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El-Masry TA, El-Nagar MMF, El Mahdy NA, Alherz FA, Taher R, Osman EY. Potential Antitumor Activity of Combined Lycopene and Sorafenib against Solid Ehrlich Carcinoma via Targeting Autophagy and Apoptosis and Suppressing Proliferation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:527. [PMID: 38675487 PMCID: PMC11055160 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
An FDA-approved kinase inhibitor called sorafenib (SOR) is used to treat primary kidney and liver cancer as well as to stop the spread of advanced breast cancer. Side effects from SOR, such as palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome, can negatively impact an individual's quality of life. There are a lot of data supporting the importance of lycopene (LYC) in preventing cancer. The antitumor properties of the combination of sorafenib and lycopene were examined in this study. A viability test against MDA-MB-231 was used to assess the anticancer efficacy of sorafenib, lycopene, and their combination in vitro. Moreover, a cell cycle analysis and Annexin-V/PI double staining were performed by using flow cytometry. In addition, the protein level of JNK-1, ERK-1, Beclin-1, P38, and P53 of the MDA-MB-231 cell line was estimated using ELISA kits. In addition, mice with SEC were divided into four equal groups at random (n = 10) to investigate the possible processes underlying the in vivo antitumor effect. Group IV (SEC-SOR-LYC) received SOR (30 mg/kg/day, p.o.) and LYC (20 mg/kg/day, p.o.); Group I received the SEC control; Group II received SEC-SOR (30 mg/kg/day, p.o.); and Group III received SEC-LYC (20 mg/kg/day, p.o.). The findings demonstrated that the combination of sorafenib and lycopene was superior to sorafenib and lycopene alone in causing early cell cycle arrest, suppressing the viability of cancer cells, and increasing cell apoptosis and autophagy. Likewise, the combination of sorafenib and lycopene demonstrated inhibition of the levels of Bcl-2, Ki-67, VEGF, IL-1β, and TNF-α protein. Otherwise, the quantities of the proteins BAX, P53, and caspase 3 were amplified. Furthermore, the combined treatment led to a substantial increase in TNF-α, caspase 3, and VEGF gene expression compared to the equivalent dosages of monotherapy. The combination of sorafenib and lycopene enhanced apoptosis and reduced inflammation, as seen by the tumor's decreased weight and volume, hence demonstrating its potential anticancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanaa A. El-Masry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (N.A.E.M.); (R.T.); (E.Y.O.)
| | - Maysa M. F. El-Nagar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (N.A.E.M.); (R.T.); (E.Y.O.)
| | - Nageh A. El Mahdy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (N.A.E.M.); (R.T.); (E.Y.O.)
| | - Fatemah A. Alherz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Reham Taher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (N.A.E.M.); (R.T.); (E.Y.O.)
| | - Enass Y. Osman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (N.A.E.M.); (R.T.); (E.Y.O.)
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Alves MB, Vasconcelos AG, Silva de Carvalho AÉ, Slompo RC, Sá BS, Gonçalves MJL, Lima Moura LNRDC, Brito AKDS, França JVDS, Martins MDCDCE, Rizzo MDS, Soares S, Bastos V, Saldanha de Araujo F, Mogharbel BF, Carvalho KATD, Oliveira H, Plácido A, Arcanjo DDR, Barbosa EA, Leite JRDSDA. Lycopene from Red Guava ( Psidium guajava L.): From Hepatoprotective Effect to Its Use as Promising Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System for Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:905. [PMID: 37375852 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lycopene is a carotenoid with potential use in the treatment of chronic illnesses. Here, different formulations of lycopene were studied: lycopene-rich extract from red guava (LEG), purified lycopene from red guava (LPG) and a self-emulsifying drug delivery system loaded with LPG (nanoLPG). The effects of administering orally various doses of LEG to hypercholesterolemic hamsters were evaluated regarding the liver function of the animals. The cytotoxicity of LPG in Vero cells was analyzed by a crystal violet assay and by fluorescence microscopy. In addition, nanoLPG was employed in stability tests. LPG and nanoLPG were tested for their cytotoxic effect on human keratinocytes and antioxidant capacity on cells in an endothelial dysfunction model in an isolated rat aorta. Finally, the effect of different nanoLPG concentrations on the expression of immune-related genes (IL-10, TNF-α, COX-2 and IFN-γ) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using real-time PCR was also analyzed. Results suggest that LEG, despite not being able to improve blood markers indicative of liver function in hypercholesterolemic hamsters, reduced hepatic degenerative changes. Additionally, LPG did not show cytotoxicity in Vero cells. In relation to nanoLPG, the effects produced by heat stress evaluated by Dynamics Light Scattering (DLS) and visually were loss of color, texture change and phase separation after 15 days without interfering with the droplet size, so the formulation proved to be efficient in stabilizing the encapsulated lycopene. Although LPG and nanoLPG showed moderate toxicity to keratinocytes, which may be related to cell lineage characteristics, both revealed potent antioxidant activity. LPG and nanoLPG showed vasoprotective effects in aortic preparations. The gene expression assay indicates that, although no significant differences were observed in the expression of IL-10 and TNF-α, the PBMCs treated with nanoLPG showed a reduction in transcriptional levels of IFN-γ and an increased expression of COX-2. Thus, the work adds evidence to the safety of the use of lycopene by humans and shows that tested formulations, mainly nanoLPG due to its stability, stand out as promising and biosafe products for the treatment of diseases that have oxidative stress and inflammation in their etiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Bernardes Alves
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Morfologia e Imunologia Aplicada, NuPMIA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Andreanne Gomes Vasconcelos
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Morfologia e Imunologia Aplicada, NuPMIA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
- Department of Biomedicine, Centro Universitário do Distrito Federal (UDF), Brasília 70390-045, Brazil
- People & Science Pesquisa Desenvolvimento e Inovação LTDA, Brasília 70790-120, Brazil
| | - Amandda Évelin Silva de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Hematologia e Células-Tronco (LHCT), Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Silva Sá
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Morfologia e Imunologia Aplicada, NuPMIA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
- Department of Biomedicine, Centro Universitário do Distrito Federal (UDF), Brasília 70390-045, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Karolinne da Silva Brito
- Departamento de Biofísica e Fisiologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (DBFis/CCS), Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Teresina 64049-550, Brazil
| | - José Vinícius de Sousa França
- Departamento de Biofísica e Fisiologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (DBFis/CCS), Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Teresina 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo de Carvalho E Martins
- Departamento de Biofísica e Fisiologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (DBFis/CCS), Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Teresina 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Márcia Dos Santos Rizzo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials (LIMAV), Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center (DMOR/CCS), Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Susana Soares
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Verónica Bastos
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Helena Oliveira
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Plácido
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências (FCUP), Universidade do Porto (UP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Bioprospectum, UPTEC, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel Dias Rufino Arcanjo
- Departamento de Biofísica e Fisiologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (DBFis/CCS), Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Teresina 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Eder Alves Barbosa
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Morfologia e Imunologia Aplicada, NuPMIA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - José Roberto de Souza de Almeida Leite
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Morfologia e Imunologia Aplicada, NuPMIA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
- People & Science Pesquisa Desenvolvimento e Inovação LTDA, Brasília 70790-120, Brazil
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Potential Benefits of Lycopene Consumption: Rationale for Using It as an Adjuvant Treatment for Malaria Patients and in Several Diseases. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14245303. [PMID: 36558462 PMCID: PMC9787606 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a disease that affects thousands of people around the world every year. Its pathogenesis is associated with the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and lower levels of micronutrients and antioxidants. Patients under drug treatment have high levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in the body tissues, which limits the use of these drugs. Therefore, several studies have suggested that RONS inhibition may represent an adjuvant therapeutic strategy in the treatment of these patients by increasing the antioxidant capacity of the host. In this sense, supplementation with antioxidant compounds such as zinc, selenium, and vitamins A, C, and E has been suggested as part of the treatment. Among dietary antioxidants, lycopene is the most powerful antioxidant among the main carotenoids. This review aimed to describe the main mechanisms inducing oxidative stress during malaria, highlighting the production of RONS as a defense mechanism against the infection induced by the ischemia-reperfusion syndrome, the metabolism of the parasite, and the metabolism of antimalarial drugs. Furthermore, the effects of lycopene on several diseases in which oxidative stress is implicated as a cause are outlined, providing information about its mechanism of action, and providing an evidence-based justification for its supplementation in malaria.
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Chan YP, Chuang CH, Lee I, Yang NC. Lycopene in Combination With Sorafenib Additively Inhibits Tumor Metastasis in Mice Xenografted With Lewis Lung Carcinoma Cells. Front Nutr 2022; 9:886988. [PMID: 35711540 PMCID: PMC9197118 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.886988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the leading cause of death in cancer patients. However, it is unclear whether lycopene can act as an adjuvant to increase the anti-metastatic activity of anticancer drugs. Here, we examined the anti-lung-metastatic effects and the mechanism of lycopene in combination with sorafenib in C57BL/6 mice xenografted with Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells. The mice were divided into five groups: (1) tumor control; (2) lycopene (5 mg/kg); (3) sorafenib (30 mg/kg); (4) lycopene (2 mg/kg) + sorafenib (30 mg/kg); (5) lycopene (5 mg/kg) + sorafenib (30 mg/kg). The results showed that lycopene reduced the number of metastatic tumors in the lungs, which was further suppressed by the combined treatment with sorafenib. The activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and−9 were further inhibited and TIMP-1 and−2, and NM23-H1, the MMPs negative modulators, were further activated in the combined treatment. Mechanistically, we found that lycopene and sorafenib could additively inhibit the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, as shown by the protein phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and p38 were reduced additively. Overall, the present study demonstrates that lycopene in combination with sorafenib additively inhibits the lung metastasis of tumor, indicating lycopene has potential as an adjuvant for sorafenib in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Chan
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Inn Lee
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Nae-Cherng Yang
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Starska-Kowarska K. Dietary Carotenoids in Head and Neck Cancer-Molecular and Clinical Implications. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030531. [PMID: 35276890 PMCID: PMC8838110 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is one of the most common cancers in the world according to GLOBCAN. In 2018, it was reported that HNC accounts for approximately 3% of all human cancers (51,540 new cases) and is the cause of nearly 1.5% of all cancer deaths (10,030 deaths). Despite great advances in treatment, HNC is indicated as a leading cause of death worldwide. In addition to having a positive impact on general health, a diet rich in carotenoids can regulate stages in the course of carcinogenesis; indeed, strong epidemiological associations exist between dietary carotenoids and HNS, and it is presumed that diets with carotenoids can even reduce cancer risk. They have also been proposed as potential chemotherapeutic agents and substances used in chemoprevention of HNC. The present review discusses the links between dietary carotenoids and HNC. It examines the prospective anticancer effect of dietary carotenoids against intracellular cell signalling and mechanisms, oxidative stress regulation, as well as their impact on apoptosis, cell cycle progression, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and chemoprevention; it also provides an overview of the limited preclinical and clinical research published in this arena. Recent epidemiological, key opinion-forming systematic reviews, cross-sectional, longitudinal, prospective, and interventional studies based on in vitro and animal models of HNC also indicate that high carotenoid content obtained from daily supplementation has positive effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of HNC. This article presents these results according to their increasing clinical credibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Starska-Kowarska
- Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Żeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland; ; Tel.: +48-604-541-412
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, EnelMed Center Expert, Lodz, Drewnowska 58, 91-001 Lodz, Poland
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García-Caballero M, Torres-Vargas JA, Marrero AD, Martínez-Poveda B, Medina MÁ, Quesada AR. Angioprevention of Urologic Cancers by Plant-Derived Foods. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020256. [PMID: 35213989 PMCID: PMC8875200 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of cancer cases worldwide keeps growing unstoppably, despite the undeniable advances achieved by basic research and clinical practice. Urologic tumors, including some as prevalent as prostate, bladder or kidney tumors, are no exceptions to this rule. Moreover, the fact that many of these tumors are detected in early stages lengthens the duration of their treatment, with a significant increase in health care costs. In this scenario, prevention offers the most cost-effective long-term strategy for the global control of these diseases. Although specialized diets are not the only way to decrease the chances to develop cancer, epidemiological evidence support the role of certain plant-derived foods in the prevention of urologic cancer. In many cases, these plants are rich in antiangiogenic phytochemicals, which could be responsible for their protective or angiopreventive properties. Angiogenesis inhibition may contribute to slow down the progression of the tumor at very different stages and, for this reason, angiopreventive strategies could be implemented at different levels of chemoprevention, depending on the targeted population. In this review, epidemiological evidence supporting the role of certain plant-derived foods in urologic cancer prevention are presented, with particular emphasis on their content in bioactive phytochemicals that could be used in the angioprevention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa García-Caballero
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Andalucía Tech, E-29071 Malaga, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (J.A.T.-V.); (A.D.M.); (B.M.-P.); (M.Á.M.)
- IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga), E-29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - José Antonio Torres-Vargas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Andalucía Tech, E-29071 Malaga, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (J.A.T.-V.); (A.D.M.); (B.M.-P.); (M.Á.M.)
- IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga), E-29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Ana Dácil Marrero
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Andalucía Tech, E-29071 Malaga, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (J.A.T.-V.); (A.D.M.); (B.M.-P.); (M.Á.M.)
- IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga), E-29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martínez-Poveda
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Andalucía Tech, E-29071 Malaga, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (J.A.T.-V.); (A.D.M.); (B.M.-P.); (M.Á.M.)
- IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga), E-29071 Malaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), E-28019 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Medina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Andalucía Tech, E-29071 Malaga, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (J.A.T.-V.); (A.D.M.); (B.M.-P.); (M.Á.M.)
- IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga), E-29071 Malaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), E-29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Ana R. Quesada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Andalucía Tech, E-29071 Malaga, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (J.A.T.-V.); (A.D.M.); (B.M.-P.); (M.Á.M.)
- IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga), E-29071 Malaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), E-29071 Malaga, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Carvalho GC, de Camargo BAF, de Araújo JTC, Chorilli M. Lycopene: From tomato to its nutraceutical use and its association with nanotechnology. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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8
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Song X, Luo Y, Ma L, Hu X, Simal-Gandara J, Wang LS, Bajpai VK, Xiao J, Chen F. Recent trends and advances in the epidemiology, synergism, and delivery system of lycopene as an anti-cancer agent. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 73:331-346. [PMID: 33794344 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xunyu Song
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yinghua Luo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lingjun Ma
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Li-Shu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Vivek K Bajpai
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Ali SA, Singh G, Datusalia AK. Potential therapeutic applications of phytoconstituents as immunomodulators: Pre-clinical and clinical evidences. Phytother Res 2021; 35:3702-3731. [PMID: 33734511 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune and infectious diseases are the major public health issues and have gained great attention in the last few years for the search of new agents with therapeutic benefits on the host immune functions. In recent years, natural products (NPs) have been studied broadly for their multi-targeted activities under pathological conditions. Interestingly, several attempts have been made to outline the immunomodulatory properties of NPs. Research on in-vitro and in-vivo models have shown the immunomodulatory activity of NPs, is due to their antiinflammatory property, induction of phagocytosis and immune cells stimulation activity. Moreover, studies on humans have suggested that phytomedicines reduce inflammation and could provide appropriate benefits either in single form or complex combinations with other agents preventing disease progression, subsequently enhancing the efficacy of treatment to combat multiple malignancies. However, the exact mechanism of immunomodulation is far from clear, warranting more detailed investigations on their effectiveness. Nevertheless, the reduction of inflammatory cascades is considered as a prime protective mechanism in a number of inflammation regulated autoimmune diseases. Altogether, this review will discuss the biological activities of plant-derived secondary metabolites, such as polyphenols, alkaloids, saponins, polysaccharides and so forth, against various diseases and their potential use as an immunomodulatory agent under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Afroz Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Lucknow, India
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Lucknow, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Datusalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Lucknow, India
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Wise LA, Wesselink AK, Bethea TN, Brasky TM, Wegienka G, Harmon Q, Block T, Baird DD. Intake of Lycopene and other Carotenoids and Incidence of Uterine Leiomyomata: A Prospective Ultrasound Study. J Acad Nutr Diet 2021; 121:92-104. [PMID: 33350944 PMCID: PMC7768815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uterine leiomyomata (UL) are the leading indication for hysterectomy in the United States. Dietary supplementation with lycopene was associated with reduced size and incidence of oviduct leiomyoma in the Japanese quail. Two US prospective cohort studies of women reported little association between intake of lycopene, or other carotenoids, and UL incidence. However, these studies relied on self-reported physician-diagnosed UL, which is prone to misclassification. OBJECTIVE This study examines the association between dietary intake of carotenoids and UL incidence. DESIGN Data were derived from the Study of the Environment, Lifestyle, and Fibroids, a prospective cohort study. Women completed self-administered baseline questionnaires on demographic characteristics, reproductive history, and lifestyle, including a 110-item validated food frequency questionnaire, from which dietary intakes of carotenoids-including alpha carotene, beta carotene, cryptoxanthin, lutein-zeaxanthin, and lycopene-and vitamin A were estimated. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING One thousand two hundred thirty Black women aged 23 to 35 years who did not have a previous diagnosis of UL, cancer, or autoimmune disease were eligible for enrollment (2010-2012). Participants were residents of the Detroit, MI, metropolitan area. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Transvaginal ultrasound was used to assess UL at baseline and 20, 40, and 60 months of follow-up. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% CIs, adjusted for energy intake, age at menarche, education, body mass index, parity, age at first birth, years since last birth, current use of oral contraceptives or progestin-only injectables, alcohol intake, and cigarette smoking. RESULTS Among 1,230 women without prevalent UL at baseline, 301 incident UL cases during follow-up were identified. Intakes of lycopene, other carotenoids, and vitamin A were not appreciably associated with UL incidence. Hazard ratios comparing quartiles 2 (2,376 to 3,397 μg/day), 3 (3,398 to 4,817 μg/day), and 4 (≥4,818 μg/day) with quartile 1 (<2,376 μg/day) of lycopene intake were 1.03 (95% CI 0.72 to 1.47), 1.22 (95% CI 0.86 to 1.72), and 0.95 (95% CI 0.67 to 1.36), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Study findings do not support the hypothesis that greater carotenoid intake is associated with reduced UL incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Wise
- (1)Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
| | - Amelia K Wesselink
- (1)Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Traci N Bethea
- (2)Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC
| | - Theodore M Brasky
- (3)Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine; Columbus, OH
| | - Ganesa Wegienka
- (4)Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System; Detroit, MI
| | - Quaker Harmon
- (5)Epidemiology Branch, Women's Health Group, National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, NC
| | | | - Donna D Baird
- (5)Epidemiology Branch, Women's Health Group, National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, NC
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11
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Kavalappa YP, Gopal SS, Ponesakki G. Lutein inhibits breast cancer cell growth by suppressing antioxidant and cell survival signals and induces apoptosis. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:1798-1809. [PMID: 32710479 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reduced risk of breast cancer upon intake of lutein-rich food supplements creates an interest to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the growth inhibitory potential of lutein in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Lutein purified from Spinacia oleracea was identified by high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The cell viability was measured by water-soluble tetrazolium-1 assay. The intracellular reactive oxygen species level was examined by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein assay. The protein expression of the markers of antioxidant defense, cell survival, and apoptosis was analyzed by western blot analysis. The induction of apoptosis by lutein was measured by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining and caspase-3 activity assay. The purified lutein inhibited the viability of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. The growth inhibitory effect of lutein was associated with suppressed protein expression of superoxide dismutase-2 and heme oxygenase-1, and its transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2. Lutein treatment subsequently blocked the expression of intracellular cell survival proteins, phosphorylated protein kinase B, phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2, and nuclear factor-kB. Suppression of antioxidant defense and cell survival markers by lutein was further linked to apoptosis induction with elevated caspase-3 activity and downregulated expression of Bcl-2 and poly-ADP ribose polymerase. Our results emphasize a significant role of lutein as an effective inhibitor of human breast cancer cell growth that activates cell death partly through the modulation of antioxidant defense response-linked cell survival signaling markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogendra Prasad Kavalappa
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sowmya Shree Gopal
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ganesan Ponesakki
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai, India
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12
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Caseiro M, Ascenso A, Costa A, Creagh-Flynn J, Johnson M, Simões S. Lycopene in human health. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Saini RK, Keum YS, Daglia M, Rengasamy KR. Dietary carotenoids in cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy: A review of emerging evidence. Pharmacol Res 2020; 157:104830. [PMID: 32344050 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, natural products have reemerged as biotherapeutic options, with several dietary carotenoids, viz. astaxanthin, fucoxanthin, siphonaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene, and lycopene, developing as potential candidates for chemoprevention and chemotherapeutics of breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancers. The potent cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of carotenoids against various cancer cells are mediated by a wide range of molecular mechanisms modulating oxidative stress and redox balance, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and other cellular signaling proteins, transcription factors, caspase cascade pathways of apoptosis, cell cycle progression and proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC), and multidrug resistance (MDR). This review discusses recent evidence demonstrating the crucial roles of carotenoids in these cellular and molecular events of cancer cell cytotoxicity. In addition, recent case-control and cohort studies are discussed to support the potential role of carotenoids in cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea; Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, Pavia University, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Kannan Rr Rengasamy
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Saini RK, Rengasamy KRR, Mahomoodally FM, Keum YS. Protective effects of lycopene in cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases: An update on epidemiological and mechanistic perspectives. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104730. [PMID: 32126272 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent mechanistic and epidemiological studies have provided insights into health benefits of dietary lycopene to decrease the risk and complications associated with several chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), obesity, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. These chronic diseases are primarily associated with oxidative stress-induced systemic and low-grade chronic inflammation. Owing to its potent antioxidant properties, lycopene can potentially alleviate enhanced levels of proinflammatory mediators (e.g., proinflammatory cytokines IL-8, -6, and -1, and oxidized phospholipids) and prevent NF-κB activation by modulating oxidative stress. Moreover, lycopene serves as a precursor for various oxidative cleavage products and metabolites including Apo-8'-, apo-10'-, and apo-12'-lycopenals that can interact with multiple transcription factors (e.g., Nrf2, RARs, RXRs, and PPARs) to overexpress antioxidant and cytoprotective Phase II enzymes and other growth-stimulating proteins (e.g., brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) for enhanced neuroprotection. These events altogether can protect the body from chronic inflammatory disorders. In the present review, the latest mechanistic development from cell and animal models and results of case-control, cohort, and randomized trials are discussed to support the protective part of lycopene in cancer, CVD, and neurodegenerative disorders. This review focuses on cellular and molecular events involved in protective effects of lycopene. Although molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in health-promoting activities of lycopene have been reported, no detailed mechanistic studies have been published. Hence, future studies should be conducted to elucidate the mechanistic role(s) of lycopene-derived oxidation products in modulating cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea; Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kannan R R Rengasamy
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Fawzi M Mahomoodally
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam; Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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15
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Abstract
A variety of diet and lifestyle factors have been studied with respect to prostate cancer risk in large, prospective cohort studies. In spite of this work, and in contrast to other common cancers, few modifiable risk factors have been firmly established as playing a role in prostate cancer. There are several possible explanations for the lack of well-established risk factors. First, prostate cancer has among the highest heritability of all common cancers; second, early life exposures may play an important role in risk, rather than mid- and later-life exposures assessed in most epidemiological studies. Finally, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening plays a critical role in prostate cancer detection and incidence rates, which has important implications for epidemiological studies.Among modifiable risk factors, smoking and obesity are consistently associated with higher risk specifically of advanced prostate cancer. There is also considerable evidence for a positive association between dairy intake and overall prostate cancer risk, and an inverse association between cooked tomato/lycopene intake and risk of advanced disease. Several other dietary factors consistently associated with risk in observational studies, including selenium and vitamin E, have been cast into doubt by results from clinical trials. Results for other well-studied dietary factors, including fat intake, red meat, fish, vitamin D, soy and phytoestrogens are mixed.In practical terms, men concerned with prostate cancer risk should be encouraged to stop smoking, be as physically active as possible, and achieve or maintain a healthy weight. These recommendations also have the advantage of having a positive impact on risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic diseases. Reducing dairy intake while increasing consumption of fish and tomato products is also reasonable advice.
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16
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Pal M, Hodge AM, Papa N, MacInnis RJ, Bassett JK, Bolton D, Davis ID, Millar J, English DR, Hopper JL, Severi G, Southey MC, Milne RL, Giles GG. Body size and dietary risk factors for aggressive prostate cancer: a case-control study. Cancer Causes Control 2019; 30:1301-1312. [PMID: 31552571 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-019-01234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diet and body size may affect the risk of aggressive prostate cancer (APC), but current evidence is inconclusive. METHODS A case-control study was conducted in men under 75 years of age recruited from urology practices in Victoria, Australia; 1,254 with APC and 818 controls for whom the presence of prostate cancer had been excluded by biopsy. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Multivariable unconditional logistic regression estimated odds ratios and confidence intervals for hypothesized risk factors, adjusting for age, family history of prostate cancer, country of birth, socioeconomic status, smoking, and other dietary factors. RESULTS Positive associations with APC (odds ratio, 95% confidence intervals, highest vs. lowest category or quintile) were observed for body mass index (1.34, 1.02-1.78, Ptrend = 0.04), and trouser size (1.54, 1.17-2.04, Ptrend = 0.001). Intakes of milk and all dairy products were inversely associated with APC risk (0.71, 9.53-0.96, Ptrend = 0.05, and 0.64, 0.48-0.87, Ptrend = 0.012, respectively), but there was little evidence of an association with other dietary variables (Ptrend > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We confirmed previous evidence for a positive association between body size and risk of APC, and suggest that consumption of dairy products, and milk more specifically, is inversely associated with risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela Pal
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Allison M Hodge
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nathan Papa
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert J MacInnis
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Julie K Bassett
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Damien Bolton
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian D Davis
- Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeremy Millar
- Alfred Health Radiation Oncology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dallas R English
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP, Inserm U1018), Facultés de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, UPS UVSQ, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Roger L Milne
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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17
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A critical review on anti-angiogenic property of phytochemicals. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 71:1-15. [PMID: 31174052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, a process involved in neovascularization, has been found to be associated with several metabolic diseases like cancer, retinopathy etc. Thus, currently, the focus on anti-angiogenic therapy for treatment and prevention of diseases has gained significant attention. Currently available Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs are targeting either vascular endothelial growth factor or it's receptor, but in the long term, these approaches were shown to cause several side effects and the chances of developing resistance to these drugs is also high. Therefore, identification of safe and cost-effective anti-angiogenic molecules is highly imperative. Over the past decades, dietary based natural compounds have been studied for their anti-angiogenic potential which provided avenues in improving the angiogenesis based therapy. In this review, major emphasis is given to the molecular mechanism behind anti-angiogenic effect of natural compounds from dietary sources.
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18
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Treggiari D, Dalbeni A, Meneguzzi A, Delva P, Fava C, Molesini B, Pandolfini T, Minuz P. Lycopene inhibits endothelial cells migration induced by vascular endothelial growth factor A increasing nitric oxide bioavailability. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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19
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Gajowik A, Dobrzyńska MM. The evaluation of protective effect of lycopene against genotoxic influence of X-irradiation in human blood lymphocytes. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2017; 56:413-422. [PMID: 28913689 PMCID: PMC5655585 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-017-0713-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Many studies suggest that exogenous antioxidants may protect cells against DNA damage caused with ionizing radiation. One of the most powerful antioxidants is lycopene (LYC), a carotenoid derived from tomatoes. The aim of this study was to investigate, using the comet assay, whether LYC can act as protectors/modifiers and prevent DNA damage induced in human blood lymphocytes, as well as to mitigate the effects of radiation exposure. In this project, LYC, dissolved in DMSO at a concentration of 10, 20 or 40 μM/ml of cell suspension, was added to the isolated lymphocytes from human blood at appropriate intervals before or after the X-irradiation at doses of 0.5, 1 and 2 Gy. Cell viability in all groups was maintained at above 70%. The results showed the decrease of DNA damage in cells treated with various concentrations of LYC directly and 1 h before exposure to X-rays compared to the control group exposed to irradiation alone. Contrary results were observed in cells exposed to LYC immediately after exposure to ionizing radiation. The studies confirmed the protective effect of LYC against DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation, but after irradiation the carotenoid did not stimulate of DNA repair and cannot act as modifier. However, supplementation with LYC, especially at lower doses, may be useful in protection from radiation-induced oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Gajowik
- Department of Radiation Protection and Radiobiology, National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, 24 Chocimska Street, 00-791, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata M Dobrzyńska
- Department of Radiation Protection and Radiobiology, National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, 24 Chocimska Street, 00-791, Warsaw, Poland
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20
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Jhou BY, Song TY, Lee I, Hu ML, Yang NC. Lycopene Inhibits Metastasis of Human Liver Adenocarcinoma SK-Hep-1 Cells by Downregulation of NADPH Oxidase 4 Protein Expression. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:6893-6903. [PMID: 28723216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), with the sole function to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), can be a molecular target for disrupting cancer metastasis. Several studies have indicated that lycopene exhibited anti-metastatic actions in vitro and in vivo. However, the role of NOX4 in the anti-metastatic action of lycopene remains unknown. Herein, we first confirmed the anti-metastatic effect of lycopene (0.1-5 μM) on human liver adenocarcinoma SK-Hep-1 cells. We showed that lycopene significantly inhibited NOX4 protein expression, with the strongest inhibition of 64.3 ± 10.2% (P < 0.05) at 2.5 μM lycopene. Lycopene also significantly inhibited NOX4 mRNA expression, NOX activity, and intracellular ROS levels in SK-Hep-1 cells. We then determined the effects of lycopene on transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-induced metastasis. We found that TGF-β (5 ng/mL) significantly increased migration, invasion, and adhesion activity, the intracellular ROS level, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and MMP-2 activities, the level of NOX4 protein expression, and NOX activity. All these TGF-β-induced effects were antagonized by the incubation of SK-Hep-1 cells with lycopene (2.5 μM). Using transient transfection of siRNA against NOX4, we found that the downregulation of NOX4 could mimic lycopene by inhibiting cell migration and the activities of MMP-9 and MMP-2 during the incubation with or without TGF-β on SK-Hep-1 cells. The results demonstrate that the downregulation of NOX4 plays a crucial role in the anti-metastatic action of lycopene in SK-Hep-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yi Jhou
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tuzz-Ying Song
- Department of BioIndustry Technology, Dayeh University , Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Inn Lee
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Miao-Lin Hu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Nae-Cherng Yang
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital , Taichung, Taiwan
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21
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Milani A, Basirnejad M, Shahbazi S, Bolhassani A. Carotenoids: biochemistry, pharmacology and treatment. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1290-1324. [PMID: 27638711 PMCID: PMC5429337 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids and retinoids have several similar biological activities such as antioxidant properties, the inhibition of malignant tumour growth and the induction of apoptosis. Supplementation with carotenoids can affect cell growth and modulate gene expression and immune responses. Epidemiological studies have shown a correlation between a high carotenoid intake in the diet with a reduced risk of breast, cervical, ovarian, colorectal cancers, and cardiovascular and eye diseases. Cancer chemoprevention by dietary carotenoids involves several mechanisms, including effects on gap junctional intercellular communication, growth factor signalling, cell cycle progression, differentiation-related proteins, retinoid-like receptors, antioxidant response element, nuclear receptors, AP-1 transcriptional complex, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, carotenoids can stimulate the proliferation of B- and T-lymphocytes, the activity of macrophages and cytotoxic T-cells, effector T-cell function and the production of cytokines. Recently, the beneficial effects of carotenoid-rich vegetables and fruits in health and in decreasing the risk of certain diseases has been attributed to the major carotenoids, β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, crocin (/crocetin) and curcumin, due to their antioxidant effects. It is thought that carotenoids act in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In this review, we briefly describe the biological and immunological activities of the main carotenoids used for the treatment of various diseases and their possible mechanisms of action. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Milani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDSPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | | | - Sepideh Shahbazi
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDSPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDSPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
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22
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Chen KL, Jung P, Kulkoyluoglu-Cotul E, Liguori C, Lumibao J, Mazewski C, Ranard K, Rowles JL, Wang Y, Xue L, Madak-Erdogan Z. Impact of Diet and Nutrition on Cancer Hallmarks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 7. [PMID: 30581989 DOI: 10.15406/jcpcr.2017.07.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diet and nutrition are undeniably two factors that have a major impact on the prevention, progression, and treatment of various cancers. In this review, we will discuss how bioactives from diet and nutritional status affect each of the hallmarks of cancer. We will present recent research and discuss using diet and nutrition as a means to prevent and treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Chen
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, USA
| | - Paul Jung
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, USA
| | | | - Carli Liguori
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, USA
| | - Jan Lumibao
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, USA
| | - Candice Mazewski
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, USA
| | | | - Joe L Rowles
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, USA
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, USA
| | - Louisa Xue
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, USA
| | - Zeynep Madak-Erdogan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, USA.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, USA
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23
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Abstract
Epidemiological evidence indicates that high consumption of tomatoes and tomato-based products reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as CVD and cancer. Such potential benefits are often ascribed to high concentrations of lycopene present in tomato products. Mainly from the results of in vitro studies, potential biological mechanisms by which carotenoids could protect against heart disease and cancer have been suggested. These include cholesterol reduction, inhibition of oxidation processes, modulation of inflammatory markers, enhanced intercellular communication, inhibition of tumourigenesis and induction of apoptosis, metabolism to retinoids and antiangiogenic effects. However, with regard to CVD, results from intervention studies gave mixed results. Over fifty human intervention trials with lycopene supplements or tomato-based products have been conducted to date, the majority being underpowered. Many showed some beneficial effects but mostly on non-established cardiovascular risk markers such as lipid peroxidation, DNA oxidative damage, platelet activation and inflammatory markers. Only a few studies showed improvement in lipid profiles, C reactive protein and blood pressure. However, recent findings indicate that lycopene could exert cardiovascular protection by lowering HDL-associated inflammation, as well as by modulating HDL functionality towards an antiatherogenic phenotype. Furthermore, in vitro studies indicate that lycopene could modulate T lymphocyte activity, which would also inhibit atherogenic processes and confer cardiovascular protection. These findings also suggest that HDL functionality deserves further consideration as a potential early marker for CVD risk, modifiable by dietary factors such as lycopene.
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Treggiari D, Zoccatelli G, Molesini B, Degan M, Rotino GL, Sala T, Cavallini C, MacRae CA, Minuz P, Pandolfini T. A cystine-knot miniprotein from tomato fruit inhibits endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis by affecting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) activation and nitric oxide production. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:2255-66. [PMID: 26255647 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Cystine-knot miniproteins are bioactive molecules with a broad range of potential therapeutic applications. Recently, it was demonstrated that two tomato cystine-knot miniproteins (TCMPs) exhibit in vitro antiangiogenic activity on human umbilical vein cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a fruit-specific cystine-knot miniprotein of tomato on in vitro endothelial cell migration and in vivo angiogenesis using a zebrafish model. METHODS AND RESULTS The cystine-knot protein purified from tomato fruits using gel filtration LC and RP-HPLC inhibited cell migration when tested at 200 nM using the wound healing assay, and reduced nitric oxide formation probed by 4-amino-5-methylamino-27-difluorofluoscescin diacetate. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses demonstrated that vascular endothelium growth factor A dependent signaling was the target of TCMP bioactivity. Angiogenesis was inhibited in vivo in zebrafish embryos treated with 500 nM TCMP. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that cystine-knot miniproteins present in mature tomato fruits are endowed with antiangiogenic activity in vitro and in vivo. These molecules may confer beneficial effects to tomato dietary intake, along with lycopene and other antioxidants. Further investigation is warranted to explore the potential of these compounds as model scaffolds for the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Treggiari
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Molesini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Degan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Leonardo Rotino
- CRA-ORL Council for Agriculture Research and Economics, Research Unit for Vegetable Crops, Montanaso Lombardo, Lodi, Italy
| | - Tea Sala
- CRA-ORL Council for Agriculture Research and Economics, Research Unit for Vegetable Crops, Montanaso Lombardo, Lodi, Italy
| | - Chiara Cavallini
- L.U.R.M. University Laboratory for Medical Research, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Calum A MacRae
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Pietro Minuz
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Zu K, Mucci L, Rosner BA, Clinton SK, Loda M, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E. Dietary lycopene, angiogenesis, and prostate cancer: a prospective study in the prostate-specific antigen era. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:djt430. [PMID: 24463248 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of lycopene in prostate cancer prevention remains controversial. We examined the associations between dietary lycopene intake and prostate cancer, paying particular attention to the influence of prostate-specific antigen screening, and evaluated tissue biomarkers in prostate cancers in relation to lycopene intake. METHODS Among 49898 male health professionals, we obtained dietary information through questionnaires and ascertained total and lethal prostate cancer cases from 1986 through January 31, 2010. Cox regression was used to estimate multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry were used to assess tumor biomarker expression in a subset of men. Two-sided χ(2) tests were used to calculate the P values. RESULTS Higher lycopene intake was inversely associated with total prostate cancer and more strongly with lethal prostate cancer (top vs bottom quintile: HR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.56 to 0.94; P(trend) = .04). In a restricted population of screened participants, the inverse associations became markedly stronger (for lethal prostate cancer: HR = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.29 to 0.75; P trend = .009). Comparing different measures of dietary lycopene, early intake, but not recent intake, was inversely associated with prostate cancer. Higher lycopene intake was associated with biomarkers in the cancer indicative of less angiogenic potential. CONCLUSIONS Dietary intake of lycopene was associated with reduced risk of lethal prostate cancer and with a lesser degree of angiogenesis in the tumor. Because angiogenesis is a strong progression factor, an endpoint of lethal prostate cancer may be more relevant than an endpoint of indolent prostate cancer for lycopene in the era of highly prevalent prostate-specific antigen screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zu
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Nutrition (KZ, MJS, EG), Department of Epidemiology (LM, MJS, EG), and Department of Biostatistics (BAR), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (LM, BAR, MJS, EG); Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (SKC); Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (ML)
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Friedman M. Anticarcinogenic, cardioprotective, and other health benefits of tomato compounds lycopene, α-tomatine, and tomatidine in pure form and in fresh and processed tomatoes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9534-50. [PMID: 24079774 DOI: 10.1021/jf402654e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Tomatoes produce the bioactive compounds lycopene and α-tomatine that are reported to have potential health-promoting effects in animals and humans, but our understanding of the roles of these compounds in the diet is incomplete. Our current knowledge gained from the chemistry and analysis of these compounds in fresh and processed tomatoes and from studies on their bioavailability, bioactivity, and mechanisms of action against cancer cells and other beneficial bioactivities including antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, cardiovascular, and immunostimulating effects in cells, animals, and humans is discussed and interpreted here. Areas for future research are also suggested. The collated information and suggested research might contribute to a better understanding of the agronomical, biochemical, chemical, physiological, molecular, and cellular bases of the health-promoting effects and facilitate and guide further studies needed to optimize the use of lycopene and α-tomatine in pure form and in fresh tomatoes and processed tomato products to help prevent or treat human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , Albany, California 94710, United States
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