1
|
Mesri Alamdari N, Irandoost P, Roshanravan N, Najafipour F, Vafa M, Farsi F, Mobasseri M, Mir Mazhari AA, AmirAzad H, Shidfar F. Assessment of the anti-inflammatory and anti-glycemic properties of Royal Jelly and Tocotrienol-rich fraction in an experimental study: Does irisin mediate these effects? Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:7533-7543. [PMID: 39479712 PMCID: PMC11521737 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 11/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Irisin, a novel adipomyokine, has been proposed to be a therapeutic agent against obesity-related metabolic disease. Royal Jelly (RJ) and tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) are suggested to promote obesity and its related problems through potential mutual mechanistic pathways. This investigation intended to evaluate the glycemic and inflammation-promoting effects of RJ, TRF, and their combinations to evaluate their synergic effects through irisin action in obese rats induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) that underwent a calorie restriction diet (CRD). Fifty HFD-fed obese rats received the following interventions: RJ, TRF, or RJ + TRF in combination with a CRD for eight consecutive weeks. After the investigation, body weight, fasting blood sugar (FBS), irisin, insulin, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), leptin, adiponectin, and insulin resistance (IR) were assessed. After 8 weeks of treatment, significant weight reduction was noticed in rats that received RJ and RJ + TRF related to the CRD rats (p < .001), although this reduction was not considerable in TRF-treated rats. RJ and RJ + TRF supplementation markedly elevated irisin concentrations in CRD rats (p < .05), but TRF did not. Glycemic indices, inflammatory indices including IL-1β and CRP levels, and leptin concentrations were significantly decreased after RJ, TRF, and their combinations were added to CRD (p < .05). According to the mediational analysis results, irisin mediated the promoting effects of RJ on glycemic hemostasis. Based on the results of this investigation, RJ and TRF are novel nutrients that have the potential to improve obesity-related disorders. This research suggests that RJ exerts its beneficial glycemic regulatory effects through irisin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pardis Irandoost
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public HealthIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Neda Roshanravan
- Cardiovascular Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Farzad Najafipour
- Endocrine Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Mohammadreza Vafa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public HealthIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Farnaz Farsi
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research CenterIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Majid Mobasseri
- Endocrine Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Amir Ali Mir Mazhari
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Para MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Halimeh AmirAzad
- Endocrine Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Farzad Shidfar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public HealthIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zuo Z, Wang L, Wang S, Liu X, Wu D, Ouyang Z, Meng R, Shan Y, Zhang S, Peng T, Wang L, Li Z, Cong Y. Radioprotective effectiveness of a novel delta-tocotrienol prodrug on mouse hematopoietic system against 60Co gamma-ray irradiation through inducing granulocyte-colony stimulating factor production. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 269:116346. [PMID: 38518524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Considering the increasing risk of nuclear attacks worldwide, the development of develop potent and safe radioprotective agents for nuclear emergencies is urgently needed. γ-tocotrienol (GT3) and δ-tocotrienol (DT3) have demonstrated a potent radioprotective effect by inducing the production of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in vivo. However, their application is limited because of their low bioavailability. The utilization of ester prodrugs can be an effective strategy for modifying the pharmacokinetic properties of drug molecules. In this study, we initially confirmed that DT3 exhibited the most significant potential for inducing G-CSF effects among eight natural vitamin E homologs. Consequently, we designed and synthesized a series of DT3 ester and ether derivatives, leading to improved radioprotective effects. The metabolic study conducted in vitro and in vivo has identified DT3 succinate 5b as a prodrug of DT3 with an approximately seven-fold higher bioavailability compared to DT3 alone. And DT3 ether derivative 8a were relatively stable and approximately 4 times more bioavailable than DT3 prototype. Furthermore, 5b exhibited superior ability to mitigate radiation-induced pancytopenia, enhance the recovery of bone marrow hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, and promote splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis in sublethal irradiated mice. Similarly, 8a shown potential radiation protection, but its radiation protection is less than DT3. Based on these findings, we identified 5b as a DT3 prodrug, and providing an attractive candidate for further drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongchao Zuo
- Faculty of Environment & Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Limei Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Shaozheng Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Dandan Wu
- College of Life Sciences in Nanjing University (Xianlin Campus), State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (SKLPB), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Zhangyi Ouyang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ruoxi Meng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yajun Shan
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Shouguo Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Faculty of Environment & Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Zhongtang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Yuwen Cong
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dzah CS, Asante-Donyinah D, Letsyo E, Dzikunoo J, Adams ZS. Dietary Polyphenols and Obesity: A Review of Polyphenol Effects on Lipid and Glucose Metabolism, Mitochondrial Homeostasis, and Starch Digestibility and Absorption. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 78:1-12. [PMID: 36459308 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-022-01034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a major global public health concern, limiting socio-economic development and human productivity. As studies focus on finding sustainable solutions to this challenge, polyphenols have shown promising results and have become a research focus. This is mainly because of associated lower risks of side effects with their use, compared to synthetic pharmaceuticals. In this study, the anti-obesity potentials of dietary polyphenols have been reviewed. Using a narrative approach, the biological activities of polyphenols and their influence on energy metabolism and mechanisms are discussed. Specifically, their roles in insulin-dependent glucose uptake, insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism and storage in adipocytes, starch digestibility, and regulation of mitophagy and mitogenesis in muscle cells and adipocytes, were considered. After considering the major findings of many related studies, it was confirmed that polyphenols can prevent and ameliorate obesity by fighting insulin resistance (IR) induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines, scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and limiting their effects, and by regulating the expression and/or activity of key enzymes along relevant pathways. More human studies are needed to reveal more about the anti-obesity effects of dietary polyphenols and their effective doses in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courage Sedem Dzah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Ho Technical University, P.O. Box HP217, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana.
| | - David Asante-Donyinah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Ho Technical University, P.O. Box HP217, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Letsyo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Ho Technical University, P.O. Box HP217, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | - John Dzikunoo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Ho Technical University, P.O. Box HP217, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | - Zeenatu Suglo Adams
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Ho Technical University, P.O. Box HP217, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ying L, Yan L, Huimin Z, Min L, Xiaojuan Z, Zhanjian W, Yaru Z. Tea polyphenols improve glucose metabolism in ceruloplasmin knockout mice via decreasing hepatic iron deposition. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2022.2112299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ying
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Liu Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Huimin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Li Min
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Zhang Xiaojuan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Wang Zhanjian
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Yaru
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bioactive Components in Whole Grains for the Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Function. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182752. [PMID: 36140879 PMCID: PMC9498156 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays a primary role in metabolic health and physical performance. Conversely, skeletal muscle dysfunctions such as muscular dystrophy, atrophy and aging-related sarcopenia could lead to frailty, decreased independence and increased risk of hospitalization. Dietary intervention has become an effective approach to improving muscle health and function. Evidence shows that whole grains possess multiple health benefits compared with refined grains. Importantly, there is growing evidence demonstrating that bioactive substances derived from whole grains such as polyphenols, γ-oryzanol, β-sitosterol, betaine, octacosanol, alkylresorcinols and β-glucan could contribute to enhancing myogenesis, muscle mass and metabolic function. In this review, we discuss the potential role of whole-grain-derived bioactive components in the regulation of muscle function, emphasizing the underlying mechanisms by which these compounds regulate muscle biology. This work will contribute toward increasing awareness of nutraceutical supplementation of whole grain functional ingredients for the prevention and treatment of muscle dysfunctions.
Collapse
|
6
|
Hu MM, Chen JH, Zhang QQ, Song ZY, Shaukat H, Qin H. Sesamol counteracts on metabolic disorders of middle-aged alimentary obese mice through regulating skeletal muscle glucose and lipid metabolism. Food Nutr Res 2022; 66:8231. [PMID: 35382382 PMCID: PMC8941404 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v66.8231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, obesity is a significant public problem, especially when aging. Sesamol, a phenolic lignan present in sesame seeds, might have a positive effect on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity associated with aging. Objective The purpose of current research study was to explore salutary effects and mechanisms of sesamol in treating alimentary obesity and associated metabolic syndrome in middle-aged mice. Methods C57BL/6J mice aged 4–6 weeks and 6–8 months were assigned to the young normal diet group, middle-aged normal diet group, middle-aged HFD group, and middle-aged HFD + sesamol group. At the end of experiment, glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test were performed; the levels of lipids and oxidative stress-related factors in the serum and skeletal muscle were detected using chemistry reagent kits; lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle was observed by oil red O staining; the expressions of muscular glucose and lipid metabolism associated proteins were measured by Western blotting. Results Sesamol decreased the body weight and alleviated obesity-associated metabolism syndrome in middle-aged mice, such as glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress. Moreover, muscular metabolic disorders were attenuated after treatment with sesamol. It increased the expression of glucose transporter type-4 and down-regulated the protein levels of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme 4, implying the increase of glucose uptake and oxidation. Meanwhile, sesamol decreased the expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c and up-regulated the phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase and the level of carnitine palmityl transferase 1α, which led to the declined lipogenesis and the increased lipolysis and lipid oxidation. In addition, the SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathway was triggered by sesamol, from which it is understood how sesamol enhances glucose and lipid metabolism. Conclusions Sesamol counteracts on metabolic disorders of middle-aged alimentary obese mice through regulating skeletal muscle glucose and lipid metabolism, which might be associated with the stimulation of the SIRT1/AMPK pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Min Hu
- Department of Nutrition Science and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ji-Hua Chen
- Department of Nutrition Science and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Quan-Quan Zhang
- Department of Nutrition Science and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zi-Yu Song
- Department of Nutrition Science and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Horia Shaukat
- Department of Nutrition Science and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Qin
- Department of Nutrition Science and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Effects of Dietary Chlorogenic Acid Supplementation Derived from Lonicera macranthoides Hand-Mazz on Growth Performance, Free Amino Acid Profile, and Muscle Protein Synthesis in a Finishing Pig Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6316611. [PMID: 35313639 PMCID: PMC8934221 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6316611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chlorogenic acid (CGA), as one of the richest polyphenol compounds in nature, has broad applications in many fields due to its various biological properties. However, initial data on the effects of dietary CGA on protein synthesis and related basal metabolic activity has rarely been reported. The current study is aimed at (1) determining whether dietary CGA supplementation improves the growth performance and carcass traits, (2) assessing whether dietary CGA alters the free amino acid profile, and (3) verifying whether dietary CGA promotes muscle protein synthesis in finishing pigs. Thirty-two (Large × White × Landrace) finishing barrows with an average initial body weight of
kg were randomly allotted to 4 groups and fed diets supplemented with 0, 0.02%, 0.04%, and 0.08% CGA, respectively. The results indicated that, compared with the control group, dietary supplementation with 0.04% CGA slightly stimulated the growth performance of pigs, whereas no significant correlation was noted between the dietary CGA levels and animal growth (
). Furthermore, the carcass traits of pigs were improved by 0.04% dietary CGA (
). In addition, dietary CGA significantly improved the serum free amino acid profiles of pigs (
), while 0.04% dietary CGA promoted more amino acids to translocate to skeletal muscles (
). The relative mRNA expression levels of SNAT2 in both longissimus dorsi (LD) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles were augmented in the 0.02% and 0.04% groups (
), and the LAT1 mRNA expression in the BF muscle was elevated in the 0.02% group (
). We also found that dietary CGA supplementation at the levels of 0.04% or 0.08% promoted the expression of p-Akt and activated the mTOR-S6K1-4EBP1 axis in the LD muscle (
). Besides, the MAFbx mRNA abundance in the 0.02% and 0.04% groups was significantly lower (
). Our results revealed that dietary supplementation with CGA of 0.04% improved the free amino acid profile and enhanced muscle protein biosynthesis in the LD muscle in finishing pigs.
Collapse
|
8
|
Chung E, Offei SD, Aondo Jia UT, Estevez J, Perez Y, Arman HD, Yoshimoto FK. A synthesis of a rationally designed inhibitor of cytochrome P450 8B1, a therapeutic target to treat obesity. Steroids 2022; 178:108952. [PMID: 34968450 PMCID: PMC8943709 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mice that lack the gene for expression of cytochrome P450 8B1 (P450 8B1) resist weight gain and improve glucose tolerance when fed a high-fat diet. Thus, the inhibition of P450 8B1 is a target to treat obesity-associated metabolic disorders. P450 8B1 is the enzyme that hydroxylates its substrate, 7α-hydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one to 7α-,12α-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one, which ultimately results in the formation of cholic acid. Cholic acid is the 12α-hydroxylated bile acid implicated in enhanced absorption of cholesterol. The synthesis of a rationally designed inhibitor for P450 8B1 was achieved through the incorporation of a C12-pyridine in the C-ring of a steroid molecule. Seven days of new inhibitor treatment showed attenuation of glucose intolerance in mice that were fed a high fat and a high sucrose diet (HFHS) without affecting body weight. Taken together, these promising results will lead to a P450 8B1 inhibitor as a potential therapeutic strategy to treat obesity-associated insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee Chung
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249-0698, United States
| | - Samuel D Offei
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249-0698, United States
| | - U-Ter Aondo Jia
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249-0698, United States
| | - Juan Estevez
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249-0698, United States
| | - Yessenia Perez
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249-0698, United States
| | - Hadi D Arman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249-0698, United States
| | - Francis K Yoshimoto
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249-0698, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The Critical Role of Oxidative Stress in Sarcopenic Obesity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:4493817. [PMID: 34676021 PMCID: PMC8526202 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4493817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a combination of obesity and sarcopenia that primarily develops in older people. Patients with SO have high fat mass, low muscle mass, low muscle strength, and low physical function. SO relates to metabolic syndrome and an increased risk of morbimortality. The prevalence of SO varies because of lacking consensus criteria regarding its definition and the methodological difficulty in diagnosing sarcopenia and obesity. SO includes systemic alterations such as insulin resistance, increased proinflammatory cytokines, age-associated hormonal changes, and decreased physical activity at pathophysiological levels. Interestingly, these alterations are influenced by oxidative stress, which is a critical factor in altering muscle function and the generation of metabolic dysfunctions. Thus, oxidative stress in SO alters muscle mass, the signaling pathways that control it, satellite cell functions, and mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum activities. Considering this background, our objectives in this review are to describe SO as a highly prevalent condition and look at the role of oxidative stress in SO pathophysiology.
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen Y, Cheng S, Dai J, Wang L, Xu Y, Peng X, Xie X, Peng C. Molecular mechanisms and applications of tea polyphenols: A narrative review. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13910. [PMID: 34426979 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tea is a worldwide popular drink with high nutritional and medicinal values as it is rich in nutrients, such as polyphenols, amino acids, vitamins, glycosides, and so on. Among them, tea polyphenols (TPs) are the current research hotspot. TPs are known to have multiple biological activities such as anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, anti-bacteria, lowering lipid, and liver protection. By reviewing a large number of literatures, we explained the mechanism of TPs exerting biological activity and a wide range of applications. We also discussed the deficiencies and development potential of TPs, in order to provide theoretical reference and scientific basis for the subsequent development and utilization of TPs. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: We summarized the bioactivity mechanisms of TPs in anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, and liver protection, focused on its application fields in food and medicine, and discussed the deficiency and development potential of current research on TPs, so as to provide a certain convenient way for scholars studying TPs. It is expected to contribute to the subsequent discovery of biological activity and the broadening of the field of TPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Si Cheng
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiangang Dai
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Wang
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Xu
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Peng
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bayram HM, Majoo FM, Ozturkcan A. Polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: An update of preclinical and clinical studies. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 44:1-14. [PMID: 34330452 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The prevention and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the most urgent problems to be solved. To date, only a lifestyle modification related to diet and physical activity is considered for these patients. Polyphenols are a group of plant natural products that when regularly consumed has been related to a reduction in the risk of several metabolic disorders associated with NAFLD. In this study, we aimed to present an overview of the relationship between polyphenols and NAFLD with current approaches. METHODS We performed a comprehensive literature search for articles on polyphenols and NAFLD published in English between January 2018 to August 2020. Keywords included in this review: "Phenolic" OR "Polyphenol" AND "Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease". The editorials, communications and conference abstracts were excluded. RESULTS Different polyphenols decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokines in both serum and liver that contribute to a decrease in fatty liver dysfunction. Additionally, polyphenols may improve the regulation of adipokines and prevent hepatic steatosis. According to human clinical studies, polyphenols are promising for NAFLD patients and associated diseases that lead to NAFLD. CONCLUSION Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that various polyphenols could prevent steatosis and its progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, as well as ameliorate NAFLD. However, more clinical studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Merve Bayram
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul Gelisim University, Avcilar, 34310, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Fuzail Mohammed Majoo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul Gelisim University, Avcilar, 34310, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Arda Ozturkcan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul Gelisim University, Avcilar, 34310, Istanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhao Y, Guo M. EFFECTS OF PUERARIA LOBATA COMBINED WITH HIGH-INTENSITY INTERMITTENT TRAINING ON SKELETAL MUSCLE QUALITY AND GENE EXPRESSION. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202127022021_0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Extraction of effective components from Pueraria lobata has important value for skeletal muscle quality and gene expression. The improvement effect of traditional high-intensity intermittent training on skeletal muscle has not been obvious, and it is difficult to guarantee the properties of some volatiles. Based on this, this paper analyzes the effect of high-intensity intermittent training on skeletal muscle quality and gene expression in Pueraria lobata. Based on a brief summary of extraction of Pueraria lobata, status of research on the pharmaceutical components of Pueraria lobata was summarized. Different specimens of Pueraria lobata were selected as research objects, and the process of high-intensity intermittent training was designed. High-intensity intermittent training, solvent extraction and water solvent extraction were combined together to design the fixed-bed continuous extraction scheme. According to the influence of Pueraria lobata on skeletal muscle quality, the influence of intermittent training on skeletal muscle quality was analyzed. The extraction results showed that Pueraria lobata combined with high-intensity intermittent training can effectively improve the content of skeletal muscle and ensure the effective expression of skeletal muscle gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhao
- East China University of Science and Technology, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Green Tea Polyphenols Protect against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury by Regulating the Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:2696432. [PMID: 33273950 PMCID: PMC7695491 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2696432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Green tea polyphenols (GTPs) have been shown to exhibit diverse beneficial effects against a variety of diseases. Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is one of the most frequent causes of drug-induced liver injury. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of GTP on APAP-induced liver injury in mice and the underlying mechanisms involved. Male C57BL/6J mice were treated orally with different doses of GTP (37.5, 75, or 150 mg/kg) 4 h after APAP overdose (400 mg/kg) and continuously given every 8 h until sacrificed at 4, 12, 20, and 48 h after the first treatment of GTP. Survival rate and histological and biochemical assessments were performed to evaluate the APAP-induced liver injury. Protein expression of multiple drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters was measured to demonstrate the possible mechanisms involved. Our results revealed that administration of different doses of GTP significantly alleviated APAP-induced liver injury by improving the survival rate, hepatocellular necrosis, and ALT/AST/GSH levels after APAP overdose (400 mg/kg). The protein expression of APAP-induced drug transporters and metabolizing enzymes was mostly induced by GTP treatment, which was followed by reduction in drug transporters at the later time points. The current study collectively demonstrated that GTP protects against APAP-induced liver injury, possibly through regulating drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters after APAP overdose.
Collapse
|
14
|
Harlan L, Mena LT, Ramalingam L, Jayarathne S, Shen CL, Moustaid-Moussa N. Mechanisms Mediating Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Delta-Tocotrienol and Tart Cherry Anthocyanins in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113356. [PMID: 33143330 PMCID: PMC7694054 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation is a primary characteristic of obesity and can lead to other metabolic complications including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Several anti-inflammatory dietary bioactives decrease inflammation that accompanies metabolic diseases. We are specifically interested in delta-tocotrienol, (DT3) an isomer of vitamin E, and tart cherry anthocyanins (TCA), both of which possess individual anti-inflammatory properties. We have previously demonstrated that DT3 and TCA, individually, reduced systemic and adipose tissue inflammation in rodent models of obesity. However, whether these compounds have combinatorial effects has not been determined yet. Hence, we hypothesize that a combined treatment of DT3 and TCA will have great effects in reducing inflammation in adipocytes, and that these effects are mediated via the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFkB), a major inflammatory transcription factor. We used 3T3-L1 adipocytes and treated them with 1–5 µM doses of DT3 along with tart cherry containing 18–36 µg anthocyanin/mL, to assess effects on inflammation. Neither DT3 nor TCA, nor their combinations had toxic effects on adipocytes. Furthermore, pro-inflammatory markers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and p-65 (subunit of NFkB) were reduced at the protein level in media collected from adipocytes with both individual and combined treatments. Additionally, other downstream targets of NFkB including macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (Mip2), and Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox2) were also significantly downregulated (p ≤ 0.05) when treated with individual and combined doses of DT3 and TCA with no additional combinatorial effects. In summary, DT3 and TCA individually, are beneficial in reducing inflammation with no additional combinatorial effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lexie Harlan
- Obesity Research Institute and Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (L.H.); (L.T.M.); (L.R.); (S.J.); (C.-L.S.)
| | - London T. Mena
- Obesity Research Institute and Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (L.H.); (L.T.M.); (L.R.); (S.J.); (C.-L.S.)
| | - Latha Ramalingam
- Obesity Research Institute and Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (L.H.); (L.T.M.); (L.R.); (S.J.); (C.-L.S.)
- Center of Excellence for Integrative Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Shasika Jayarathne
- Obesity Research Institute and Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (L.H.); (L.T.M.); (L.R.); (S.J.); (C.-L.S.)
| | - Chwan-Li Shen
- Obesity Research Institute and Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (L.H.); (L.T.M.); (L.R.); (S.J.); (C.-L.S.)
- Center of Excellence for Integrative Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Obesity Research Institute and Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (L.H.); (L.T.M.); (L.R.); (S.J.); (C.-L.S.)
- Center of Excellence for Integrative Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-806-834-7946
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Irandoost P, Mesri Alamdari N, Saidpour A, Shidfar F, Roshanravan N, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Farsi F, Asghari Hanjani N, Vafa M. The effects of royal jelly and tocotrienol-rich fraction on impaired glycemic control and inflammation through irisin in obese rats. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13493. [PMID: 33020956 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of royal jelly (RJ) and tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) on obesity-induced glucose intolerance and inflammation were assessed in the current study. Regarding irisin as an important adipomyokine that attenuates obesity-induced disorders, we evaluated whether RJ and TRF could exert their metabolism regulatory effects through irisin. Obese rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with or without supplementation of RJ, TRF, or both, for 8 weeks. At the end of the intervention, weight, irisin, glycemic, and inflammatory indices were measured. The weight of the rats did not remarkably reduce in any of the groups. Glucose homeostasis and inflammation were improved when we added RJ and TRF to HFD. RJ elevated irisin concentration, but the effect of TRF on irisin was not noticeable. Our results indicated that, despite the lack of significant weight loss, RJ and TRF promoted healthy obesity. This improvement was mediated by irisin in RJ consuming rats. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Obesity is a public health concern associated with several chronic disorders. The beneficial effects of irisin on obesity-related disorders are well-established. It is the first study assessing the effect of RJ and TRF as functional foods, with pharmacological and nutritional activities on obesity complications, through irisin mediation. Our study demonstrated that RJ exerts its metabolic regulatory effects by irisin as a mediator. Our investigation makes a remarkable contribution to the literature, because it suggests a new mechanism for the anti-obesity properties of RJ and TRF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pardis Irandoost
- Student Research Committee, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naimeh Mesri Alamdari
- Student Research Committee, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atoosa Saidpour
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Shidfar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Roshanravan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi
- Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farnaz Farsi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Asghari Hanjani
- Student Research Committee, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Vafa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Elmassry MM, Chung E, Cao JJ, Hamood AN, Shen CL. Osteoprotective effect of green tea polyphenols and annatto-extracted tocotrienol in obese mice is associated with enhanced microbiome vitamin K 2 biosynthetic pathways. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 86:108492. [PMID: 32920088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of the gut microbiome in bone health has received significant attention in the past decade. We investigated the effects of green tea polyphenols (GTP) and annatto-extracted tocotrienols (AT) on bone properties and gut microbiome in obese mice. Male mice were assigned to a two (no AT vs. 400 mg/kg diet AT) × two (no GTP vs. 0.5% w/v GTP) factorial design, namely control, G, T, and G+T group respectively, for 14 weeks. The 4th lumbar vertebra (LV-4) and femur were harvested for bone microstructural analysis using μ-CT. Microbiome analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing of cecal feces was performed. AT increased bone volume at distal femur. GTP increased serum procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide concentration, bone volume at the distal femur and the LV-4, and trabecular number at distal femur; whereas GTP decreased trabecular separation at distal femur. Interactions between GTP and AT were observed in serum C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen level (control>G=T=G+T) as well as the cortical bone area (control<G=T=G+T) and thickness (T≥G+T≥G≥control) at femur mid-diaphysis. Redundancy analysis showed a significant difference in the gut microbiome profile among different groups and the relative abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, Clostridum saccharogumia, and Subdoligranulum variabile was increased in the GTP- and AT-supplemented groups. Functional profiling of the gut microbiome showed the combination of GTP and AT induced biosynthetic pathways for vitamin K2. Our results suggest that GTP and AT supplementation benefits bone properties in obese mice through modifying gut microbiome composition and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moamen M Elmassry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409.
| | - Eunhee Chung
- Department of Kinesiology, Health, and Nutrition, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249.
| | - Jay J Cao
- USDA ARS Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58203.
| | - Abdul N Hamood
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430; Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430.
| | - Chwan-Li Shen
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430; Center of Excellence for Integrative Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430; Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu X, Hao Q, Hou L, Xia X, Zhao W, Zhang Y, Ge M, Liu Y, Zuo Z, Yue J, Dong B. Ethnic Groups Differences in the Prevalence of Sarcopenia Using the AWGS Criteria. J Nutr Health Aging 2020; 24:665-671. [PMID: 32510121 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-020-1381-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence of sarcopenia in different ethnic groups and the association with cultural life styles in west China. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. SETTINGS The communities in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Xinjiang provinces. PARTICIPANTS 4500 participants aged 50 years or older in west China were enrolled in this study. Sarcopenia was defined according to the diagnostic algorithm of the Asia Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS). MEASUREMENTS We measured gait speed, handgrip strength and muscle mass by using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) for all eligible participants. Life-style information were collected by reviewers. Relationships between sarcopenia and ethnic groups were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS We found 869 (19.31%) adults aged 50 years old or older were sarcopenia. The mean age is 62.4±8.3 years. The main ethnic groups enrolled in this study is Han, Tibetan, Qiang, Yi and Hui. The crude prevalence of sarcopenia is 22.3% in Han, 18.2% in Tibetan, 11.8% in Qiang, 34.7% in Yi and 26.7% in Hui. Compared to Han, after adjusting sex and age, Qiang has a lower prevalence of sarcopenia (odds ratio [OR]: 0.44, 95% CI 0.35-0.55), Yi has a higher prevalence of sarcopenia (OR: 1.78, 95% CI 1.29-2.43). While adding adjusting other potential cofounders, sarcopenia is still less prevalent in Qiang (OR: 0.44, 95% CI 0.34-0.57). CONCLUSIONS The crude prevalence of sarcopenia is 22.3% in Han, 18.2% in Tibetan, 11.8% in Qiang, 34.7% in Yi and 26.7% in Hui. Sarcopenia was less prevalent in Qiang compared with Han. Further studies to determine related factors of sarcopenia among different ethnic groups are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Liu
- Birong Dong, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Xiang Renmin Nan Lu Chengdu, Sichuan,China, Fax: 86-28-85422321, 610041, Email address: . Jirong Yue, Professor, Department of Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, Fax: 86-28-85422321, 610041, Email address:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abdulmalek SA, Balbaa M. Synergistic effect of nano-selenium and metformin on type 2 diabetic rat model: Diabetic complications alleviation through insulin sensitivity, oxidative mediators and inflammatory markers. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220779. [PMID: 31442295 PMCID: PMC6707613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In the present article, we explore a novel strategy of selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by investigating the effect of Se-NPs alone and in combination with standard anti-diabetic drug metformin (MET) in high-fat diet/streptozotocin (HFD/STZ)-induced T2DM. METHODS HFD was supplemented daily to experimental rats for 8 weeks, followed by a single low dose injection of 35 mg/kg of STZ to induce T2DM. The synergistic effect of the different therapeutic strategies on diabetic complications was evaluated after the Se-NPs and MET administration for 8 weeks. Molecular and biochemical analyses were conducted to figure out the effectiveness of our treatment on insulin sensitivity, oxidative mediators and inflammatory markers. RESULTS Our observations demonstrated that HFD/STZ-induced rats have a toxic effect on serum and hepatic tissues resulted in inducing remarkable oxidative damage and hyper-inflammation with a significant disturbance in the insulin signaling pathway. Experimental animals either treated with mono-therapeutic-two doses Se-NPs (0.1 and 0.4 mg/kg) and/or MET (100 mg/kg) alone as well as the combined therapy resulted in a remarkable protective anti-diabetic effect illustrated by significant decreases in fasting blood glucose and insulin levels after 8 weeks treatment. At the same time, the levels of active insulin signaling proteins pIRS1/pAKT/pGSK-3β/pAMPK were significantly improved. Moreover, Se-NPs exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect by the mitigation of cytokine expression and a balance between oxidative stress and antioxidant status was restored. Furthermore, the anti-diabetic drug MET administration also exhibited a significant improvement in diabetic complications after the treatment period. CONCLUSION This study provides mightily the mechanism of action of combined Se-NPs and MET as a promising therapeutic alternative that synergistically alleviates most of diabetic complications and insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaymaa A. Abdulmalek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Balbaa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|