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Huang G, Hou X, Li X, Yu Y, Ge X, Gan H. Identification of a novel glioblastoma multiforme molecular subtype with poor prognosis and high immune infiltration based on oxidative stress-related genes. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e35828. [PMID: 38363895 PMCID: PMC10869097 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly malignant primary brain tumor with a poor prognosis. Reactive oxygen species that accumulate during tumorigenesis can cause oxidative stress (OS), which plays a crucial role in cancer cell survival. Clinical and transcriptome data of TCGA-GBM dataset from UCSC Xena database were analyzed. Consensus clustering analysis was conducted to identify OS-related molecular subtypes for GBM. The immune infiltrate level between subtypes were characterized by ESTIMATE algorithm. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between subtypes were screened by DESeq2 package. Two OS-related molecular subtypes of GBM were identified, and cluster 2 had poorer overall survival and higher immune infiltration levels than cluster 1. Enrichment analysis showed that 54 DEGs in cluster 2 were significantly enriched in cytokine/chemokine-related functions or pathways. Ten hub genes (CSF2, CSF3, CCL7, LCN2, CXCL6, MMP8, CCR8, TNFSF11, IL22RA2, and ORM1) were identified in GBM subtype 2 through protein-protein interaction network, most of which were positively correlated with immune factors and immune checkpoints. A total of 55 small molecule drugs obtained from drug gene interaction database (DGIdb) may have potential therapeutic effects in GBM subtype 2 patients. Our study identified 10 hub genes as potential therapeutic targets in GBM subtype 2 patients, who have poorer overall survival and higher immune infiltration levels. These findings could pave the way for new treatments for this aggressive form of brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyou Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaohu Li
- Department of Pathology, The Second People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xuecheng Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Hongchuan Gan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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Liu X, Zhao Z, Dai W, Liao K, Sun Q, Chen D, Pan X, Feng L, Ding Y, Wei S. The Development of Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Recurrent Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4308. [PMID: 37686584 PMCID: PMC10486426 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15174308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM) is a highly aggressive form of brain cancer that poses a significant challenge for treatment in neuro-oncology, and the survival status of patients after relapse usually means rapid deterioration, thus becoming the leading cause of death among patients. In recent years, immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma by stimulating the body's immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells, which could be used in combination with other treatments such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy to improve outcomes for patients with recurrent glioblastoma. This therapy combines several key methods such as the use of monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy, checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic viral therapy cancer vaccines, and combination strategies. In this review, we mainly document the latest immunotherapies for the treatment of glioblastoma and especially focus on rGBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (X.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Zihui Zhao
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China;
| | - Wufei Dai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering Research, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China;
| | - Kuo Liao
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Qi Sun
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Q.S.); (L.F.)
| | - Dongjiang Chen
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, USC Keck Brain Tumor Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
| | - Xingxin Pan
- Department of Oncology, Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Lishuang Feng
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Q.S.); (L.F.)
| | - Ying Ding
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (X.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Shiyou Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Zhang X, Zhao L, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Ju H, Wang X, Ren H, Zhu X, Dong Y. The immunosuppressive microenvironment and immunotherapy in human glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1003651. [PMID: 36466873 PMCID: PMC9712217 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1003651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant intracranial tumor in adults, characterized by extensive infiltrative growth, high vascularization, and resistance to multiple therapeutic approaches. Among the many factors affecting the therapeutic effect, the immunosuppressive GBM microenvironment that is created by cells and associated molecules via complex mechanisms plays a particularly important role in facilitating evasion of the tumor from the immune response. Accumulating evidence is also revealing a close association of the gut microbiota with the challenges in the treatment of GBM. The gut microbiota establishes a connection with the central nervous system through bidirectional signals of the gut-brain axis, thus affecting the occurrence and development of GBM. In this review, we discuss the key immunosuppressive components in the tumor microenvironment, along with the regulatory mechanism of the gut microbiota involved in immunity and metabolism in the GBM microenvironment. Lastly, we concentrate on the immunotherapeutic strategies currently under investigation, which hold promise to overcome the hurdles of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and improve the therapeutic outcome for patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Leilei Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Yurui Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Huanyu Ju
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Hongda Hospital, Jinxiang, China
| | - Huan Ren
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Yucui Dong
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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Gao W, Li Y, Zhang T, Lu J, Pan J, Qi Q, Dong S, Chen X, Su Z, Li J. Systematic Analysis of Chemokines Reveals CCL18 is a Prognostic Biomarker in Glioblastoma. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:2731-2743. [PMID: 35509325 PMCID: PMC9059990 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s357787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive brain tumor in adults, in which chemokines are often upregulated and may play pivotal roles in their development and progression. Chemokines are a large subfamily of cytokines with leukocyte chemotactic activities involved in various tumor progression. However, gene expression patterns of the chemokines on a global scale were not known in GBM. Methods Differentially expressed chemokine genes in glioma and normal samples were screened by using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Cox regression identified the prognosis-related genes in each glioma subtype. The protein expression levels of chemokines in 72 glioma tissues were detected by ELISA. Results We found that the transcripts of seven chemokines, including CCL2, CCL8, CCL18, CCL28, CXCL1, CXCL5, and CXCL13, were highly expressed in GBM that evidenced by involving immune cell infiltration regulation and accompanied with worse outcomes of GBM patients. The prognostic nomogram construction demonstrated that CCL18 held the highest risk score in patients with GBM. Furthermore, experiments on 72 glioma tissue samples confirmed that CCL18 protein expression was positively associated with tumor grade and IDH1 status but inversely with glioma patients’ overall survival (OS). Conclusion Our study reveals comprehensive and comparable roles of chemokine members in glioblastoma, and identified CCL18 as a critical driver of GBM malignant behaviors, therefore providing a potential target for developing prognosis and therapy in human glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianglong Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiasong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Siqi Dong
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jixi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital and Institute of Neurology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
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