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Guo Y, Wang L, Hanson A, Urriola PE, Shurson GC, Chen C. Identification of Protective Amino Acid Metabolism Events in Nursery Pigs Fed Thermally Oxidized Corn Oil. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13010103. [PMID: 36677028 PMCID: PMC9866068 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding thermally oxidized lipids to pigs has been shown to compromise growth and health, reduce energy digestibility, and disrupt lipid metabolism. However, the effects of feeding oxidized lipids on amino acid metabolism in pigs have not been well defined even though amino acids are indispensable for the subsistence of energy metabolism, protein synthesis, the antioxidant system, and many other functions essential for pig growth and health. In this study, oxidized corn oil (OCO)-elicited changes in amino acid homeostasis of nursery pigs were examined by metabolomics-based biochemical analysis. The results showed that serum and hepatic free amino acids and metabolites, including tryptophan, threonine, alanine, glutamate, and glutathione, as well as associated metabolic pathways, were selectively altered by feeding OCO, and more importantly, many of these metabolic events possess protective functions. Specifically, OCO activated tryptophan-nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (NAD+) synthesis by the transcriptional upregulation of the kynurenine pathway in tryptophan catabolism and promoted adenine nucleotide biosynthesis. Feeding OCO induced oxidative stress, causing decreases in glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio, carnosine, and ascorbic acid in the liver but simultaneously promoted antioxidant responses as shown by the increases in hepatic GSH and GSSG as well as the transcriptional upregulation of GSH metabolism-related enzymes. Moreover, OCO reduced the catabolism of threonine to α-ketobutyrate in the liver by inhibiting the threonine dehydratase (TDH) route. Overall, these protective metabolic events indicate that below a certain threshold of OCO consumption, nursery pigs are capable of overcoming the oxidative stress and metabolic challenges posed by the consumption of oxidized lipids by adjusting antioxidant, nutrient, and energy metabolism, partially through the transcriptional regulation of amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Guo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Andrea Hanson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, 1364 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Pedro E. Urriola
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, 1364 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Gerald C. Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, 1364 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Chi Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, 1364 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-624-7704; Fax: +1-612-625-5272
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Bu F, Feyzi S, Nayak G, Mao Q, Kondeti VSK, Bruggeman P, Chen C, Ismail BP. Investigation of novel cold atmospheric plasma sources and their impact on the structural and functional characteristics of pea protein. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2022.103248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Peng L, Yuan J, Yao D, Chen C. Fingerprinting triacylglycerols and aldehydes as identity and thermal stability indicators of camellia oil through chemometric comparison with olive oil. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:2561-2575. [PMID: 34026072 PMCID: PMC8116833 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Camellia oil is widely recognized as a high-quality culinary oil in East Asia for its organoleptic and health-promoting properties, but its chemical composition and thermal stability have not been comprehensively defined by comparisons with other oils. In this study, the triacylglycerols (TAGs) in camellia, olive, and six other edible oils were profiled by the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based chemometric analysis. Besides observing the similarity between camellia oil and olive oil, TAG profiling showed that OOO, POO, and OOG (O: oleic acid, P: palmitic acid, and G: gadoleic acid) can jointly serve as the identity markers of camellia oil. Thermal stability of virgin camellia oil (VCO) was further evaluated by extensive comparisons with virgin olive oil (VOO) in common lipid oxidation indicators, aldehyde production, and antioxidant and pro-oxidant contents. The results showed that p-anisidine value (AnV) was the sensitive lipid oxidation indicator, and C9-C11 aldehydes, including nonanal, 2-decenal, 2,4-decadienal, and 2-undecenal, were the most abundant aldehydes in heated VCO and VOO. Under the frying temperature, heated VCO had lower AnV and less aldehydes than heated VOO. Interestedly, the VCO had lower levels of pro-oxidant components, including α-linolenic acid, free fatty acids, and transition metals, as well as lower levels of antioxidants, including α-tocopherol and phenolics, than the VOO. Overall, great similarities and subtle differences in TAG and aldehyde profiles were observed between camellia and olive oils, and the thermal stability of camellia oil might be more dependent on the balance among its unsaturation level, pro-oxidant, and antioxidant components than a single factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Peng
- Department of Food Science and NutritionUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMNUSA
- Department of Food ScienceYichun UniversityYichunChina
| | - Jieyao Yuan
- Department of Food Science and NutritionUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMNUSA
| | - Dan Yao
- Department of Food Science and NutritionUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMNUSA
| | - Chi Chen
- Department of Food Science and NutritionUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMNUSA
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Mao Q, Liu J, Wiertzema JR, Chen D, Chen P, Baumler DJ, Ruan R, Chen C. Identification of Quinone Degradation as a Triggering Event for Intense Pulsed Light-Elicited Metabolic Changes in Escherichia coli by Metabolomic Fingerprinting. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11020102. [PMID: 33578995 PMCID: PMC7916761 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense pulsed light (IPL) is becoming a new technical platform for disinfecting food against pathogenic bacteria. Metabolic changes are deemed to occur in bacteria as either the causes or the consequences of IPL-elicited bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects. However, little is known about the influences of IPL on bacterial metabolome. In this study, the IPL treatment was applied to E. coli K-12 for 0–20 s, leading to time- and dose-dependent reductions in colony-forming units (CFU) and morphological changes. Both membrane lipids and cytoplasmic metabolites of the control and IPL-treated E. coli were examined by the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomic fingerprinting. The results from multivariate modeling and marker identification indicate that the metabolites in electron transport chain (ETC), redox response, glycolysis, amino acid, and nucleotide metabolism were selectively affected by the IPL treatments. The time courses and scales of these metabolic changes, together with the biochemical connections among them, revealed a cascade of events that might be initiated by the degradation of quinone electron carriers and then followed by oxidative stress, disruption of intermediary metabolism, nucleotide degradation, and morphological changes. Therefore, the degradations of membrane quinones, especially the rapid depletion of menaquinone-8 (MK-8), can be considered as a triggering event in the IPL-elicited metabolic changes in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Mao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (Q.M.); (J.L.); (J.R.W.); (D.C.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Juer Liu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (Q.M.); (J.L.); (J.R.W.); (D.C.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Justin R. Wiertzema
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (Q.M.); (J.L.); (J.R.W.); (D.C.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Dongjie Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (Q.M.); (J.L.); (J.R.W.); (D.C.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Paul Chen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (P.C.); (R.R.)
| | - David J. Baumler
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (Q.M.); (J.L.); (J.R.W.); (D.C.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Roger Ruan
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (P.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Chi Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (Q.M.); (J.L.); (J.R.W.); (D.C.); (D.J.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-624-7704; Fax: +1-612-625-5272
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Chromatography hyphenated to high resolution mass spectrometry in untargeted metabolomics for investigation of food (bio)markers. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kerr BJ, Lindblom SC, Overholt MF. Influence of feeding thermally peroxidized soybean oil on growth performance, digestibility, gut integrity, and oxidative stress in nursery pigs. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5709617. [PMID: 31955199 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the current experiments were to evaluate the effect of feeding soybean oil (SO) with different levels of peroxidation on lipid, N, and GE digestibility, gut integrity, oxidative stress, and growth performance in nursery pigs. Treatments consisted diets containing 10% fresh SO (22.5 °C) or thermally processed SO (45 °C for 288 h, 90 °C for 72 h, or 180 °C for 6 h), each with an air infusion of 15 L/min, with postprocessing peroxide values of 7.6, 11.5, 19.1, and 13.4 mEq/kg and p-anisidine values of 1.92, 6.29, 149, and 159, for the 22.5 °C, 45 °C, 90 °C and 180 °C processed SO, respectively. In experiment 1, 64 barrows (7.1 ± 0.9 kg initial BW) were randomly allotted into 2 rooms of 32 pens and individually fed their experimental diets for 21 d, with a fresh fecal sample collected on day 20 for determination of GE and lipid digestibility. In experiment 2, 56 barrows (BW 9.16 ± 1.56 kg) were placed into individual metabolism crates for assessment of GE, lipid, and N digestibility and N retention. Urinary lactulose to mannitol ratio was assessed to evaluate in vivo small intestinal integrity, and urine and plasma were collected to analyze for markers of oxidative stress. Pigs were subsequently euthanized to obtain liver weights and analyze the liver for markers of oxidative stress. In experiment 1, pigs fed the SO thermally processed at 90 °C had reduced ADG (P = 0.01) and ADFI (P = 0.04) compared to pigs fed the other SO treatment groups, with no differences noted among pigs fed the 22.5 °C, 45 °C, and 180 °C SO treatments. No effects of feeding thermally processing SO on dietary GE or lipid digestibility (P > 0.10) were noted in either experiment. In experiment 2, there was no dietary effect of feeding peroxidized SO on the DE:ME ratio, N digestibility, or N retained as a percent of N digested, on the urinary ratio of lactulose to mannitol, on serum, urinary, or liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, on plasma protein carbonyls, or on urinary or liver 8-OH-2dG (P > 0.10). In experiment 2, pigs fed the SO thermally processed at 90 °C had the greatest isoprostane concentrations in the serum (P ≤ 0.01) and urine (P ≤ 0.05) compared to pigs fed the unprocessed SO. These results indicate that the change in fatty acid composition and/or the presence of lipid peroxidation products in peroxidized SO may reduce ADG and ADFI in nursery pigs, but appears to have no impact on GE, lipid, or N digestibility, or gut permeability. These data suggest that the presence of lipid peroxidation products may affect certain markers of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Kerr
- USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA
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Yuan J, Kerr BJ, Curry SM, Chen C. Identification of C9-C11 unsaturated aldehydes as prediction markers of growth and feed intake for non-ruminant animals fed oxidized soybean oil. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:49. [PMID: 32411370 PMCID: PMC7206673 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The benefits of using the oxidized oils from rendering and recycling as an economic source of lipids and energy in animal feed always coexist with the concerns that diverse degradation products in these oxidized oils can negatively affect animal health and performance. Therefore, the quality markers that predict growth performance could be useful when feeding oxidized oils to non-ruminants. However, the correlations between growth performance and chemical profiles of oxidized oils have not been well examined. In this study, six thermally oxidized soybean oils (OSOs) with a wide range of quality measures were prepared under different processing temperatures and processing durations, including 45 °C-336 h; 67.5 °C-168 h; 90 °C-84 h; 135 °C-42 h; 180 °C-21 h; and 225 °C-10.5 h. Broilers and nursery pigs were randomly assigned to diets containing either unheated control soybean oil or one of six OSOs. Animal performance was determined by measuring body weight gain, feed intake, and gain to feed ratio. The chemical profiles of OSOs were first evaluated by common indicative tests, including peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, p-anisidine value, free fatty acids, oxidized fatty acids, unsaponifiable matter, insoluble impurities, and moisture, and then analyzed by the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based chemometric analysis. Results Among common quality indicators, p-anisidine value (AnV), which reflects the level of carbonyl compounds, had the greatest inverse correlation with the growth performance of both broilers and pigs, followed by free fatty acids and oxidized fatty acids. Among the 17 aldehydes identified in OSOs, C9-C11 alkenals, especially 2-decenal and 2-undecenal, had stronger inverse correlations (r < − 0.8) with animal performance compared to C5-C8 saturated alkanals, suggesting that chain length and unsaturation level affect the toxicity of aldehydes. Conclusions As the major lipid oxidation products contributing to the AnV, individual C9-C11 unsaturated aldehydes in heavily-oxidized oils could function as effective prediction markers of growth and feed intake in feeding non-ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyao Yuan
- 1Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Brian J Kerr
- 2USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, 1015 N. University Boulevard, 2165 NSRIC, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Shelby M Curry
- 3Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Chi Chen
- 1Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
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Lindblom S, Gabler N, Bobeck E, Kerr B. Oil source and peroxidation status interactively affect growth performance and oxidative status in broilers from 4 to 25 d of age. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1749-1761. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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