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Khan K, Gogonea V, Fox PL. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases of the multi-tRNA synthetase complex and their role in tumorigenesis. Transl Oncol 2022; 19:101392. [PMID: 35278792 PMCID: PMC8914993 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, 20 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARS) catalyze the ligation of amino acids to their cognate tRNAs to generate aminoacylated-tRNAs. In higher eukaryotes, 9 of the 20 AARSs, along with 3 auxiliary proteins, join to form the cytoplasmic multi-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC). The complex is absent in prokaryotes, but evolutionary expansion of MSC constituents, primarily by addition of novel interacting domains, facilitates formation of subcomplexes that join to establish the holo-MSC. In some cases, environmental cues direct the release of constituents from the MSC which enables the execution of non-canonical, i.e., "moonlighting", functions distinct from their essential activities in protein translation. These activities are generally beneficial, but can also be deleterious to the cell. Elucidation of the non-canonical activities of several AARSs residing in the MSC suggest they are potential therapeutic targets for cancer, as well as metabolic and neurologic diseases. Here, we describe the role of MSC-resident AARSs in cancer progression, and the factors that regulate their release from the MSC. Also, we highlight recent developments in therapeutic modalities that target MSC AARSs for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Khan
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States of America.
| | - Valentin Gogonea
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States of America
| | - Paul L Fox
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States of America.
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2
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Li C, Ma W, Zhao Y, Wang H. Changes in the expression of endothelial monocyte‑activating polypeptide II in the rat hippocampus following status epilepticus. Int J Mol Med 2020; 47:699-707. [PMID: 33416103 PMCID: PMC7797450 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide II (EMAP II) is a sensitive marker of neurotoxic injury, the expression of which increases significantly under conditions of stress, such as hypoxia or apoptosis. Studies have confirmed the extensive apoptosis of nerve cells in the brain following status epilepticus (SE), and the occurrence of SE can confer a hypoxic state on cells. The purpose of the present study was to observe the changes in the expression of EMAP II, and in the numbers and tight junction protein levels of micro-vascular endothelial cells in the hippocampus of rats with pilocarpine-induced SE. The protein expression levels of EMAP II, CD31, zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) and occludin in the hippocampus were determined by immunofluorescence and western blot analyses. It was found that almost 75.6% of the rats in the SE group developed Racine stage IV-V seizures at approximately 44.7±18.8 min after the pilocarpine administration, and the 24-h mortality rate was almost 10.4%. The weight of the rats in the SE group was significantly decreased within 24 h following SE. Immunofluorescence staining revealed a low EMAP II expression in the hippo-campus of the rats in the control group; however, the numbers of EMAP II-positive cells were significantly increased in the SE group from 2 h to 21 days. The trend of EMAP II protein expression was consistent with that obtained with immunofluorescence staining. The numbers of CD31-positive microvascular endothelial cells were significantly increased from 24 h to 21 days compared with the levels in the control group. The protein expression of ZO-1 and occludin was most significantly decreased in the SE group. On the whole, the present study demonstrated that the expression of EMAP II in the rat hippocampus was upregulated in the SE model, which may promote angiogenesis and alter the TJ integrity of brain microvascular endothelial cells, with an increased number of CD31-positive microvascular endothelial cells and a decreased expression of ZO-1 and occludin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Weining Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110022, P.R. China
| | - Yajuan Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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3
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Cong X, Kong W. Endothelial tight junctions and their regulatory signaling pathways in vascular homeostasis and disease. Cell Signal 2019; 66:109485. [PMID: 31770579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial tight junctions (TJs) regulate the transport of water, ions, and molecules through the paracellular pathway, serving as an important barrier in blood vessels and maintaining vascular homeostasis. In endothelial cells (ECs), TJs are highly dynamic structures that respond to multiple external stimuli and pathological conditions. Alterations in the expression, distribution, and structure of endothelial TJs may lead to many related vascular diseases and pathologies. In this review, we provide an overview of the assessment methods used to evaluate endothelial TJ barrier function both in vitro and in vivo and describe the composition of endothelial TJs in diverse vascular systems and ECs. More importantly, the direct phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of TJ proteins by intracellular kinases and phosphatases, as well as the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of TJs, including and the protein kinase C (PKC), PKA, PKG, Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, are discussed. With great advances in this area, targeting endothelial TJs may provide novel treatment for TJ-related vascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China.
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Liu J, Liu L, Chao S, Liu Y, Liu X, Zheng J, Chen J, Gong W, Teng H, Li Z, Wang P, Xue Y. The Role of miR-330-3p/PKC-α Signaling Pathway in Low-Dose Endothelial-Monocyte Activating Polypeptide-II Increasing the Permeability of Blood-Tumor Barrier. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:358. [PMID: 29311822 PMCID: PMC5742213 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to determine whether EMAP II increases the permeability of the blood-tumor barrier (BTB) by affecting the expression of miR-330-3p as well as its possible mechanisms. We determined the over-expression of miR-330-3p in glioma microvascular endothelial cells (GECs) by Real-time PCR. Endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide-II (EMAP-II) significantly decreased the expression of miR-330-3p in GECs. Pre-miR-330-3p markedly decreased the permeability of BTB and increased the expression of tight junction (TJ) related proteins ZO-1, occludin and claudin-5, however, anti-miR-330-3p had the opposite effects. Anti-miR-330-3p could enhance the effect of EMAP-II on increasing the permeability of BTB, however, pre-miR-330-3p partly reversed the effect of EMAP-II on that. Similarly, anti-miR-330-3p improved the effects of EMAP-II on increasing the expression levels of PKC-α and p-PKC-α in GECs and pre-miR-330-3p partly reversed the effects. MiR-330-3p could target bind to the 3′UTR of PKC-α. The results of in vivo experiments were similar to those of in vitro experiments. These suggested that EMAP-II could increase the permeability of BTB through inhibiting miR-330-3p which target negative regulation of PKC-α. Pre-miR-330-3p and PKC-α inhibitor decreased the BTB permeability and up-regulated the expression levels of ZO-1, occludin and claudin-5 while anti-miR-330-3p and PKC-α activator brought the reverse effects. Compared with EMAP-II, anti-miR-330-3p and PKC-α activator alone, the combination of the three combinations significantly increased the BTB permeability. EMAP-II combined with anti-miR-330-3p and PKCα activator could enhance the DOX’s effects on inhibiting the cell viabilities and increasing the apoptosis of U87 glioma cells. Our studies suggest that low-dose EMAP-II up-regulates the expression of PKC-α and increases the activity of PKC-α by inhibiting the expression of miR-330-3p, reduces the expression of ZO-1, occludin and claudin-5, and thereby increasing the permeability of BTB. The results can provide a new strategy for the comprehensive treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Libo Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuo Chao
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaobai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Gong
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hao Teng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yixue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Li Z, Liu XB, Liu YH, Xue YX, Wang P, Liu LB. Role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A activity in low-dose endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide-II-induced opening of blood-tumor barrier. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 56:60-9. [PMID: 25416651 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0467-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that low-dose endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide-II (EMAP-II) can selectively increase the permeability of blood-tumor barrier (BTB). In addition, low-dose EMAP-II significantly decreases the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentration and the protein kinase A (PKA) expression level in tumor tissues in the rat C6 glioma model. In this study, an in vitro BTB model was used to investigate the potential role of cAMP/PKA signaling cascade in EMAP-II-induced BTB hyperpermeability. Our data revealed that low-dose EMAP-II (0.05 nM) induced a significant decrease in total intracellular cAMP concentration and PKA activity in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (RBMECs). Pretreatment with forskolin to increase intracellular cAMP nearly completely blocked the EMAP-II-induced decrease in transendothelial electric resistance and increase in horseradish peroxidase flux across the BTB. Similar pretreatment completely prevented the EMAP-II-induced changes in RhoA/Rho kinase activity, expression and distribution of tight junction-associated protein ZO-1, and myosin light chain phosphorylation, as well as actin cytoskeleton arrangement in RBMECs. Pretreatment with 6Bnz-cAMP to activate PKA significantly attenuated these EMAP-II-induced alterations in RBMECs. In summary, our present study demonstrates that the cAMP/PKA signaling cascade works as a crucial signaling pathway in EMAP-II-induced BTB hyperpermeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China,
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Low-dose endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide-ii increases permeability of blood-tumor barrier by caveolae-mediated transcellular pathway. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 52:313-22. [PMID: 24526454 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Low-dose endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide-II (EMAP-II) can selectively increase blood-tumor barrier (BTB) permeability via the paracellular pathway. The role of the transcellular pathway in this process is unclear. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential involvement of the transcellular pathway in EMAP-II-induced opening of the BTB and to identify the associated mechanisms. Evans blue extravasation test was used to measure changes in BTB permeability after EMAP-II (80 ng/kg) administration in a rat model of C6 glioma. Changes in the quantity of pinocytotic vesicles in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) were observed using transmission electron microscopy. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry assays were performed to detect the expression of the caveolar structural proteins, caveolin-1 and caveolin-2, in BMECs. Alterations in the expression of phospho (p)-Src, p-caveolin-1, and p-caveolin-2 and the activity of RhoA also were measured. Effects of tyrosine kinase inhibition on EMAP-II-induced RhoA/Rho kinase activations and tyrosine kinase, RhoA, or Rho kinase inhibition on EMAP-II-induced caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 phosphorylation were determined by inhibition studies. One hour after EMAP-II administration, the quantity of pinocytotic vesicles in BMECs increased markedly, consistent with changes in BTB permeability. The expression levels of caveolin-1, caveolin-2, p-caveolin-1, and p-caveolin-2 in BMECs also were significantly increased at 1 h. The peak expression level of p-Src and the peak activity of RhoA occurred at 0.25 and 0.5 h, respectively. Inhibition of tyrosine kinase significantly diminished the activities of RhoA and Rho kinase induced by EMAP-II. In addition, EMAP-II-induced phosphorylation of caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 was completely blocked by inhibition of tyrosine kinase, RhoA, or Rho kinase. We suggest that low-dose EMAP-II can induce BTB hyperpermeability via the transcellular pathway, which is associated with phosphorylation and upregulation of caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 and involves the tyrosine kinase/RhoA/Rho kinase signaling pathway.
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