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Li X, Shan J, Liu X, Huang Z, Xu G, Ren L. Microglial repopulation induced by PLX3397 protects against ischemic brain injury by suppressing neuroinflammation in aged mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 138:112473. [PMID: 38943977 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
As the resident immune cells in the central nervous system, microglia exhibit a 'sensitized' or 'primed' phenotype with dystrophic morphology and dysregulated functions in aged brains. Although studies have demonstrated the inflammatory profile of aged microglia in several neurological diseases, this issue is largely uncertain in stroke. Consequently, this study investigated the effects of primed and repopulated microglia on post-ischemic brain injury in aged mice. We replaced primed microglia with newly repopulated microglia through pharmacological administration and withdrawal of the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor, PLX3397. Further, we performed a series of behavioral tests and flow cytometry in mouse models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) to study the effects of microglial replacement on ischemic injury in the aged brain. With depletion and subsequent repopulation of microglia in MCAO mice, microglial replacement in aged mice improved neurological function and decreased brain infarction. This protective effect was accompanied by the reduction of peripheral immune cells infiltrating into brains. We showed that the repopulated microglia expressed elevated neuroprotective factors (including Cluster of Differentiation 206, transforming growth factor-β, and interleukin-10) and diminished expression of inflammatory markers (including Cluster of Differentiation 86, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor α). Moreover, microglial replacement protected the blood-brain barrier and relieved neuronal death in aged mice subjected to 60 min of MCAO. These results imply that the replacement of microglia in the aged brain may alleviate brain damage and neuroinflammation, and therefore, ischemic brain damage. Thus, targeting microglia could be a promising therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Li
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China; Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Jingyang Shan
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhengzheng Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Gelin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Lijie Ren
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Komoltsev IG, Gulyaeva NV. Brain Trauma, Glucocorticoids and Neuroinflammation: Dangerous Liaisons for the Hippocampus. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051139. [PMID: 35625876 PMCID: PMC9138485 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-dependent mechanisms of inflammation-mediated distant hippocampal damage are discussed with a focus on the consequences of traumatic brain injury. The effects of glucocorticoids on specific neuronal populations in the hippocampus depend on their concentration, duration of exposure and cell type. Previous stress and elevated level of glucocorticoids prior to pro-inflammatory impact, as well as long-term though moderate elevation of glucocorticoids, may inflate pro-inflammatory effects. Glucocorticoid-mediated long-lasting neuronal circuit changes in the hippocampus after brain trauma are involved in late post-traumatic pathology development, such as epilepsy, depression and cognitive impairment. Complex and diverse actions of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis on neuroinflammation may be essential for late post-traumatic pathology. These mechanisms are applicable to remote hippocampal damage occurring after other types of focal brain damage (stroke, epilepsy) or central nervous system diseases without obvious focal injury. Thus, the liaisons of excessive glucocorticoids/dysfunctional hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis with neuroinflammation, dangerous to the hippocampus, may be crucial to distant hippocampal damage in many brain diseases. Taking into account that the hippocampus controls both the cognitive functions and the emotional state, further research on potential links between glucocorticoid signaling and inflammatory processes in the brain and respective mechanisms is vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia G. Komoltsev
- Department of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117465 Moscow, Russia;
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, 115419 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Gulyaeva
- Department of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117465 Moscow, Russia;
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, 115419 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-495-9524007 or +7-495-3347020
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Huang Z, Tan S. P2X7 Receptor as a Potential Target for Major Depressive Disorder. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:1108-1120. [PMID: 33494675 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210120141908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mental disorder. Although the genetic, biochemical, and psychological factors have been related to the development of MDD, it is generally believed that a series of pathological changes in the brain caused by chronic stress is the main cause of MDD. However, the specific mechanisms underlying chronic stress-induced MDD are largely undermined. Recent investigations have found that increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and changes in the inflammatory pathway in the microglia cells in the brain are the potential pathophysiological mechanism of MDD. P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) and its mediated signaling pathway play a key role in microglia activation. The present review aimed to present and discuss the accumulating data on the role of P2X7R in MDD. Firstly, we summarized the research progress in the correlation between P2X7R and MDD. Subsequently, we presented the P2X7R mediated microglia activation in MDD and the role of P2X7R in increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability caused by chronic stress. Lastly, we also discussed the potential mechanism underlying-P2X7R expression changes after chronic stress. In conclusion, P2X7R is a key molecule regulating the activation of microglia. Chronic stress activates microglia in the hippocampus by secreting interleukin- 1β (IL-1β) and other inflammatory cytokines, and increasing the BBB permeability, thus promoting the occurrence and development of MDD, which indicated that P2X7R might be a promising therapeutic target for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyi Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Sijie Tan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, 421001, Hunan, China
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Bromberg CE, Condon AM, Ridgway SW, Krishna G, Garcia-Filion PC, Adelson PD, Rowe RK, Thomas TC. Sex-Dependent Pathology in the HPA Axis at a Sub-acute Period After Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2020; 11:946. [PMID: 33101162 PMCID: PMC7554641 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 2.8 million traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are reported in the United States annually, of which, over 75% are mild TBIs with diffuse axonal injury (DAI) as the primary pathology. TBI instigates a stress response that stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis concurrently with DAI in brain regions responsible for feedback regulation. While the incidence of affective symptoms is high in both men and women, presentation is more prevalent and severe in women. Few studies have longitudinally evaluated the etiology underlying late-onset affective symptoms after mild TBI and even fewer have included females in the experimental design. In the experimental TBI model employed in this study, evidence of chronic HPA dysregulation has been reported at 2 months post-injury in male rats, with peak neuropathology in other regions of the brain at 7 days post-injury (DPI). We predicted that mechanisms leading to dysregulation of the HPA axis in male and female rats would be most evident at 7 DPI, the sub-acute time point. Young adult age-matched male and naturally cycling female Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to midline fluid percussion injury (mFPI) or sham surgery. Corticotropin releasing hormone, gliosis, and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) levels were evaluated in the hypothalamus and hippocampus, along with baseline plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and adrenal gland weights. Microglial response in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus indicated mild neuroinflammation in males compared to sex-matched shams, but not females. Evidence of microglia activation in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus was robust in both sexes compared with uninjured shams and there was evidence of a significant interaction between sex and injury regarding microglial cell count. GFAP intensity and astrocyte numbers increased as a function of injury, indicative of astrocytosis. GR protein levels were elevated 30% in the hippocampus of females in comparison to sex-matched shams. These data indicate sex-differences in sub-acute pathophysiology following DAI that precede late-onset HPA axis dysregulation. Further understanding of the etiology leading up to late-onset HPA axis dysregulation following DAI could identify targets to stabilize feedback, attenuate symptoms, and improve efficacy of rehabilitation and overall recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Bromberg
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Andrew M Condon
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha W Ridgway
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Gokul Krishna
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Pamela C Garcia-Filion
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - P David Adelson
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Rachel K Rowe
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Theresa Currier Thomas
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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Aravind A, Kosty J, Chandra N, Pfister BJ. Blast exposure predisposes the brain to increased neurological deficits in a model of blast plus blunt traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2020; 332:113378. [PMID: 32553593 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Soldiers are often exposed to more than one traumatic brain injury (TBI) over the course of their service. In recent years, more attention has been drawn to the increased risk of neurological deficits caused by the 'blast plus' polytrauma, which typically is a blast trauma combined with other forms of TBI. In this study, we investigated the behavioral and neuronal deficits resulting from a blast plus injury involving a mild-moderate blast followed by a mild blunt trauma using the fluid percussion injury model. We identified that the blast injury predisposed the brain to increased cognitive deficits, chronic ventricular enlargement, increased neurodegeneration at acute time points and chronic neuronal loss. Interestingly, a single blast and single blunt injury differed in their onset and manifestation of cognitive and regional neuronal loss. We also identified the presence of cleaved RIP1 from caspase 8 mediated apoptosis in the blunt injury while the blast injury did not activate immediate apoptosis but led to decreased hilar neuronal survival over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswati Aravind
- Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Dr M.L.K. Jr. Blvd, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Julianna Kosty
- Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Dr M.L.K. Jr. Blvd, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Namas Chandra
- Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Dr M.L.K. Jr. Blvd, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Bryan J Pfister
- Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Dr M.L.K. Jr. Blvd, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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Abrahamson EE, Ikonomovic MD. Brain injury-induced dysfunction of the blood brain barrier as a risk for dementia. Exp Neurol 2020; 328:113257. [PMID: 32092298 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a complex and dynamic physiological interface between brain parenchyma and cerebral vasculature. It is composed of closely interacting cells and signaling molecules that regulate movement of solutes, ions, nutrients, macromolecules, and immune cells into the brain and removal of products of normal and abnormal brain cell metabolism. Dysfunction of multiple components of the BBB occurs in aging, inflammatory diseases, traumatic brain injury (TBI, severe or mild repetitive), and in chronic degenerative dementing disorders for which aging, inflammation, and TBI are considered risk factors. BBB permeability changes after TBI result in leakage of serum proteins, influx of immune cells, perivascular inflammation, as well as impairment of efflux transporter systems and accumulation of aggregation-prone molecules involved in hallmark pathologies of neurodegenerative diseases with dementia. In addition, cerebral vascular dysfunction with persistent alterations in cerebral blood flow and neurovascular coupling contribute to brain ischemia, neuronal degeneration, and synaptic dysfunction. While the idea of TBI as a risk factor for dementia is supported by many shared pathological features, it remains a hypothesis that needs further testing in experimental models and in human studies. The current review focusses on pathological mechanisms shared between TBI and neurodegenerative disorders characterized by accumulation of pathological protein aggregates, such as Alzheimer's disease and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. We discuss critical knowledge gaps in the field that need to be explored to clarify the relationship between TBI and risk for dementia and emphasize the need for longitudinal in vivo studies using imaging and biomarkers of BBB dysfunction in people with single or multiple TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Abrahamson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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Chen X, Chai Y, Wang SB, Wang JC, Yue SY, Jiang RC, Zhang JN. Risk factors for corticosteroid insufficiency during the sub-acute phase of acute traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1259-1265. [PMID: 31960811 PMCID: PMC7047797 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.272611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction may lead to the occurrence of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency. Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency can easily occur after traumatic brain injury, but few studies have examined this occurrence. A multicenter, prospective, cohort study was performed to evaluate the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the incidence of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency during the sub-acute phase of traumatic brain injury. One hundred and forty patients with acute traumatic brain injury were enrolled from the neurosurgical departments of three tertiary-level hospitals in China, and the critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency incidence, critical-illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency-related risk factors, complications, and 28-day mortality among these patients was recorded. Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency was diagnosed in patients with plasma total cortisol levels less than 10 μg/dL (275.9 nM) on post-injury day 4 or when serum cortisol was insufficiently suppressed (less than 50%) during a dexamethasone suppression test on post-injury day 5. The results demonstrated that critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency occurred during the sub-acute phase of traumatic brain injury in 5.6% of patients with mild injury, 22.5% of patients with moderate injury, and 52.2% of patients with severe injury. Traumatic brain injury-induced critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency was strongly correlated to injury severity during the sub-acute stage of traumatic brain injury. Traumatic brain injury patients with critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency frequently presented with hemorrhagic cerebral contusions, diffuse axonal injury, brain herniation, and hypotension. Differences in the incidence of hospital-acquired pneumonia, gastrointestinal bleeding, and 28-day mortality were observed between patients with and without critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency during the sub-acute phase of traumatic brain injury. Hypotension, brain-injury severity, and the types of traumatic brain injury were independent risk factors for traumatic brain injury-induced critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency. These findings indicate that critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency is common during the sub-acute phase of traumatic brain injury and is strongly associated with poor prognosis. The dexamethasone suppression test is a practical assay for the evaluation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function and for the diagnosis of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency in patients with traumatic brain injury, especially those with hypotension, hemorrhagic cerebral contusions, diffuse axonal injury, and brain herniation. Sub-acute infection of acute traumatic brain injury may be an important factor associated with the occurrence and development of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency. This study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, China in December 2011 (approval No. 201189).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Chai
- Tianjin Neurological Institute; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Shao-Bo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ordos Central Hospital, Ordos, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jia-Chong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shu-Yuan Yue
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong-Cai Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian-Ning Zhang
- Tianjin Neurological Institute; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
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Ge X, Li W, Huang S, Yin Z, Yang M, Han Z, Han Z, Chen F, Wang H, Lei P, Zhang J. Increased miR-21-3p in Injured Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells after Traumatic Brain Injury Aggravates Blood–Brain Barrier Damage by Promoting Cellular Apoptosis and Inflammation through Targeting MAT2B. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:1291-1305. [PMID: 29695199 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
- Laboratory of Neuro-Trauma and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenzhu Li
- Laboratory of Neuro-Trauma and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Laboratory of Neuro-Trauma and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenyu Yin
- Laboratory of Neuro-Trauma and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengchen Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenying Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaoli Han
- Laboratory of Neuro-Trauma and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fanglian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Haichen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ping Lei
- Laboratory of Neuro-Trauma and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
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Hayashi Y, Sasagawa Y, Oishi M, Misaki K, Kozaka K, Tachibana O, Nakada M. Radiological and endocrinological evaluations with grading of hypothalamic perifocal edema caused by craniopharyngiomas. Pituitary 2019; 22:146-155. [PMID: 30847775 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-019-00945-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypophysial and hypothalamic dysfunction caused by craniopharyngioma is a serious problem despite the progress of surgical approaches and techniques. Perifocal edema induced by craniopharyngioma could be speculated as a potential factor resulting in pre- and post-operative hypophysial and hypothalamic dysfunction, as well as, their anatomical involvement. METHODS Medical records of 54 patients with craniopharyngioma were retrospectively reviewed. The edema was characterized by a hyperintense area in magnetic resonance imaging, being classified into no edema (group A), only adjacent to the tumor (group B), and extending to the internal capsule or the optic tract (group C). Age, sex, tumor diameter, presence of cyst, hydrocephalus, intracranial pressure (ICP) elevation, visual function impairment, hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus, memory disturbance, and obesity were investigated. RESULTS The occurrence rate of edema was found more frequently in adults (73.7%) than in children (25.0%). The peritumoral edema grading system had an excellent correlation with the degree of hypothalamic involvement graded by the Puget's system. Pre-operative ICP elevation was significantly detected in group C when compared with the other groups. In adults patients, group C was significantly associated with the occurrence of hydrocephalus both in pre- and post-operatively. Pre- and post-operative hypothalamic dysfunction, including diabetes insipidus, memory disturbance, and obesity, were highest in group C. CONCLUSION Hypothalamic dysfunctions greatly influence the quality of daily living following craniopharyngioma surgery. The grading of perifocal edema's extension could be a new index suggesting pre- and post-operative hypothalamic dysfunction caused by craniopharyngioma in addition to their anatomical involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1, Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Sasagawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1, Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Masahiro Oishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1, Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Kouichi Misaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1, Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kozaka
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Osamu Tachibana
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1, Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
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The pathological role of NLRs and AIM2 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in damaged blood-brain barrier after traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2018; 1697:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Wu T, Zhang A, Lu H, Cheng Q. The Role and Mechanism of Borneol to Open the Blood-Brain Barrier. Integr Cancer Ther 2018; 17:806-812. [PMID: 29652199 PMCID: PMC6142104 DOI: 10.1177/1534735418767553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the greatest challenge
in the treatment of intracranial malignant tumors. Objective: The
aim of this study is to determine the role of borneol in opening the BBB and
elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Materials and Methods: Twenty
Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomized into borneol group intragastrically
administered with 10% borneol corn oil (2 mL/kg) and control group. After 30
minutes, 2% Evans blue (4 mL/kg) was injected. Thirty minutes later, brain
tissue was analyzed using the Evans blue standard curve. Another 40 SD rats were
randomized into high-, medium-, and low-dose borneol groups and a control group.
Each rat in the experimental groups was intragastrically administered with 10%
borneol corn oil (2 mL/kg, 1.25 mL/kg, and 0.5 mL/kg, respectively). The control
group was injected with corn oil of 1.25 mL/kg. After 30 minutes, the rats were
killed, and the brain tissues were collected. The expression of occludin,
occludens-1, nitric oxide synthase, P-glycoprotein, and intercellular cell
adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was detected by immunohistochemy.
Results: The concentration of Evans blue in the borneol group
was higher than in the control group (P < .05). The mean
density of ICAM-1 expression was higher in the experimental group than in the
control group (P < .05). In contrast, significant
differences of positive area and total density of ICAM-1 were shown only between
the high-dose group and the control group (P < .05).
Conclusion: Borneol can open the BBB, which might be related
with the increased expression of ICAM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- 1 Nantong Rich Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiqin Zhang
- 2 Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyang Lu
- 2 Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoyuan Cheng
- 3 Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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12
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Rodriguez-Grande B, Ichkova A, Lemarchant S, Badaut J. Early to Long-Term Alterations of CNS Barriers After Traumatic Brain Injury: Considerations for Drug Development. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1615-1625. [PMID: 28905273 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and disability, particularly amongst the young and the elderly. The functions of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) are strongly impaired after TBI, thus affecting brain homeostasis. Following the primary mechanical injury that characterizes TBI, a secondary injury develops over time, including events such as edema formation, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and alterations in paracelullar and transcellular transport. To date, most therapeutic interventions for TBI have aimed at direct neuroprotection during the acute phase and have not been successful. Targeting the barriers of the central nervous system (CNS) could be a wider therapeutic approach, given that restoration of brain homeostasis would benefit all brain cells, including neurons. Importantly, BBB disregulation has been observed even years after TBI, concomitantly with neurological and psychosocial sequelae; however, treatments targeting the post-acute phase are scarce. Here, we review the mechanisms of primary and secondary injury of CNS barriers, the accumulating evidence showing long-term damage to these structures and some of the therapies that have targeted these mechanisms. Finally, we discuss how the injury characteristics (hemorrhagic vs non-hemorrhagic, involvement of head rotation, gray vs white matter), the sex, and the age of the patient need to be carefully considered to improve clinical trial design and outcome interpretation, and to improve future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksandra Ichkova
- CNRS UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Sighild Lemarchant
- CNRS UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Jerome Badaut
- CNRS UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France. .,Basic Science Departments, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA.
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13
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Ge X, Huang S, Gao H, Han Z, Chen F, Zhang S, Wang Z, Kang C, Jiang R, Yue S, Lei P, Zhang J. miR-21-5p alleviates leakage of injured brain microvascular endothelial barrier in vitro through suppressing inflammation and apoptosis. Brain Res 2016; 1650:31-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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ATP Induces Disruption of Tight Junction Proteins via IL-1 Beta-Dependent MMP-9 Activation of Human Blood-Brain Barrier In Vitro. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:8928530. [PMID: 27795859 PMCID: PMC5067334 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8928530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) follows brain trauma or central nervous system (CNS) stress. However, the mechanisms leading to this process or the underlying neural plasticity are not clearly known. We hypothesized that ATP/P2X7R signaling regulates the integrity of BBB. Activation of P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) by ATP induces the release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which in turn enhances the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Degradation of tight junction proteins (TJPs) such as ZO-1 and occludin occurs, which finally contributes to disruption of BBB. A contact coculture system using human astrocytes and hCMEC/D3, an immortalized human brain endothelial cell line, was used to mimic BBB in vitro. Permeability was used to evaluate changes in the integrity of TJPs. ELISA, Western blot, and immunofluorescent staining procedures were used. Our data demonstrated that exposure to the photoreactive ATP analog, 3′-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyl adenosine 5′-triphosphate (BzATP), induced a significant decrease in ZO-1 and occludin expression. Meanwhile, the decrease of ZO-1 and occludin was significantly attenuated by P2X7R inhibitors, as well as IL-1R and MMP antagonists. Further, the induction of IL-1β and MMP-9 was closely linked to ATP/P2X7R-associated BBB leakage. In conclusion, our study explored the mechanism of ATP/P2X7R signaling in the disruption of BBB following brain trauma/stress injury, especially focusing on the relationship with IL-1β and MMP-9.
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15
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Amorini AM, Lazzarino G, Di Pietro V, Signoretti S, Lazzarino G, Belli A, Tavazzi B. Severity of experimental traumatic brain injury modulates changes in concentrations of cerebral free amino acids. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:530-542. [PMID: 27696676 PMCID: PMC5323875 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, concentrations of free amino acids (FAA) and amino group containing compounds (AGCC) following graded diffuse traumatic brain injury (mild TBI, mTBI; severe TBI, sTBI) were evaluated. After 6, 12, 24, 48 and 120 hr aspartate (Asp), glutamate (Glu), asparagine (Asn), serine (Ser), glutamine (Gln), histidine (His), glycine (Gly), threonine (Thr), citrulline (Cit), arginine (Arg), alanine (Ala), taurine (Tau), γ‐aminobutyrate (GABA), tyrosine (Tyr), S‐adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), l‐cystathionine (l‐Cystat), valine (Val), methionine (Met), tryptophane (Trp), phenylalanine (Phe), isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), ornithine (Orn), lysine (Lys), plus N‐acetylaspartate (NAA) were determined in whole brain extracts (n = 6 rats at each time for both TBI levels). Sham‐operated animals (n = 6) were used as controls. Results demonstrated that mTBI caused modest, transient changes in NAA, Asp, GABA, Gly, Arg. Following sTBI, animals showed profound, long‐lasting modifications of Glu, Gln, NAA, Asp, GABA, Ser, Gly, Ala, Arg, Citr, Tau, Met, SAH, l‐Cystat, Tyr and Phe. Increase in Glu and Gln, depletion of NAA and Asp increase, suggested a link between NAA hydrolysis and excitotoxicity after sTBI. Additionally, sTBI rats showed net imbalances of the Glu‐Gln/GABA cycle between neurons and astrocytes, and of the methyl‐cycle (demonstrated by decrease in Met, and increase in SAH and l‐Cystat), throughout the post‐injury period. Besides evidencing new potential targets for novel pharmacological treatments, these results suggest that the force acting on the brain tissue at the time of the impact is the main determinant of the reactions ignited and involving amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Maria Amorini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lazzarino
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Pietro
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology group, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stefano Signoretti
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences Head and Neck Surgery, S. Camillo Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lazzarino
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Belli
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology group, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Barbara Tavazzi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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16
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Early Detection of Junctional Adhesion Molecule-1 (JAM-1) in the Circulation after Experimental and Clinical Polytrauma. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:463950. [PMID: 26556956 PMCID: PMC4628652 DOI: 10.1155/2015/463950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe tissue trauma-induced systemic inflammation is often accompanied by evident or occult blood-organ barrier dysfunctions, frequently leading to multiple organ dysfunction. However, it is unknown whether specific barrier molecules are shed into the circulation early after trauma as potential indicators of an initial barrier dysfunction. The release of the barrier molecule junctional adhesion molecule-1 (JAM-1) was investigated in plasma of C57BL/6 mice 2 h after experimental mono- and polytrauma as well as in polytrauma patients (ISS ≥ 18) during a 10-day period. Correlation analyses were performed to indicate a linkage between JAM-1 plasma concentrations and organ failure. JAM-1 was systemically detected after experimental trauma in mice with blunt chest trauma as a driving force. Accordingly, JAM-1 was reduced in lung tissue after pulmonary contusion and JAM-1 plasma levels significantly correlated with increased protein levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage as a sign for alveolocapillary barrier dysfunction. Furthermore, JAM-1 was markedly released into the plasma of polytrauma patients as early as 4 h after the trauma insult and significantly correlated with severity of disease and organ dysfunction (APACHE II and SOFA score). The data support an early injury- and time-dependent appearance of the barrier molecule JAM-1 in the circulation indicative of a commencing trauma-induced barrier dysfunction.
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17
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Alluri H, Wiggins-Dohlvik K, Davis ML, Huang JH, Tharakan B. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction following traumatic brain injury. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:1093-104. [PMID: 25624154 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9651-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is a serious cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. After traumatic brain injury, the blood-brain barrier, the protective barrier between the brain and the intravascular compartment, becomes dysfunctional, leading to leakage of proteins, fluid, and transmigration of immune cells. As this leakage has profound clinical implications, including edema formation, elevated intracranial pressure and decreased perfusion pressure, much interest has been paid to better understanding the mechanisms responsible for these events. Various molecular pathways and numerous mediators have been found to be involved in the intricate process of regulating blood-brain barrier permeability following traumatic brain injury. This review provides an update to the existing knowledge about the various pathophysiological pathways and advancements in the field of blood-brain barrier dysfunction and hyperpermeability following traumatic brain injury, including the role of various tight junction proteins involved in blood-brain barrier integrity and regulation. We also address pitfalls of existing systems and propose strategies to improve the various debilitating functional deficits caused by this progressive epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himakarnika Alluri
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Health & Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 702 S.W. H.K. Dodgen Loop, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
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