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Zhang Y, Zhang C, Wang X, Liu Y, Jin Z, Haacke EM, He N, Li D, Yan F. Iron and neuromelanin imaging in basal ganglia circuitry in Parkinson's disease with freezing of gait. Magn Reson Imaging 2024; 111:229-236. [PMID: 38777243 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2024.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the structural alterations of the deep gray matter (DGM) in the basal ganglia circuitry of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with freezing of gait (FOG) using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (NM-MRI). METHODS Twenty-five (25) PD patients with FOG (PD-FOG), 22 PD patients without FOG (PD-nFOG), and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent 3-dimensional multi-echo gradient recalled echo and NM-MRI scanning. The mean volume and susceptibility of the DGM on QSM data and the relative contrast (NMRC-SNpc) and volume (NMvolume-SNpc) of the substantia nigra pars compacta on NM-MRI were analyzed among groups. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to explore the associations of FOG severity with MRI measurements and disease stage. RESULTS The PD-FOG group showed higher susceptibility in the bilateral caudal substantia nigra (SN) compared to the HC group. Both the PD-FOG and PD-nFOG groups showed lower volumes than the HC group in the bilateral caudate and putamen as determined from the QSM data. The NMvolume-SNpc on NM-MRI in the PD-FOG group was significantly lower than in the HC and PD-nFOG groups. Both the PD-FOG and PD-nFOG groups showed significantly decreased NMRC-SNpc. CONCLUSIONS The PD-FOG patients showed abnormal neostriatum atrophy, increases in iron deposition in the SN, and lower NMvolume-SNpc. The structural alterations of the DGM in the basal ganglia circuits could lead to the abnormal output of the basal ganglia circuit to trigger the FOG in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youmin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; College of Health Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chencheng Zhang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijia Jin
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - E Mark Haacke
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Naying He
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dianyou Li
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; College of Health Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Jin J, Su D, Zhang J, Lam JST, Zhou J, Feng T. Iron deposition in subcortical nuclei of Parkinson's disease: A meta-analysis of quantitative iron-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging studies. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024:00029330-990000000-01086. [PMID: 38809051 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000003167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron deposition plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), yet the distribution pattern of iron deposition in the subcortical nuclei has been inconsistent across previous studies. We aimed to assess the difference patterns of iron deposition detected by quantitative iron-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) between patients with PD and patients with atypical parkinsonian syndromes (APSs), and between patients with PD and healthy controls (HCs). METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases to identify studies investigating the iron content in PD patients using the iron-sensitive MRI techniques (R2* and quantitative susceptibility mapping [QSM]), up until May 1, 2023. The quality assessment of case-control and cohort studies was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, whereas diagnostic studies were assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2. Standardized mean differences and summary estimates of sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated for iron content, using a random effects model. We also conducted the subgroup-analysis based on the MRI sequence and meta-regression. RESULTS Seventy-seven studies with 3192 PD, 209 multiple system atrophy (MSA), 174 progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and 2447 HCs were included. Elevated iron content in substantia nigra (SN) pars reticulata (P <0.001) and compacta (P <0.001), SN (P <0.001), red nucleus (RN, P <0.001), globus pallidus (P <0.001), putamen (PUT, P = 0.009), and thalamus (P = 0.046) were found in PD patients compared with HCs. PD patients showed lower iron content in PUT (P <0.001), RN (P = 0.003), SN (P = 0.017), and caudate nucleus (P = 0.027) than MSA patients, and lower iron content in RN (P = 0.001), PUT (P <0.001), globus pallidus (P = 0.004), SN (P = 0.015), and caudate nucleus (P = 0.001) than PSP patients. The highest diagnostic accuracy distinguishing PD from HCs was observed in SN (AUC: 0.85), and that distinguishing PD from MSA was found in PUT (AUC: 0.90). In addition, the best diagnostic performance was achieved in the RN for distinguishing PD from PSP (AUC: 0.84). CONCLUSION Quantitative iron-sensitive MRI could quantitatively detect the iron content of subcortical nuclei in PD and APSs, while it may be insufficient to accurately diagnose PD. Future studies are needed to explore the role of multimodal MRI in the diagnosis of PD. REGISTRISION PROSPERO; CRD42022344413.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Jin
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Dongning Su
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Junjiao Zhang
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Joyce S T Lam
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Junhong Zhou
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Roslindale, MA 02131, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02210, United States
| | - Tao Feng
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing 100070, China
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Nathoo N, Gee M, Nelles K, Burt J, Sun H, Seres P, Wilman AH, Beaulieu C, Ba F, Camicioli R. Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping Changes Relate to Gait Issues in Parkinson's Disease. Can J Neurol Sci 2023; 50:853-860. [PMID: 36351571 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2022.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) demonstrates elevated iron content in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients within the basal ganglia, though it has infrequently been studied in relation to gait difficulties including freezing of gait (FOG). Our purpose was to relate QSM of basal ganglia and extra-basal ganglia structures with qualitative and quantitative gait measures in PD. METHODS This case-control study included PD and cognitively unimpaired (CU) participants from the Comprehensive Assessment of Neurodegeneration and Dementia study. Whole brain QSM was acquired at 3T. Region of interests (ROIs) were drawn blinded manually in the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus, red nucleus, substantia nigra, and dentate nucleus. Susceptibilities of ROIs were compared between PD and CU. Items from the FOG questionnaire and quantitative gait measures from PD participants were compared to susceptibilities. RESULTS Twenty-nine participants with PD and 27 CU participants were included. There was no difference in susceptibility values in any ROI when comparing CU versus PD (p > 0.05 for all). PD participants with gait impairment (n = 23) had significantly higher susceptibility in the putamen (p = 0.008), red nucleus (p = 0.01), and caudate nucleus (p = 0.03) compared to those without gait impairment (n = 6). PD participants with FOG (n = 12) had significantly higher susceptibility in the globus pallidus (p = 0.03) compared to those without FOG (n = 17). Among quantitative gait measures, only stride time variability was significantly different between those with and without FOG (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION Susceptibilities in basal ganglia and extra-basal ganglia structures are related to qualitative measures of gait impairment and FOG in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeela Nathoo
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Myrlene Gee
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Krista Nelles
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Burt
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hongfu Sun
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Seres
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alan H Wilman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christian Beaulieu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Fang Ba
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Camicioli
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Xu M, Jin H, Wu Z, Han Y, Chen J, Mao C, Hao P, Zhang X, Liu CF, Yang S. Mass Spectrometry-Based Analysis of Serum N-Glycosylation Changes in Patients with Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1719-1726. [PMID: 35640092 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is urgently needed to find reliable biofluid biomarkers for early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease in order to achieve better treatment. Promising biomarkers can be found in Parkinson's disease-related glycoproteins as aberrant protein glycosylation plays an important role in disease progression. However, current information on serum N-glycoproteomic changes in Parkinson's disease is still limited. Here, we used glycoproteomics methods, which combine the solid-phase chemoenzymatic method, lectin affinity chromatography, and hydrophilic interaction chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry, to analyze the glycans, glycosites, and intact glycopeptides of serum. Increased abundance of glycans containing core fucose, sialic acid, and bisecting N-acetyl glucosamine was detected at the overall glycan level and also at specific glycosites of glycopeptides. Five Parkinson's disease-associated proteins with this type of N-glycosylation changes were also identified. We propose that the revealed site-specific N-glycosylation changes in serum can be potential biomarkers for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Xu
- Center for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ying Han
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Chengjie Mao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Piliang Hao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xumin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Center for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Jellen LC, Lewis MM, Du G, Wang X, Galvis MLE, Krzyzanowski S, Capan CD, Snyder AM, Connor JR, Kong L, Mailman RB, Brundin P, Brundin L, Huang X. Low plasma serotonin linked to higher nigral iron in Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24384. [PMID: 34934078 PMCID: PMC8692322 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests nigral iron accumulation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), contributing to dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Converging evidence suggests this accumulation might be related to, or increased by, serotonergic dysfunction, a common, often early feature of the disease. We investigated whether lower plasma serotonin in PD is associated with higher nigral iron. We obtained plasma samples from 97 PD patients and 89 controls and MRI scans from a sub-cohort (62 PD, 70 controls). We measured serotonin concentrations using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and regional iron content using MRI-based quantitative susceptibility mapping. PD patients had lower plasma serotonin (p < 0.0001) and higher nigral iron content (SNc: p < 0.001) overall. Exclusively in PD, lower plasma serotonin was correlated with higher nigral iron (SNc: r(58) = - 0.501, p < 0.001). This correlation was significant even in patients newly diagnosed (< 1 year) and stronger in the SNc than any other region examined. This study reveals an early, linear association between low serotonin and higher nigral iron in PD patients, which is absent in controls. This is consistent with a serotonin-iron relationship in the disease process, warranting further studies to determine its cause and directionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie C Jellen
- Department of Neurology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Mechelle M Lewis
- Department of Neurology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Guangwei Du
- Department of Neurology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Xi Wang
- Public Health Sciences, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Martha L Escobar Galvis
- Parkinson's Disease Center, Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Stanislaw Krzyzanowski
- Parkinson's Disease Center, Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Colt D Capan
- Parkinson's Disease Center, Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Amanda M Snyder
- Department of Neurology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Lan Kong
- Public Health Sciences, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Richard B Mailman
- Department of Neurology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Parkinson's Disease Center, Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Lena Brundin
- Parkinson's Disease Center, Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Department of Neurology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.
- Department of Kinesiology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.
- Translational Brain Research Center, Penn State University-Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Dr., Mail Code H037, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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Abstract
While the initial causes of Parkinson's disease (PD) are not clearly defined, iron deposition has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. The substantia nigra of PD patients, where the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons occurs, show a fairly selective and significant elevation in iron contents. However, the question remains whether iron deposition represents the initiation cause or merely the consequence of nigral degeneration. Here, we describe existing findings regarding the interaction of iron with neuromelanin and alpha synuclein, the iron deposition in experimental animal model of PD and sporadic and familial PD patients, and the treatment option involving the use of iron chelators for targeting the aberration of iron level in brain. This review may provide us a better understanding of the role of iron in PD to address the question of cause or consequence.
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7
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Shi L, Huang C, Luo Q, Rogers E, Xia Y, Liu W, Ma W, Zeng W, Gong L, Fang J, Tang L, Cheng A, Shi R, Chen Z. The Association of Iron and the Pathologies of Parkinson's Diseases in MPTP/MPP +-Induced Neuronal Degeneration in Non-human Primates and in Cell Culture. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:215. [PMID: 31543809 PMCID: PMC6729105 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite much efforts in the last few decades, the mechanism of degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains unclear. This represents a major knowledge gap in idiopathic and genetic forms of PD. Among various possible key factors postulated, iron metabolism has been widely suggested to be involved with fueling oxidative stress, a known factor in the pathogenesis of PD. However, the correlation between iron and DA neuron loss, specifically in the SN, has not been described in experimental animal models with great detail, with most studies utilizing rodents and, rarely, non-human primates. In the present study, aiming to gain further evidence of a pathological role of iron in PD, we have examined the correlation of iron with DA neuron loss in a non-human primate model of PD induced by MPTP. We report a significant iron accumulation accompanied by both DA degeneration in the SN and motor deficits in the monkey that displayed the most severe PD pathology and behavioral deficits. The other two monkeys subjected to MPTP displayed less severe PD pathologies and motor deficits, however, their SN iron levels were significantly lower than controls. These findings suggest that high iron may indicate and contribute to heightened MPP+-induced PD pathology in late or severe stages of PD, while depressed levels of iron may signal an early stage of disease. Similarly, using a cell culture preparation, we have found that high doses of ferric ammonium citrate (FAC), a factor known to enhance iron accumulation, increased MPP+-induced cell death in U251 and SH-SY5Y cells, and even in control cells. However, at low dose FAC restored or increased the viability of U251 and SH-SY5Y cells in the absence or presence of MPP+. These observations imply that high levels of iron likely contribute to or heighten MPP+ toxicity in the later stages of PD. While we report reduced iron levels in the earlier stages of MPTP induced PD, the significance of these changes remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangqin Shi
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Chao Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Primed Shines Bio-Tech Co., Ltd./National Experimental Macaque Reproduce Laboratory, Chengdu, China
| | - Qihui Luo
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Primed Shines Bio-Tech Co., Ltd./National Experimental Macaque Reproduce Laboratory, Chengdu, China
| | - Edmond Rogers
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Yu Xia
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Primed Shines Bio-Tech Co., Ltd./National Experimental Macaque Reproduce Laboratory, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjing Ma
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Gong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Sichuan Primed Shines Bio-Tech Co., Ltd./National Experimental Macaque Reproduce Laboratory, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Tang
- Sichuan Primed Shines Bio-Tech Co., Ltd./National Experimental Macaque Reproduce Laboratory, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Sichuan Primed Shines Bio-Tech Co., Ltd./National Experimental Macaque Reproduce Laboratory, Chengdu, China
| | - Riyi Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Zhengli Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Primed Shines Bio-Tech Co., Ltd./National Experimental Macaque Reproduce Laboratory, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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