk Hjärnskadeforskning, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, S-22184 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Tadeusz Wieloch
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, S-22184 Lund, Sweden; (D.T.); (T.W.); (E.K.)
| | - Enida Kuric
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, S-22184 Lund, Sweden; (D.T.); (T.W.); (E.K.)
| | - Karsten Ruscher
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, S-22184 Lund, Sweden; (D.T.); (T.W.); (E.K.)
- LUBIN Lab—Lunds Laboratorium för Neurokirurgisk Hjärnskadeforskning, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, S-22184 Lund, Sweden;
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Vieira ÉLM, da Silva MCM, Gonçalves AP, Martins GL, Teixeira AL, de Oliveira ACP, Reis HJ. Serotonin and dopamine receptors profile on peripheral immune cells from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 354:577534. [PMID: 33713941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The role of inflammation and immune cells has been demonstrated in neurological diseases, including epilepsy. Leukocytes, as well as inflammatory mediators, contribute to abnormal processes that lead to a reduction in seizure threshold and synaptic reorganization. In this sense, identifying different phenotypes of circulating immune cells is essential to understanding the role of these cells in epilepsy. Immune cells can express a variety of surface markers, including neurotransmitter receptors, such as serotonin and dopamine. Alteration in these receptors expression patterns may affect the level of inflammatory mediators and the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Therefore, in the current study, we evaluated the expression of dopamine and serotonin receptors on white blood cells from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS). Blood samples from 17 patients with TLE-HS and 21 controls were collected. PBMC were isolated and stained ex vivo for flow cytometry. We evaluated the expression of serotonin (5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3, 5-HT4), and dopamine receptors (D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5) on the cell surface of lymphocytes and innate immune cells (monocytes and granulocytes). Our results demonstrated that innate cells and lymphocytes from patients with TLE-HS showed high mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) for 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT4 compared to controls. No difference was observed for 5-HT2B. For dopamine receptors, the expression of D1, D2, D4, and D5 receptors was higher on innate cells from patients with TLE-HS when compared to controls for the MFI. Regarding lymphocytes population, D2 expression was increased in patients with TLE-HS. In conclusion, there are alterations in the expression of serotonin and dopamine receptors on immune blood cells of patients with TLE-HS. Although the biological significance of these findings still needs to be further investigated, these changes may contribute to the understanding of TLE-HS pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Carolina Machado da Silva
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Gonçalves
- Programa de Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Lopes Martins
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Santa Casa BH, Belo Horizonte 30260-070, Brazil; Neuropsychiatry Program and Immuno-Psychiatry Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UT Health Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Antônio Carlos Pinheiro de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; Programa de Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Helton José Reis
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; Programa de Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil.
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Gower A, Tiberi M. The Intersection of Central Dopamine System and Stroke: Potential Avenues Aiming at Enhancement of Motor Recovery. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2018; 10:18. [PMID: 30034335 PMCID: PMC6043669 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine, a major neurotransmitter, plays a role in a wide range of brain sensorimotor functions. Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia are two major human neuropsychiatric disorders typically associated with dysfunctional dopamine activity levels, which can be alleviated through the druggability of the dopaminergic systems. Meanwhile, several studies suggest that optimal brain dopamine activity levels are also significantly impacted in other serious neurological conditions, notably stroke, but this has yet to be fully appreciated at both basic and clinical research levels. This is of utmost importance as there is a need for better treatments to improve recovery from stroke. Here, we discuss the state of knowledge regarding the modulation of dopaminergic systems following stroke, and the use of dopamine boosting therapies in animal stroke models to improve stroke recovery. Indeed, studies in animals and humans show stroke leads to changes in dopamine functioning. Moreover, evidence from animal stroke models suggests stimulation of dopamine receptors may be a promising therapeutic approach for enhancing motor recovery from stroke. With respect to the latter, we discuss the evidence for several possible receptor-linked mechanisms by which improved motor recovery may be mediated. One avenue of particular promise is the subtype-selective stimulation of dopamine receptors in conjunction with physical therapy. However, results from clinical trials so far have been more mixed due to a number of potential reasons including, targeting of the wrong patient populations and use of drugs which modulate a wide array of receptors. Notwithstanding these issues, it is hoped that future research endeavors will assist in the development of more refined dopaminergic therapeutic approaches to enhance stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Gower
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience Program), Ottawa, ON, Canada.,University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Departments of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mario Tiberi
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience Program), Ottawa, ON, Canada.,University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Departments of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Talhada D, Rabenstein M, Ruscher K. The role of dopaminergic immune cell signalling in poststroke inflammation. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2018; 11:1756286418774225. [PMID: 29774058 PMCID: PMC5952273 DOI: 10.1177/1756286418774225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon ischaemic stroke, brain-resident and peripheral immune cells accumulate in the central nervous system (CNS). Interestingly, these cells express pattern specific to neurotransmitter receptors and, therefore, seem to be susceptible to neurotransmitter stimulation, potentially modulating their properties and functions. One of the principal neurotransmitters in the CNS, dopamine, is involved in the regulation of processes of brain development, motor control and higher brain functions. It is constantly released in the brain and there is experimental and clinical evidence that dopaminergic signalling is involved in recovery of lost neurological function after stroke. Independent studies have revealed specific but different patterns of dopamine receptor subtypes on different populations of immune cells. Those patterns are dependent on the activation status of cells. Generally, exposure to dopamine or dopamine receptor agonists decreases detrimental actions of immune cells. In contrast, a reduction of dopaminergic inputs perpetuates a pro-inflammatory state associated with increased release of pro-inflammatory molecules. In addition, subsets of immune cells have been identified to synthesize and release dopamine, suggesting autoregulatory mechanisms. Evidence supports that inflammatory processes activated following ischaemic stroke are modulated by dopaminergic signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Talhada
- LUBIN Lab – Lund Brain Injury Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Universidade da Beira Interior, Portugal
| | - Monika Rabenstein
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karsten Ruscher
- Lund Brain Injury Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC A13, S-22184 Lund, Sweden
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Liu K, Khan H, Geng X, Zhang J, Ding Y. Pharmacological hypothermia: a potential for future stroke therapy? Neurol Res 2017; 38:478-90. [PMID: 27320243 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1187826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mild physical hypothermia after stroke has been associated with positive outcomes. Despite the well-studied beneficial effects of hypothermia in the treatment of stroke, lack of precise temperature control, intolerance for the patient, and immunosuppression are some of the reasons which limit its clinical translation. Pharmacologically induced hypothermia has been explored as a possible treatment option following stroke in animal models. Currently, there are eight classes of pharmacological agents/agonists with hypothermic effects affecting a multitude of systems including cannabinoid, opioid, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), neurotensin, thyroxine derivatives, dopamine, gas, and adenosine derivatives. Interestingly, drugs in the TRPV1, neurotensin, and thyroxine families have been shown to have effects in thermoregulatory control in decreasing the compensatory hypothermic response during cooling. This review will briefly present drugs in the eight classes by summarizing their proposed mechanisms of action as well as side effects. Reported thermoregulatory effects of the drugs will also be presented. This review offers the opinion that these agents may be useful in combination therapies with physical hypothermia to achieve faster and more stable temperature control in hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyin Liu
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Hajra Khan
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA.,b Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Jun Zhang
- c China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- a Department of Neurological Surgery , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA.,b Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
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Characterization of Peripheral Immune Cell Subsets in Patients with Acute and Chronic Cerebrovascular Disease: A Case-Control Study. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25433-49. [PMID: 26512654 PMCID: PMC4632808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161025433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cells (IC) play a crucial role in murine stroke pathophysiology. However, data are limited on the role of these cells in ischemic stroke in humans. We therefore aimed to characterize and compare peripheral IC subsets in patients with acute ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack (AIS/TIA), chronic cerebrovascular disease (CCD) and healthy volunteers (HV). We conducted a case-control study of patients with AIS/TIA (n = 116) or CCD (n = 117), and HV (n = 104) who were enrolled at the University Hospital Würzburg from 2010 to 2013. We determined the expression and quantity of IC subsets in the three study groups and performed correlation analyses with demographic and clinical parameters. The quantity of several IC subsets differed between the AIS/TIA, CCD, and HV groups. Several clinical and demographic variables independently predicted the quantity of IC subsets in patients with AIS/TIA. No significant changes in the quantity of IC subsets occurred within the first three days after AIS/TIA. Overall, these findings strengthen the evidence for a pathophysiologic role of IC in human ischemic stroke and the potential use of IC-based biomarkers for the prediction of stroke risk. A comprehensive description of IC kinetics is crucial to enable the design of targeted treatment strategies.
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Zhang Y, Chen Y, Wu J, Manaenko A, Yang P, Tang J, Fu W, Zhang JH. Activation of Dopamine D2 Receptor Suppresses Neuroinflammation Through αB-Crystalline by Inhibition of NF-κB Nuclear Translocation in Experimental ICH Mice Model. Stroke 2015; 46:2637-46. [PMID: 26251254 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.009792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inflammatory injury plays a critical role in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced secondary brain injury. Recently, dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) is identified as an important component controlling innate immunity and inflammatory response in central nervous system, and αB-crystallin (CRYAB) is a potent negative regulator on inflammatory pathways. Here, we sought to investigate the role of DRD2 on neuroinflammation after experimental ICH and the potential mechanism mediated by CRYAB. METHODS Two hundred and twenty-four (224) male CD-1 mice were subjected to intrastriatal infusion of bacterial collagenase or autologous blood. Two DRD2 agonists quinpirole and ropinirole were administrated by daily intraperitoneal injection starting at 1 hour after ICH. DRD2 and CRYAB in vivo knockdown was performed 48 hours before ICH insult. Behavioral deficits and brain water content, Western blots, immunofluorescence staining, coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay, and proteome cytokine array were evaluated. RESULTS Endogenous DRD2 and CRYAB expressions were increased after ICH. DRD2 knockdown aggravated the neurobehavioral deficits and the pronounced cytokine expressions. DRD2 activation by quinpirole and ropinirole ameliorated neurological outcome, brain edema, interleukin-1β, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression, as well as microglia/macrophages activation, in the perihematomal region. These effects were abolished by pretreatment with CRYAB siRNAs. Quinpirole enhanced cytoplasmic binding activity between CRYAB and NF-κB and decreased nuclear NF-κB expression. Similar therapeutic benefits were observed using autologous blood injection model and intranasal delivery of quinpirole. CONCLUSIONS DRD2 may have anti-inflammatory effects after ICH. DRD2 agonists inhibited neuroinflammation and attenuated brain injury after ICH, which is probably mediated by CRYAB and enhanced cytoplasmic binding activity with NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (Y.Z., W.F.) and Department of Neurosurgery (Y.C.), Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (Y.Z., Y.C., J.W., A.M., P.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.); and Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China (J.W.)
| | - Yujie Chen
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (Y.Z., W.F.) and Department of Neurosurgery (Y.C.), Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (Y.Z., Y.C., J.W., A.M., P.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.); and Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China (J.W.)
| | - Jiang Wu
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (Y.Z., W.F.) and Department of Neurosurgery (Y.C.), Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (Y.Z., Y.C., J.W., A.M., P.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.); and Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China (J.W.)
| | - Anatol Manaenko
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (Y.Z., W.F.) and Department of Neurosurgery (Y.C.), Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (Y.Z., Y.C., J.W., A.M., P.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.); and Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China (J.W.)
| | - Peng Yang
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (Y.Z., W.F.) and Department of Neurosurgery (Y.C.), Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (Y.Z., Y.C., J.W., A.M., P.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.); and Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China (J.W.)
| | - Jiping Tang
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (Y.Z., W.F.) and Department of Neurosurgery (Y.C.), Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (Y.Z., Y.C., J.W., A.M., P.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.); and Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China (J.W.)
| | - Weiling Fu
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (Y.Z., W.F.) and Department of Neurosurgery (Y.C.), Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (Y.Z., Y.C., J.W., A.M., P.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.); and Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China (J.W.).
| | - John H Zhang
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine (Y.Z., W.F.) and Department of Neurosurgery (Y.C.), Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (Y.Z., Y.C., J.W., A.M., P.Y., J.T., J.H.Z.); and Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215006, China (J.W.).
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Pretorius E, Swanepoel AC, Buys AV, Vermeulen N, Duim W, Kell DB. Eryptosis as a marker of Parkinson's disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2014; 6:788-819. [PMID: 25411230 PMCID: PMC4247384 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A major trend in recent Parkinson's disease (PD) research is the investigation of biological markers that could help in identifying at-risk individuals or to track disease progression and response to therapies. Central to this is the knowledge that inflammation is a known hallmark of PD and of many other degenerative diseases. In the current work, we focus on inflammatory signalling in PD, using a systems approach that allows us to look at the disease in a more holistic way. We discuss cyclooxygenases, prostaglandins, thromboxanes and also iron in PD. These particular signalling molecules are involved in PD pathophysiology, but are also very important in an aberrant coagulation/hematology system. We present and discuss a hypothesis regarding the possible interaction of these aberrant signalling molecules implicated in PD, and suggest that these molecules may affect the erythrocytes of PD patients. This would be observable as changes in the morphology of the RBCs and of PD patients relative to healthy controls. We then show that the RBCs of PD patients are indeed rather dramatically deranged in their morphology, exhibiting eryptosis (a kind of programmed cell death). This morphological indicator may have useful diagnostic and prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Albe C Swanepoel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Antoinette V Buys
- Microscopy and Microanalysis Unit, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Natasha Vermeulen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Wiebren Duim
- Department of Neurology Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, Lancs, UK
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Kuric E, Ruscher K. Dynamics of major histocompatibility complex class II-positive cells in the postischemic brain--influence of levodopa treatment. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:145. [PMID: 25178113 PMCID: PMC4149192 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral ischemia activates both the innate and the adaptive immune response, the latter being activated within days after the stroke onset and triggered by the recognition of foreign antigens. Methods In this study we have investigated the phenotype of antigen presenting cells and the levels of associated major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecules in the postischemic brain after transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (tMCAO) followed by levodopa/benserazide treatment. Male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to tMCAO for 105 minutes and received levodopa (20 mg/kg)/benserazide (15 mg/kg) for 5 days starting on day 2 after tMCAO. Thereafter, immune cells were isolated from the ischemic and contralateral hemisphere and analyzed by flow cytometry. Complementarily, the spatiotemporal profile of MHC II-positive (MHC II+) cells was studied in the ischemic brain during the first 30 days after tMCAO; protein levels of MHC II and the levels of inflammation associated cytokines were determined in the ischemic hemisphere. Results We found that microglia/macrophages represent the main MHC II expressing cell in the postischemic brain one week after tMCAO. No differences in absolute cell numbers were found between levodopa/benserazide and vehicle-treated animals. In contrast, MHC II protein levels were significant downregulated in the ischemic infarct core by levodopa/benserazide treatment. This reduction was accompanied by reduced levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-4 in the ischemic hemisphere. In the contralateral hemisphere, we exclusively detected MHC II+ cells in the corpus callosum. Interestingly, the number of cells was increased by treatment with levodopa/benserazide independent from the infarct size 14 days after tMCAO. Conclusions Results suggest that dopamine signaling is involved in the adaptive immune response after stroke and involves microglia/macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enida Kuric
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, Lund, S-22184, Sweden.
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Kuric E, Ruscher K. Reduction of rat brain CD8+ T-cells by levodopa/benserazide treatment after experimental stroke. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:2463-70. [PMID: 24754803 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The activation of inflammatory cascades in the ischemic hemisphere impairs mechanisms of tissue reorganization with consequences for recovery of lost neurological function. Recruitment of T-cell populations to the post-ischemic brain occurs and represents a significant part of the inflammatory response. This study was conducted to investigate if treatment with levodopa, potentially acting as an immunomodulator, affects the T-cell accumulation in the post-ischemic brain. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (tMCAO) for 105 min followed by levodopa/benserazide treatment (20 mg/kg/15 mg/kg) for 5 days initiated on day 2 post-stroke. One week after tMCAO, T-cell populations were analysed from brains, and levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1, IL-4, IL-5, interferon gamma and IL-13 were analysed. After levodopa/benserazide treatment, we found a significant reduction of cytotoxic T-cells (CD3+ CD8+ ) in the ischemic hemisphere together with reduced levels of T-cell-associated cytokine IL-5, while other T-cell populations (CD3+, CD3+ CD4+, CD3+ CD4+ CD25+) were unchanged compared with vehicle-treated rats. Moreover, a reduced number of cells was associated with reduced levels of intercellular adhesion molecule 1, expressed in endothelial cells, in the infarct core of levodopa/benserazide-treated animals. Together, we provide the first evidence that dopamine can act as a potential immunomodulator by attenuating inflammation in the post-ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enida Kuric
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, S-22184, Lund, Sweden
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