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Pavone ME, Malpani SS, Dyson M, Kim JJ, Bulun SE. Fenretinide: A Potential Treatment for Endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2016; 23:1139-47. [PMID: 26919975 DOI: 10.1177/1933719116632920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fenretinide is a synthetic retinoid analogue that promotes apoptosis but has decreased toxicity when compared to other retinoids. We have previously shown that retinoic acid (RA) production in endometriotic tissue is decreased, resulting in reduced estrogen metabolism and apoptotic resistance. We hypothesize fenretinide may induce apoptosis in endometriotic cells and tissues, thereby reducing disease burden. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary endometriotic stromal cells were collected, isolated, cultured, and treated with fenretinide in doses from 0 to 20 µmol/L. Cell count, viability, and immunoblots were performed to examine apoptosis. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction from endometriotic cells treated with fenretinide was used to examine expression of genes involved in RA signaling including stimulated by RA 6 (STRA6), cellular RA binding protein 2 (CRABP2), and fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5). Endometriotic tissue was xenografted subcutaneously into the flanks of mice which were treated with fenretinide for 2 weeks, after which the mice were killed and lesion volumes calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using t test and analysis of variance. RESULTS Treatment with fenretinide significantly decreased total cell count (doses 5-20 µL) and viability (doses 10-20 µmol/L). Fenretinide increased protein levels of the apoptotic marker poly (ADP ribose) polymerase (starting at 10 µmol/L) and decreased proliferation marker proliferating cell nuclear antigen (10 µmol/L, starting at 8-day treatment). Examination of genes involved in retinoid uptake and action showed that treatment induced STRA6 expression while expression of CRABP2 and FABP5 remained unchanged. Fenretinide also significantly decreased the endometriotic lesion xenograft volume. CONCLUSIONS Fenretinide increases STRA6 expression thereby potentially reversing the pathological loss of retinoid availability. Treatment with this compound induces apoptosis. In vivo treatments decrease lesion volume. Targeting the RA signaling pathway may be a promising novel treatment for women with endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ellen Pavone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Saurabh S Malpani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew Dyson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Julie Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Serdar E Bulun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Maggio M, de Vita F, Lauretani F, Bandinelli S, Semba RD, Bartali B, Cherubini A, Cappola AR, Ceda GP, Ferrucci L. Relationship between Carotenoids, Retinol, and Estradiol Levels in Older Women. Nutrients 2015; 7:6506-19. [PMID: 26251919 PMCID: PMC4555135 DOI: 10.3390/nu7085296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro evidence suggests anti-estrogenic properties for retinol and carotenoids, supporting a chemo-preventive role of these phytochemicals in estrogen-dependent cancers. During aging there are significant reductions in retinol and carotenoid concentrations, whereas estradiol levels decline during menopause and progressively increase from the age of 65. We aimed to investigate the hypothesis of a potential relationship between circulating levels of retinol, carotenoids, and estradiol (E2) in a cohort of late post-menopausal women. METHODS We examined 512 women ≥ 65 years from the InCHIANTI study. Retinol, α-caroten, β-caroten, β-criptoxantin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene levels were assayed at enrollment (1998-2000) by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Estradiol and testosterone (T) levels were assessed by Radioimmunometry (RIA) and testosterone-to-estradiol ratio (T/E2), as a proxy of aromatase activity, was also calculated. General linear models adjusted for age (Model 1) and further adjusted for other confounders including Body Mass Index (BMI) BMI, smoking, intake of energy, lipids, and vitamin A; C-Reactive Protein, insulin, total cholesterol, liver function, and testosterone (Model 2) were used to investigate the relationship between retinol, carotenoids, and E2 levels. To address the independent relationship between carotenoids and E2 levels, factors significantly associated with E2 in Model 2 were also included in a fully adjusted Model 3. RESULTS After adjustment for age, α-carotene (β ± SE = -0.01 ± 0.004, p = 0.02) and β-carotene (β ± SE = -0.07 ± 0.02, p = 0.0007) were significantly and inversely associated with E2 levels. α-Carotene was also significantly and positively associated with T/E2 ratio (β ± SE = 0.07 ± 0.03, p = 0.01). After adjustment for other confounders (Model 2), the inverse relationship between α-carotene (β ± SE = -1.59 ± 0.61, p = 0.01), β-carotene (β ± SE = -0.29 ± 0.08, p = 0.0009), and E2 persisted whereas the relationship between α-carotene and T/E2 ratio was attenuated (β ± SE = 0.22 ± 0.12, p = 0.07). In a fully adjusted model (Model 3), only β-carotene (β ± SE = -0.05 ± 0.02, p = 0.03) was significantly and inversely associated with E2 levels independent of α-carotene. No association was found between retinol, total non-pro-vitamin A carotenoids, lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene, and E2 levels. CONCLUSIONS In older women, β-carotene levels are independently and inversely associated with E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Maggio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy.
- Geriatric Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | - Francesca de Vita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Lauretani
- Geriatric Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | | | - Richard D Semba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway Baltimore, MD 21225, USA.
| | - Benedetta Bartali
- New England Research Institute, 480 Pleasant Street, Watertown, MA 02472, USA.
| | - Antonio Cherubini
- Geriatrics, IRCCS-INRCA, Via della Montagnola, Ancona 81 60127, Italy.
| | - Anne R Cappola
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 295 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Gian Paolo Ceda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy.
- Geriatric Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Harbor Hospital 3001 Hanover Street Baltimore, MD 21225, USA.
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Chen MC, Hsu SL, Lin H, Yang TY. Retinoic acid and cancer treatment. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2014; 4:22. [PMID: 25520935 PMCID: PMC4265016 DOI: 10.7603/s40681-014-0022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid which belongs to the retinoid class of chemical compounds is an important metabolite of vitamin A in diets. It is currently understood that retinoic acid plays important roles in cell development and differentiation as well as cancer treatment. Lung, prostate, breast, ovarian, bladder, oral, and skin cancers have been demonstrated to be suppressed by retinoic acid. Our results also show that low doses and high doses of retinoic acid may respectively cause cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of cancer cells. Also, the common cell cycle inhibiting protein, p27, and the new cell cycle regulator, Cdk5, are involved in retinoic acid’s effects. These results provide new evidence indicating that the molecular mechanisms of/in retinoic acid may control cancer cells’ fates. Since high doses of retinoic acid may lead to cytotoxicity, it is probably best utilized as a potential supplement in one’s daily diet to prevent or suppress cancer progression. In this review, we have collected numerous references demonstrating the findings of retinoic acid in melanoma, hepatoma, lung cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer. We hope these observations will shed light on the future investigation of retinoic acid in cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chih Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Lan Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ho Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuokuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ying Yang
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, No. 160, Taichung Harbor Rd., Sec. 3, Taichung 407, Taichung, Taiwan
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Chambers JE, Greim H, Kendall RJ, Segner H, Sharpe RM, Van Der Kraak G. Human and ecological risk assessment of a crop protection chemical: a case study with the azole fungicide epoxiconazole. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 44:176-210. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.855163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Johansson H, Bonanni B, Gandini S, Guerrieri-Gonzaga A, Cazzaniga M, Serrano D, Macis D, Puccio A, Sandri MT, Gulisano M, Formelli F, Decensi A. Circulating hormones and breast cancer risk in premenopausal women: a randomized trial of low-dose tamoxifen and fenretinide. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 142:569-78. [PMID: 24241787 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2768-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen and fenretinide have been extensively studied and exhibit breast cancer-preventing activity. We aimed to assess their effect on sex hormones, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and retinol, and their association with mammographic density (MD) and breast cancer events. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, premenopausal women at risk for breast cancer were randomized to tamoxifen 5 mg/day, fenretinide, both agents, or placebo for 2 years. We measured MD and circulating concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, androstenedione, dehydro-epiandrosteronesulfate, prolactin, SHBG, and retinol at baseline and on yearly intervals. The associations with breast cancer events were evaluated through competing risk and Cox regression survival models. Low-dose tamoxifen markedly and enduringly increased SHBG, whereas the increases in testosterone, estradiol, and prolactin and reduction in LH weakened after 1 year. Fenretinide increased testosterone and androstenedione and decreased retinol. MD correlated directly with SHBG and inversely with retinol. After a median follow-up of 12 years, the 10-year cumulative incidence of breast cancer events was 37 % in women with SHBG ≤ 59.3 nmol/L, 22 % in women with SHBG between 59.3 and 101 nmol/L, and 19 % in women with SHBG > 101 nmol/L (P = 0.018). The difference among SHBG tertiles remained statistically significant at multivariable analysis: HR = 2.26 (95 % CI 1.04, 4.89) for the lowest versus the highest tertile. We conclude that low-dose tamoxifen or fenretinide exhibits favorable hormonal profiles as single agents, further supporting their administration for prevention of breast cancer in premenopause. Notably, SHBG levels were inversely associated with breast neoplastic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Johansson
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy,
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Zhao H, Chen Z. Screening of aromatase inhibitors in traditional Chinese medicines by electrophoretically mediated microanalysis in a partially filled capillary. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2691-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery; Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Zilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery; Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
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Gao R, Zhao L, Liu X, Rowan BG, Wabitsch M, Edwards DP, Nishi Y, Yanase T, Yu Q, Dong Y. Methylseleninic acid is a novel suppressor of aromatase expression. J Endocrinol 2012; 212:199-205. [PMID: 22128327 DOI: 10.1530/joe-11-0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Elevated circulating estrogen levels, as a result of increased peripheral aromatization of androgens by aromatase, have been indicated to underlie the association between obesity and a higher risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Although aromatase inhibitors have been used as a first-line therapy for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women, their potential as breast cancer chemopreventive agents has been limited due to toxicities and high costs. It is therefore imperative to develop new aromatase-inhibiting/suppressing agents with lower toxicities and lower costs for breast cancer chemoprevention, especially in obese postmenopausal women. The expression of the aromatase gene, CYP19, is controlled in a tissue-specific manner by the alternate use of different promoters. In obese postmenopausal women, increased peripheral aromatase is primarily attributed to the activity of the glucocorticoid-stimulated promoter, PI.4, and the cAMP-stimulated promoter, PII. In the present study, we show that methylseleninic acid (MSA), a second-generation selenium compound, can effectively suppress aromatase activation by dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid, and forskolin, a specific activator of adenylate cyclase. Unlike the action of aromatase inhibitors, MSA suppression of aromatase activation is not mediated via direct inhibition of aromatase enzymatic activity. Rather, it is attributable to a marked downregulation of promoters PI.4- and PII-specific aromatase mRNA expression, and thereby a reduction of aromatase protein. Considering the low-cost and low-toxicity nature of MSA, our findings provide a strong rationale for the further development of MSA as a breast cancer chemopreventive agent for obese postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Gao
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Leelawatwattana L, Praphanphoj V, Prapunpoj P. Effect of the N-terminal sequence on the binding affinity of transthyretin for human retinol-binding protein. FEBS J 2011; 278:3337-47. [PMID: 21777382 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During vertebrate evolution, the N-terminal region of transthyretin (TTR) subunit has undergone a change in both length and hydropathy. This was previously shown to change the binding affinity for thyroid hormones (THs). However, it was not known whether this change affects other functions of TTR. In the present study, the effect of these changes on the binding of TTR to retinol-binding protein (RBP) was determined. Two wild-type TTRs from human and Crocodylus porosus, and three chimeric TTRs, including a human chimeric TTR in which its N-terminal sequence was changed to that of C. porosus TTR (croc/huTTR) and two C. porosus chimeric TTRs (hu/crocTTR in which its N-terminal sequence was changed to that of human TTR and xeno/crocTTR in which its N-terminal sequence was changed to that of Xenopus laevis TTR), were analyzed for their binding to human RBP by native-PAGE followed by immunoblotting and a chemilluminescence assay. The K(d) of human TTR was 30.41 ± 2.03 μm, and was similar to that reported for the second binding site, whereas that of crocodile TTR was 2.19 ± 0.24 μm. The binding affinities increased in croc/huTTR (K(d) = 23.57 ± 3.54 μm) and xeno/crocTTR (K(d) = 0.61 ± 0.16 μm) in which their N-termini were longer and more hydrophobic, but decreased in hu/crocTTR (K(d) = 5.03 ± 0.68 μm) in which its N-terminal region was shorter and less hydrophobic. These results suggest an influence of the N-terminal primary structure of TTR on its function as a co-carrier for retinol with RBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladda Leelawatwattana
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
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The tamoxifen metabolite norendoxifen is a potent and selective inhibitor of aromatase (CYP19) and a potential lead compound for novel therapeutic agents. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 133:99-109. [PMID: 21814747 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1699-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To improve the treatment of breast cancer, there has been a need for alternative aromatase inhibitors (AIs) that bring about adequate aromatase inhibition, while limiting side effects. Since two tamoxifen metabolites have been documented as AIs, we tested a wide range of tamoxifen metabolites on aromatase in order to better understand structural interactions with aromatase and constructed structure-function relationships as a first step toward the development of novel inhibitors. The ability of ten tamoxifen metabolites to inhibit recombinant aromatase (CYP19) was tested using microsomal incubations. The selectivity of the most potent aromatase inhibitor identified, norendoxifen, was characterized by studying its ability to inhibit CYP450 enzymes important in clinical drug-drug interactions, including CYP2B6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A. Computerized molecular docking with the X-ray crystallographic structure of aromatase was used to describe the detailed biochemical interactions involved. The inhibitory potency order of the tested compounds was as follows: norendoxifen ≫ 4,4'-dihydroxy-tamoxifen > endoxifen > N-desmethyl-tamoxifen, N-desmethyl-4'-hydroxy-tamoxifen, tamoxifen-N-oxide, 4'-hydroxy-tamoxifen, N-desmethyl-droloxifene > 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen, tamoxifen. Norendoxifen inhibited recombinant aromatase via a competitive mechanism with a K ( i ) of 35 nM. Norendoxifen inhibited placental aromatase with an IC(50) of 90 nM, while it inhibited human liver CYP2C9 and CYP3A with IC(50) values of 990 and 908 nM, respectively. Inhibition of human liver CYP2C19 by norendoxifen appeared even weaker. No substantial inhibition of CYP2B6 and CYP2D6 by norendoxifen was observed. These data suggest that multiple metabolites of tamoxifen may contribute to its action in the treatment of breast cancer via aromatase inhibition. Most of all, norendoxifen may be able to serve as a potent and selective lead compound in the development of improved therapeutic agents. The range of structures tested in this study and their pharmacologic potencies provide a reasonable pharmacophore upon which to build novel AIs.
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