The effect of 6 weeks of high intensity interval training on myelin biomarkers and demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model

Effects of treadmill training on myelin proteomic markers and cerebellum morphology in a rat model of cuprizone-induced toxic demyelination

BACKGROUND

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). If demyelination is persistent, it will result in irreversible axonal injury and loss. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of treadmill training on myelin proteomic markers and cerebellum morphology in a rat model of cuprizone-induced toxic demyelination.

METHODS

Thirty male rats were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 6 per group), consisting of a healthy control group (Control), a cuprizone (CPZ) group, and three exercise training groups: exercise training before and during the CPZ administration (EX-CPZ-EX), exercise training before the CPZ administration (EX-CPZ), and exercise training during the CPZ administration (CPZ-EX). A rat model of CPZ-induced toxic demyelination consisted of feeding the rats cuprizone pellets (0.2%) for 6 weeks. All exercise groups performed a treadmill training protocol 5 days/week for 6 weeks. Levels of Myelin proteolipid protein (PLP), Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), axonal injury in the cerebellar tissue, and volume, weight, and length of the cerebellum were determined.

RESULTS

Results indicated a significant decrease in PLP and MOG in the CPZ groups compared to the Control group (****p < 0.0001). There was a significant increase in PLP and MOG and a significant decrease in axonal injury in the EX-CPZ-EX group as compared to other CPZ groups (****p < 0.0001), and CPZ-MS and CPZ-EX were not significantly different from one another. However, there were no significant differences between the groups for the volume, weight, or length of the cerebellum.

CONCLUSION

Treadmill training improved myelin sheath structural proteins and axonal injury in cerebellar tissue in a rat model of CPZ-induced toxic demyelination.

Mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical exercise on multiple sclerosis: focus on immune cells

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a prevalent neuroimmunological illness that leads to neurological disability in young adults. Although the etiology of MS is heterogeneous, it is well established that aberrant activity of adaptive and innate immune cells plays a crucial role in its pathogenesis. Several immune cell abnormalities have been described in MS and its animal models, including T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, neutrophils, microglia/macrophages, and astrocytes, among others. Physical exercise offers a valuable alternative or adjunctive disease-modifying therapy for MS. A growing body of evidence indicates that exercise may reduce the autoimmune responses triggered by immune cells in MS. This is partially accomplished by restricting the infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma, curbing hyperactivation of immune cells, and facilitating a transition in the balance of immune cells from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state. This review provides a succinct overview of the correlation between physical exercise, immune cells, and MS pathology, and highlights the potential benefits of exercise as a strategy for the prevention and treatment of MS.

Autophagic Molecular Alterations in the Mouse Cerebellum Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Following Treatment with Cannabidiol and Fluoxetine

The crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis is one of the most important processes involved in the cell program death, and several mechanisms including oligodendrocyte apoptosis and autophagy play significant roles in activating macrophages, microglial cells, and finally demyelination in neurodegenerative disease. The antidepressants and anti-apoptotic mechanisms of fluoxetine (FLX) and cannabidiol (CBD) commence an autophagic event that can effectively repair myelin. This study aimed to investigate the effect of those reagents on the rate of demyelination in the cerebellum, an important site for white matter in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EAE was induced in twenty four adult female C57Bl/6 mice were inducted the EAE model; FLX treatment which was performed (10 mg/kg/IP) and CBD; were treated (5 mg/kg/IP); and their cerebellum was used for Western blotting, real-time PCR to autophagic markers of LC3II, Beclin-1, and apoptotic markers Bax and Bcl2 evaluation and Luxol Fast Blue staining to the assessment of demyelination. The level of autophagic markers was expressively elevated (P < 0.01) but the pro-apoptotic markers and Bax/Bcl2 ratio were reduced (P < 0.05). Luxol Fast Blue staining confirmed the noteworthy diminution of demyelination in treatment groups (P < 0.001). This finding clarified that FLX and CBD ameliorate the severity of the EAE model. Combinatory treatments of these two agents are suggested for future investigations.

MALT-1 inhibition attenuates the inflammatory response of ankylosing spondylitis by targeting NF-κB activation

BACKGROUND

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein (MALT)-1 on ankylosing spondylitis and its underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

Proteoglycan induced ankylosing spondylitis (PGIA) mouse model was established and the expression patterns of MALT-1 were determined in joint tissue. Next, the mice were intraarticularly administrated with MALT-1 in the PGIA mouse model. Meanwhile, shRNA was intraarticularly administrated to PGIA mice. The incidence of arthritis and clinical score was evaluated. Besides, the levels of inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were measured. Protein expressions of full-length CYLD (FL-CYLD), C-terminal cleavage fragment (CYLD-CL), and nuclear factor (NF)-κB were determined.

RESULTS

The mRNA and protein levels of MALT1 were increased in the PGIA mouse model. The treatment of MALT-1 accelerated arthritis incidence and joint damage, whereas shMALT-1 suppressed arthritis symptoms in the PGIA mouse model. In addition, treatment of shMALT-1 suppressed the levels of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β), MMP-3, and MMP-9. Furthermore, the treatment of shMALT-1 suppressed the levels of CYLD and NF-κB in the joint tissues in the PGIA mouse model.

CONCLUSION

The inhibition of MALT-1 suppressed the inflammatory response in ankylosing spondylitis in part by the regulation of CYLD and NF-κB.