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Pathan SU, Kharwar A, Ibrahim MA, Singh SB, Bajaj P. Enzymes as indispensable markers in disease diagnosis. Bioanalysis 2024; 16:485-497. [PMID: 38530222 PMCID: PMC11216522 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzymes have been used for disease diagnosis for many decades; however, advancements in technology like ELISA and flow cytometry-based detection have significantly increased their use and have increased the sensitivity of detection. Technological advancements in recombinant enzyme production have increased enzymatic stability, and the use of colorimetric-based and florescence-based assays has led to their increased use as biomarkers for disease detection. Enzymes like acid phosphatase, cathepsin, lactate dehydrogenase, thymidine kinase and creatine kinase are indispensable markers for diagnosing cancer, cardiovascular diseases and others. This minireview summarizes various enzymes used in disease diagnosis, their metabolic role, market value and potential as disease markers across various metabolic and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehabaz Usman Pathan
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Akash Kharwar
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Madaje Amir Ibrahim
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Priyanka Bajaj
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, India
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Zhang A, Wu H, Chen X, Chen Z, Pan Y, Qu W, Hao H, Chen D, Xie S. Targeting and arginine-driven synergizing photodynamic therapy with nutritional immunotherapy nanosystems for combating MRSA biofilms. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg9116. [PMID: 37450586 PMCID: PMC10348676 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg9116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The resistance and immune escape of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms cause recalcitrant infections. Here, we design a targeting and synergizing cascade PDT with nutritional immunotherapy nanosystems (Arg-PCN@Gel) containing PCN-224 as PDT platform for providing reactive oxygen species (ROS), incorporating arginine (Arg) as nitric oxide (NO) donor to cascade with ROS to produce more lethal ONOO- and promote immune response, and coating with gelatin as targeting agent and persistent Arg provider. The nanosystems adhered to the autolysin of MRSA and inhibited Arg metabolism by down-regulating icdA and icaA. It suppressed polysaccharide intercellular adhesin and extracellular DNA synthesis to prevent biofilm formation. The NO broke mature biofilms and helped ROS and ONOO- penetrate into biofilms to inactivate internal MRSA. Arg-PCN@Gel drove Arg to enhance immunity via inducible NO synthase/NO axis and arginase/polyamine axis and achieve efficient target treatment in MRSA biofilm infections. The targeting and cascading PDT synergized with nutritional immunotherapy provide an effective promising strategy for biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoxue Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Hao Wu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Wei Qu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Haihong Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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Clinical Evaluation of Cement-Retained Implant-Supported CAD/CAM Monolithic Zirconia Single Crowns in Posterior Areas: Results of a 6-Year Prospective Clinical Study. PROSTHESIS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/prosthesis4030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Different technologies and materials can be used for implant-supported restorations in posterior areas. Our study aimed to evaluate the clinical performance of CAD/CAM implant-supported monolithic zirconia single crowns (ZrSCs) cemented onto titanium abutments with a dual-curing resin cement after 6 years of use. Methods: Fifty patients in need of one single crown in posterior regions were enrolled. The patients were recalled for a follow-up after 6 months and then yearly for a total observation period of 6 years. The biological and technical complications were examined using criteria set by the United States Public Health Service (USPHS), whereas visual analogue scales (VASs) were used to evaluate the patients’ aesthetic and functional satisfaction. Results: No patient was lost at follow-up; both the survival and success rates were 100%. No fractures, decementation, peri-implantitis, or soft tissue inflammation were recorded. Forty-six restorations were rated Alpha in each evaluated parameter of the USPHS’s criteria. According to the patients’ VASs assessments, the overall function of the ZrSCs was 8.4 (±2.1), whereas the overall aesthetic was 8.7 (±0.7). Conclusions: Monolithic zirconia single crowns cemented with dual-curing resin cements onto titanium abutments can be considered an effective clinical option in posterior regions after 6 years of function.
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