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Asgari N, Ghaemi EA, Naeimi MH, Tahamtan A, Sechi LA, Zamani S. Cross-reactivity between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis 4027 peptide and Human IRF5 may contribute to Multiple Sclerosis in Iranian patients. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22137. [PMID: 38034802 PMCID: PMC10686849 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology of Multiple sclerosis (MS) is complicated and can be affected by several environmental factors, such as Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection in genetically predisposed individuals. The link between MAP and MS depends on host genetic and epigenetic aspects and population-based features that require further investigation. We aimed to study the possible role of MAP in triggering MS using molecular and serological methods. Materials and methods This case-control study examined 200 blood samples (100 MS patients and 100 HCs) to search for the MAP-specific IS900 gene. In addition, ELISA was conducted to determine the humoral response against MAP_402718-32 and its human IRF5424-434 peptide homolog. Results The frequency of MAP detection based on the molecular method in MS patients and HCs was 48 % and 13 %, respectively (p < 0.0001). The presence of antibodies against MAP_402718-32 and IRF5424-434 was 55 % and 65 % in MS patients versus 9 % and 7 % in HCs, respectively (p < 0.0001). A good correlation was observed between MAP_4027 and IRF5 antibodies (r = 0.5782, p < 0.0001), indicating that the same antibodies recognized common peptide epitopes. Conclusion Our research revealed a significant association between MAP and MS, highlighting the possible role of MAP as an important infection trigger factor of MS. It is hypothesized that cross-reactivity between MAP4027 and IRF5 may dysregulate immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Asgari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ezzat Allah Ghaemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Naeimi
- Department of Neurology, Sayyad Hospital, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Alireza Tahamtan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Leonardo Antonio Sechi
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Samin Zamani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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Cossu D, Tomizawa Y, Yokoyama K, Sakanishi T, Momotani E, Sechi LA, Hattori N. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Antigens Elicit a Strong IgG4 Response in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Exacerbate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1437. [PMID: 37511812 PMCID: PMC10381415 DOI: 10.3390/life13071437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation can be triggered by microbial products disrupting immune regulation. In this study, we investigated the levels of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 subclasses against the heat shock protein (HSP)70533-545 peptide and lipopentapeptide (MAP_Lp5) derived from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in the blood samples of Japanese and Italian individuals with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). Additionally, we examined the impact of this peptide on MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). A total of 130 Japanese and 130 Italian subjects were retrospectively analyzed using the indirect ELISA method. Furthermore, a group of C57BL/6J mice received immunization with the MAP_HSP70533-545 peptide two weeks prior to the active induction of MOG35-55 EAE. The results revealed a significantly robust antibody response against MAP_HSP70533-545 in serum of both Japanese and Italian MS patients compared to their respective control groups. Moreover, heightened levels of serum IgG4 antibodies specific to MAP antigens were correlated with the severity of the disease. Additionally, EAE mice that were immunized with MAP_HSP70533-545 peptide exhibited more severe disease symptoms and increased reactivity of MOG35-55-specific T-cell compared to untreated mice. These findings provide evidence suggesting a potential link between MAP and the development or exacerbation of MS, particularly in a subgroup of MS patients with elevated serum IgG4 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cossu
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo 1138431, Japan
- Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Juntendo University, Tokyo 1138431, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari University, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Yuji Tomizawa
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo 1138431, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Yokoyama
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo 1138431, Japan
- Tosei Center for Neurological Diseases, Shizuoka 4180026, Japan
| | - Tamami Sakanishi
- Division of Cell Biology, Juntendo University, Tokyo 1138431, Japan
| | - Eiichi Momotani
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo 1138431, Japan
- Comparative Medical Research Institute, Tsukuba 3050856, Japan
| | - Leonardo A Sechi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari University, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- SC Microbiology, AOU Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo 1138431, Japan
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Collaborative Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 3510918, Japan
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Cossu D, Yokoyama K, Sakanishi T, Sechi LA, Hattori N. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Tokyo-172 vaccine provides age-related neuroprotection in actively induced and spontaneous experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 212:70-80. [PMID: 36745025 PMCID: PMC10081113 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is the most common immune-mediated disorder affecting the central nervous system in young adults but still has no cure. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is reported to have non-specific anti-inflammatory effects and therapeutic benefits in autoimmune disorders including multiple sclerosis. However, the precise mechanism of action of BCG and the host immune response to it remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of the BCG Tokyo-172 vaccine in suppressing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Groups of young and mature adult female C57BL/6J mice were BCG-vaccinated 1 month prior or 6 days after active EAE induction using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 peptide. Another group of 2D2 TCRMOG transgenic female mice was BCG-vaccinated before and after the onset of spontaneous EAE. BCG had an age-associated protective effect against active EAE only in wild-type mice vaccinated 1 month before EAE induction. Furthermore, the incidence of spontaneous EAE was significantly lower in BCG vaccinated 2D2 mice than in non-vaccinated controls. Protection against EAE was associated with reduced splenic T-cell proliferation in response to MOG35-55 peptide together with high frequency of CD8+ interleukin-10-secreting T cells in the spleen. In addition, microglia and astrocytes isolated from BCG-vaccinated mice showed polarization to anti-inflammatory M2 and A2 phenotypes, respectively. Our data provide new insights into the cell-mediated and humoral immune mechanisms underlying BCG vaccine-induced neuroprotection, potentially useful for developing better strategies for the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cossu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari University, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Juntendo University, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Leonardo A Sechi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari University, Sassari, Italy
- SC Microbiologia AOU Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Cossu D, Yokoyama K, Sato S, Noda S, Sakanishi T, Sechi LA, Hattori N. Age related immune modulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in PINK1 knockout mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1036680. [PMID: 36466826 PMCID: PMC9714542 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1036680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent research has shown that Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, modulates peripheral immune cells-mediated immunity during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Because the PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) protein acts upstream of Parkin in a common mitochondrial quality control pathway, we hypothesized that the systemic deletion of PINK1 could also modify the clinical course of EAE, altering the peripheral and central nervous systems' immune responses. METHODS EAE was induced in female PINK1-/- mice of different age groups by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide. RESULTS Compared to young wild-type controls, PINK1-/- mice showed earlier disease onset, albeit with a slightly less severe disease, while adult PINK1-/- mice displayed early onset and more severe acute symptoms than controls, showing persistent disease during the recovery phase. In adult mice, EAE severity was associated with significant increases in frequency of dendritic cells (CD11C+, IAIE+), lymphocytes (CD8+), neutrophils (Ly6G+, CD11b+), and a dysregulated cytokine profile in spleen. Furthermore, a massive macrophage (CD68+) infiltration and microglia (TMEM119+) and astrocyte (GFAP+) activation were detected in the spinal cord of adult PINK1-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS PINK1 plays an age-related role in modulating the peripheral inflammatory response during EAE, potentially contributing to the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory and other associated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cossu
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Virology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Shigeto Sato
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Noda
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Leonardo Antonio Sechi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Virology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- SC Microbiologia Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU) Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Collaborative laboratory, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
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Dow CT, Alvarez BL. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis zoonosis is a One Health emergency. ECOHEALTH 2022; 19:164-174. [PMID: 35655048 PMCID: PMC9162107 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A singular pathogen has been killing animals, contaminating food and causing an array of human diseases. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the cause of a fatal enteric infectious disease called Johne's (Yo'-nees), a disorder mostly studied in ruminant animals. MAP is globally impacting animal health and imparting significant economic burden to animal agriculture. Confounding the management of Johne's disease is that animals are typically infected as calves and while commonly not manifesting clinical disease for years, they shed MAP in their milk and feces in the interval. This has resulted in a "don't test, don't tell" scenario for the industry resulting in greater prevalence of Johne's disease; furthermore, because MAP survives pasteurization, the contaminated food supply provides a source of exposure to humans. Indeed, greater than 90% of dairy herds in the US have MAP-infected animals within the herd. The same bacterium, MAP, is the putative cause of Crohn's disease in humans. Countries historically isolated from importing/exporting ruminant animals and free of Johne's disease subsequently acquired the disease as a consequence of opening trade with what proved to be infected animals. Crohn's disease in those populations became a lagging indicator of MAP infection. Moreover, MAP is associated with an increasingly long list of human diseases. Despite MAP scientists entreating regulatory agencies to designate MAP a "zoonotic agent," it has not been forthcoming. One Health is a global endeavor applying an integrative health initiative that includes the environment, animals and humans; One Health asserts that stressors affecting one affects all three. Recognizing the impact MAP has on animal and human health as well as on the environment, it is time for One Health, as well as other global regulatory agencies, to recognize that MAP is causing an insidious slow-motion tsunami of zoonosis and implement public health mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coad Thomas Dow
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 9431 Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research (WIMR), McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Briana Lizet Alvarez
- Biology and Global Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 120 N Orchard St #1, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and microbiome profile of patients in a referral gastrointestinal diseases centre in the Sudan. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266533. [PMID: 35381037 PMCID: PMC8982859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne’s disease in animals with zoonotic potential; it has been linked to many chronic diseases in humans, especially gastrointestinal diseases (GID). MAP has been extensively studied in Europe and America, but little reports were published from Africa. Sudan is a unique country with close contact between humans and livestock. Despite such interaction, the one health concept is neglected in dealing with cases of humans with GID. In this study, patients admitted to the reference GID hospital in the Sudan over a period of 8 months were screened for presence of MAP in their faeces or colonic biopsies. A total of 86 patients were recruited for this study, but only 67 were screened for MAP, as 19 did not provide the necessary samples for analysis. Both real-time PCR and culture were used to detect MAP in the collected samples and the microbial diversity in patients´ faecal samples was investigated using 16S rDNA nanopore sequencing. In total, 27 (40.3%) patients were MAP positive: they were 15 males and 12 females, of ages between 21 and 80 years. Logistic regression analysis revealed no statistical significance for all tested variables in MAP positive patients (occupation, gender, contact with animal, milk consumption, chronic disease, etc.). A unique microbiome profile of MAP-positive patients in comparison to MAP-negative was found. These findings suggest that a considerable proportion of the population could be MAP infected or carriers. Therefore, increase awareness at community level is urgently needed to decrease the risk of MAP at human/animal interface. This study represents the first report of MAP in humans in the Sudan; nevertheless, a better view of the situation of MAP in humans in the country requires a larger study including patients with other conditions.
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Hayashi F, Isobe N, Cossu D, Yokoyama K, Sakoda A, Matsushita T, Hattori N, Kira JI. Elevated mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) antibody titer in Japanese multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 360:577701. [PMID: 34507015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether antibody production against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is related to clinical characteristics of multiple sclerosis (MS) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, IgG antibody against three MAP peptides and two human peptides homologous to MAP were measured in sera from 103 MS patients and 50 healthy controls (HCs). MS patients had higher IgG levels against MAP2694295-303 (MAP2694-IgG) than HCs, while the other antibodies were comparable. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that higher MAP2694-IgG titers were associated with higher EDSS scores, but not with HLA alleles or dairy product consumption. Immune response against MAP may worsen MS disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumie Hayashi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noriko Isobe
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Davide Cossu
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Virology, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Kazumasa Yokoyama
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Sakoda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Brain and Nerve Center, Fukuoka Central Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsushita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Brain and Nerve Center, Fukuoka Central Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan; Translational Neuroscience Center, Graduate School of Medicine, School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Cossu D, Yokoyama K, Sato S, Noda S, Sechi LA, Hattori N. PARKIN modifies peripheral immune response and increases neuroinflammation in active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). J Neuroimmunol 2021; 359:577694. [PMID: 34450375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders. To elucidate the effects of the mitophagy-related gene Parkin on neuroinflammation, we used a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Female Parkin-/- and female wild type control mice were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein to develop active EAE. Compared to the wild type controls, the Parkin-/- mice showed an earlier onset and greater severity of EAE with a greatly increased number of CD8αβ+TCRαβ+ T cells in the spleen and brain as well as a stronger T-cell proliferative response and an altered cytokine secretion in splenocytes. Furthermore, the Parkin-/- mice showed massive recruitment of monocytes/macrophages and activated microglia in the spinal cord during the acute phase of the disease. They also showed accumulation of microglia co-expressing M1 and M2 markers in the brain and a strong over-expression of A1 reactive astrocytes in the spinal cord. Furthermore, the Parkin-/- mice that developed persistent disease exhibited reduced glial cell numbers and abnormalities in mitochondrial morphology. Our study sheds light on the role of PARKIN protein in modulating peripheral immune cells-mediated immunity during EAE, highlighting its importance in neuroinflammation, and thus elucidating its potential in the development of novel neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cossu
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Yokoyama
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan
| | - Shigeto Sato
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan
| | - Sachiko Noda
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan
| | - Leonardo A Sechi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Virology, University of Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy; SC Microbiologia AOU Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan.
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