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Hong S, Kim J, Ahn M, Jung K, Moon C, Ahn C, Sanchez-Quinteiro P, Shin T. Key Genes in Olfactory Disorder in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Identified by Transcriptomic Analysis of the Olfactory Bulbs. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:5771-5786. [PMID: 38233686 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03923-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of multiple sclerosis that shows demyelination in the central nervous system and functional deficits, including olfactory impairment. However, the genes related to olfactory impairment in EAE are unknown. We evaluated hub genes of the olfactory bulb in EAE mice. Differentially expressed genes (cut-offs, fold change > 2 and adjusted p < 0.05) and their related pathways in olfactory bulbs were subjected to gene ontology (GO) pathway analysis, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Protein-protein interactions with selected genes were evaluated using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins. Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) which were constructed at the post-transcriptional level, including the genes-transcription factors (TFs) and gene-microRNAs (miRNAs) interaction networks. Twelve hub genes were found, three of which (Ctss, Itgb2, and Tlr2) were validated by RT-qPCR to be related to GO pathways such as immune response and regulation of immune response. GSEA showed that neuron-related genes-including Atp6v1g2, Egr1, and Gap43-and their pathways were significantly downregulated. GRNs analysis of six genes (Ctss, Itgb2, Tlr2, Atp6v1g2, Egr1, and Gap43) revealed 37 TFs and 84 miRNAs were identified as potential regulators of six genes, indicating significant interaction among six genes, TFs, and miRNAs. Collectively, these results suggest that transcriptomic analysis of the olfactory bulb of EAE mice can provide insight into olfactory dysfunction and reveal therapeutic targets for olfactory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmoo Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, 49267, Republic of Korea
| | - Meejung Ahn
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju, 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsook Jung
- Functional Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhwan Ahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Pablo Sanchez-Quinteiro
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Taekyun Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehakno, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Shippy DC, Evered AH, Ulland TK. Ketone body metabolism and the NLRP3 inflammasome in Alzheimer's disease. Immunol Rev 2024. [PMID: 38989642 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative brain disorder and the most common form of dementia. AD pathology is characterized by senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau, respectively. Neuroinflammation has been shown to drive Aβ and tau pathology, with evidence suggesting the nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome as a key pathway in AD pathogenesis. NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia, the primary immune effector cells of the brain, results in caspase-1 activation and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. Recent studies have demonstrated a dramatic interplay between the metabolic state and effector functions of immune cells. Microglial metabolism in AD is of particular interest, as ketone bodies (acetone, acetoacetate (AcAc), and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)) serve as an alternative energy source when glucose utilization is compromised in the brain of patients with AD. Furthermore, reduced cerebral glucose metabolism concomitant with increased BHB levels has been demonstrated to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Here, we review the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome and microglial ketone body metabolism in AD pathogenesis. We also highlight NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition by several ketone body therapies as a promising new treatment strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Shippy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Abigail H Evered
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tyler K Ulland
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Oliai SF, Shippy DC, Ulland TK. Mitigation of CXCL10 secretion by metabolic disorder drugs in microglial-mediated neuroinflammation. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 391:578364. [PMID: 38718558 PMCID: PMC11165694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders are associated with several neurodegenerative diseases. We previously identified C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), also known as interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), as a major contributor to the type I interferon response in microglial-mediated neuroinflammation. Therefore, we hypothesized FDA-approved metabolic disorder drugs that attenuate CXCL10 secretion may be repurposed as a treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Screening, dose curves, and cytotoxicity assays in LPS-stimulated microglia yielded treprostinil (hypertension), pitavastatin (hyperlipidemia), and eplerenone (hypertension) as candidates that significantly reduced CXCL10 secretion (in addition to other pro-inflammatory mediators) without impacting cell viability. Altogether, these data suggest metabolic disorder drugs that attenuate CXCL10 as potential treatments for neurodegenerative disease through mitigating microglial-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia F Oliai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daniel C Shippy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tyler K Ulland
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
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Shippy DC, Oliai SF, Ulland TK. Zinc utilization by microglia in Alzheimer's disease. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107306. [PMID: 38648940 PMCID: PMC11103939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia defined by two key pathological characteristics in the brain, amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau. Microglia, the primary innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), provide neuroprotection through Aβ and tau clearance but may also be neurotoxic by promoting neuroinflammation to exacerbate Aβ and tau pathogenesis in AD. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of microglial utilization of nutrients and trace metals in controlling their activation and effector functions. Trace metals, such as zinc, have essential roles in brain health and immunity, and zinc dyshomeostasis has been implicated in AD pathogenesis. As a result of these advances, the mechanisms by which zinc homeostasis influences microglial-mediated neuroinflammation in AD is a topic of continuing interest since new strategies to treat AD are needed. Here, we review the roles of zinc in AD, including zinc activation of microglia, the associated neuroinflammatory response, and the application of these findings in new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Shippy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sophia F Oliai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tyler K Ulland
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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