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Lam TQ, Tran ATQ, Le Anh Phan T, Zitzmann F, Van Ho Phan N, Nguyen KT. Enhancing extraction efficiency of carpaine in Carica papaya L. leaves: coupling acid-base extraction with surfactant-assisted micro-flotation. RSC Adv 2024; 14:28768-28778. [PMID: 39263437 PMCID: PMC11388190 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra05132g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Carpaine, a major alkaloid in papaya leaves, has considerable cardiovascular benefits alongside its notable effects on muscle relaxation when utilized in medicine. In this study, the coupling of acid-base extraction and flotation was developed to completely remove the use of toxic solvents. This method entails the extraction of carpaine from Carica papaya L. leaves using hot water extraction alongside ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by the condensation of the species using surfactant-assisted flotation. The acid-base extraction was applied to alter the solubility of carpaine as desired at different stages of the process. The results showed that the carpaine extraction yield using all the treatments in conjunction was significantly higher compared to the control samples in which the acid-base extraction or flotation was not applied. The TLC and GC-FID results suggested that the bubbles introduced during the flotation were highly specific toward their interactions with carpaine in its hydrophobic complex form. The quantity of carpaine extracted using our method, in comparison to the amount of carpaine obtained using a different method from a previous study that utilized ethanolic extraction, exhibited a 2.32-fold greater extraction yield. This work demonstrates the importance of flexible utilization of both surface and bulk chemistry in achieving an improved solution for a technical problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thien Quang Lam
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam +84 8 3724 4271 +84 8 3724 4270
| | - Anh Thi Quynh Tran
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam +84 8 3724 4271 +84 8 3724 4270
| | - Thu Le Anh Phan
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam +84 8 3724 4271 +84 8 3724 4270
| | - Florian Zitzmann
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam +84 8 3724 4271 +84 8 3724 4270
| | - Nam Van Ho Phan
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Khoi Tan Nguyen
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam +84 8 3724 4271 +84 8 3724 4270
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
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Chaijan S, Chaijan M, Uawisetwathana U, Panya A, Phonsatta N, Shetty K, Panpipat W. Phenolic and Metabolic Profiles, Antioxidant Activities, Glycemic Control, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Three Thai Papaya Cultivar Leaves. Foods 2024; 13:1692. [PMID: 38890920 PMCID: PMC11171871 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This study thoroughly examined the proximate composition, bioactive composition, and in vitro biological activities of three different cultivars of papaya leaf extracts (PLEs) as potential functional ingredients and nutraceuticals. The dark green leaves of three papaya cultivars, Khaek Dam (KD), Holland (H), and Thai Local (L), were used in this study. The protein content of the leaves ranged from 25.96 to 32.18%, the fat content ranged from 7.34 to 11.66%, the carbohydrate content ranged from 5.80 to 17.91%, the moisture content ranged from 6.02 to 6.49%, the ash content ranged from 11.23 to 12.40%, and the fiber content ranged from 23.24 to 38.48%. The L cultivar possessed significantly higher protein and carbohydrate contents, whereas the H cultivar had the highest ash content (p < 0.05). The total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 113.94 to 173.69 mg GAE/g extract, with the KD cultivar having the highest TPC (p < 0.05). Several metabolic compounds such as phenolic compounds (particularly kaempferol, isorhamnetin, quercetin, ferulic acid, isoferulic acid, salicylic acid, sinapic acid, syringic acid, and vanillin), terpenoids (such as eucalyptol), glycosides, and indole were identified. The PLE from the KD cultivar had the highest levels of DPPH• inhibition, metal chelation, reducing power, and antidiabetic activity (p < 0.05), suggesting superior biological activity. All three PLEs reduced the proliferation of RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner with low nitric oxide formation. These results indicate that the papaya leaf, particularly from the KD cultivar, could be a promising source of functional food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirinet Chaijan
- Food Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, Department of Food Science and Innovation, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; (S.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Manat Chaijan
- Food Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, Department of Food Science and Innovation, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; (S.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Umaporn Uawisetwathana
- Microarray Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
- International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 111 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Thailand Metabolomics Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Atikorn Panya
- Food Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (A.P.); (N.P.)
| | - Natthaporn Phonsatta
- Food Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (A.P.); (N.P.)
| | - Kalidas Shetty
- Global Institute of Food Security and International Agriculture (GIFSIA), North Dakota State University, 374 D Loftsgard Hall, 1360 Albrecht Blvd., Fargo, ND 58108, USA;
| | - Worawan Panpipat
- Food Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, Department of Food Science and Innovation, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; (S.C.); (M.C.)
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Alagarasu K, Punekar M, Patil P, Kasabe B, Kakade M, Davuluri KS, Cherian S, Parashar D. Effect of carpaine, a major alkaloid from Carica papaya leaves, on dengue virus-2 infection and replication-an in-vitro and in-silico study. Phytother Res 2023; 37:3191-3194. [PMID: 36587936 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalichamy Alagarasu
- Dengue and Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Madhura Punekar
- Dengue and Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Poonam Patil
- Dengue and Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Bhagyashri Kasabe
- Bioinformatics and Data Management Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Mahadeo Kakade
- Dengue and Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Kusuma Sai Davuluri
- Dengue and Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Sarah Cherian
- Bioinformatics and Data Management Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Deepti Parashar
- Dengue and Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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Mishra KP, Bakshi J, Sharma G, Singh S, Panjwani U. A Comparative Analysis of Effectiveness of Recombinant Interleukin-11 Versus Papaya Leaf Extract for Treatment of Thrombocytopenia: A Review. Indian J Clin Biochem 2023; 38:297-304. [PMID: 37234180 PMCID: PMC10205934 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-022-01097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Platelets or thrombocytes play an important role in thrombosis and maintaining hemostasis. Thrombocytes help in forming blood clots at the site of the wound. When the level of platelets decreases, uncontrolled bleeding occurs which can result in mortality. A decrease in the blood platelet level is known as thrombocytopenia which can be caused due to various reasons. A variety of treatment options are available for thrombocytopenia like platelet transfusion, splenectomy, platelet management with various types of corticosteroids, and recombinant interleukin-11 (rhIL-11). The use of rhIL-11 is approved by FDA for the treatment of thrombocytopenia. rhIL-11 is a recombinant cytokine that is administered to patients suffering from chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia as it enhances megakaryocytic proliferation which aids in platelet production. But this treatment has various side effects and is costly. Hence, there is a crucial need to identify cost-effective alternative strategies that present no side effects. The majority of the population in low-income countries requires a functional and cost-effective treatment for low thrombocyte count. Carica papaya is a tropical herbaceous plant that has been reported in recovering low platelet count during dengue virus infection. Even though multiple benefits of the Carica papaya leaf extract (CPLE) are popular, the active compound present in it, which mediates these benefits, remains to be identified. This review aims to highlight the different aspects of rhIL-11 and CPLE-induced platelet counts and their limitations and benefits in the treatment of thrombocytopenia. The literature related to the treatment of thrombocytopenia using rhIL-11 and CPLE from 1970 to 2022 was searched using PubMed and Google Scholar databases with the keywords Recombinant Interleukin-11, Papaya Leaf Extract, Thrombocytopenia, and Platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. P. Mishra
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Jyotsana Bakshi
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Gitika Sharma
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Somnath Singh
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Usha Panjwani
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, 110054 India
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Cañadas R, Sáenz de Miera B, Méndez P, González EJ, González-Miquel M. Enhanced Recovery of Natural Antioxidants from Grape Waste Using Natural Eutectic Solvents-Based Microwave-Assisted Extraction. Molecules 2023; 28:1153. [PMID: 36770819 PMCID: PMC9920075 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of sustainable solvents as alternatives to more harmful conventional solvents combined with intensification techniques to recover phenolic compounds from agri-food waste is in the spotlight. The wine industry generates large amounts of waste as a consequence of grape processing operations, which can be revalued by solvent extraction of valuable antioxidants for food and fine chemical applications. Therefore, the present study focuses on the use of natural eutectic solvents (NAESs) with benign environmental, health, and safety profiles, for valorization of grape waste in the context of a circular economy. Herein, up to 15 NAESs consisting of combinations of three hydrogen bond acceptors (choline chloride, L-proline, and betaine) and four hydrogen bond donors (1,2-propanediol, glycerol, and 1,2- and 1,3-butanediol) were evaluated for antioxidant recovery. After an initial screening of the performance of NAESs by conventional extraction, the process was intensified by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The extracts were analyzed by UV/VIS spectrophotometric and HPLC methods. Promising results were obtained with the solvent betaine, 1,2-butanediol [1:4], using MAE at 100 °C for 3 min. Overall, the proposed NAESs-based MAE method was successfully applied to recover target compounds from grape waste, with great prospects for the antioxidants market and sustainable development for the winery sector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - María González-Miquel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Higher Technical School of Industrial Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Derbew Gedif H, Tkaczewska J, Jamróz E, Zając M, Kasprzak M, Pająk P, Grzebieniarz W, Nowak N. Developing Technology for the Production of Innovative Coatings with Antioxidant Properties for Packaging Fish Products. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010026. [PMID: 36613241 PMCID: PMC9818252 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of furcellaran−gelatine (FUR/GEL) coatings incorporated with herb extracts on the quality retention of carp fish during refrigeration. Nutmeg, rosemary, thyme, milfoil, marjoram, parsley, turmeric, basil and ginger were subjected to water and ethanol extraction methods (10% concentration of herbs). The water extractions of the rosemary and thyme (5%) were used for the further development of coatings due to their high 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH: 85.49 and 83.28%) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay values (FRAP: 0.46 and 0.56 mM/L) (p < 0.05), respectively. A new, ready-to-cook product with the coatings (carp fillets) was evaluated regarding quality in terms of colour parameters, texture profile, water activity, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARSs) and sensory analyses during 12 days of storage at 4 °C. The results show that the colour of the carp fillets treated with the rosemary and thyme extracts became slightly darker and had a propensity towards redness and yellowness. In contrast to the control group, the carp fillets stored in the coatings with the rosemary extract effectively slowed the lipid oxidation processes. Therefore, the innovative coatings produced from carp processing waste may have high potential as components in convenience food products and could extend the shelf-life of carp fillets during refrigerated storage. However, further research is needed to assess the microbiological stability of the obtained food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Derbew Gedif
- Department of Animal Product Technology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149 Kraków, Poland
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar 26, Ethiopia
| | - Joanna Tkaczewska
- Department of Animal Product Technology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Ewelina Jamróz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marzena Zając
- Department of Animal Product Technology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149 Kraków, Poland
| | - Mirosław Kasprzak
- Department of Animal Product Technology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Pająk
- Department of Food Analysis and Quality Assessment, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Kraków, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Grzebieniarz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149 Kraków, Poland
| | - Nikola Nowak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149 Kraków, Poland
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Madushanka A, Verma N, Freindorf M, Kraka E. Papaya Leaf Extracts as Potential Dengue Treatment: An In-Silico Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12310. [PMID: 36293162 PMCID: PMC9610845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) cause serious public health problems, with nearly 390 million people affected and 20,000 deaths per year in tropical and subtropical countries. Despite numerous attempts, no antiviral drug or vaccine is currently available to combat the manifestation. The challenge of discovering an efficient vaccine is enhanced by the surplus presence of efficient vectors and drug resistance from the virus. For centuries, papaya (Carica papaya) extracts have been traditionally used to treat DF, DHF, and DSS. In the present study, we systematically investigated seven compounds isolated from papaya leaf extract with regard to their potential as inhibitors for non-structural (NS) proteins, NS3 and NS5, which play a crucial role in viral RNA replication. The computational tools applied stretched across classical molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and SwissADME used to calculate binding affinities; binding free energies; Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME); and drug-likeness properties, thus, identifying Kaempferol, Chlorogenic acid, and Quercetin as potential candidates, with Kaempferol and Quercetin scoring best. Therefore, for the Kaempferol and Quercetin complexes, hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) geometry and frequency calculations were performed, followed by the local mode analysis developed in our group to quantify Kaempferol-NS and Quercetin-NS hydrogen bonding. Given the non-toxic nature and the wide availability of the Kaempferol and Quercetin papaya extract in almost all of the susceptible regions, and our results showing high NS3 and NS5 binding affinities and energies, strong hydrogen bonding with both NS3 and NS5, and excellent ADME properties, we suggest Kaempferol and Quercetin as a strong NS3 and NS5 inhibitor to be further investigated in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elfi Kraka
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, P.O. Box 750314, Dallas, TX 75275, USA
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Yap JY, Hii CL, Ong SP, Lim KH, Abas F, Pin KY. Degradation kinetics of carpaine and antioxidant properties of dried Carica papaya leaves as affected by drying methods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2021-0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Carpaine in papaya leaves has the potential to treat dengue fever and it also contains antioxidants which could prevent or inhibit oxidation processes in the human body. Studies were conducted on the effects of storage on carpaine retention and antioxidant properties of dried papaya leaves. Results showed that the Weibull model could predict well the degradation kinetics of carpaine in all samples (freeze drying and hot air drying at 60 °C and 70 °C) except for hot air dried samples at 80 °C and shade dried samples (first order model). Generally, freeze dried samples showed the highest half-life whereas total polyphenols content and antioxidant properties (ABTS and DPPH free radical scavenging activities) of all dried samples decreased with storage period. An increasing trend in total colour difference (ΔE
*
) was observed in all samples possibly due to chlorophyll degradation. It is thus recommended to select freeze dried samples for storage purpose due to better stability as indicated by the lowest rate constant (k = 0.0135 1/month) and the highest half-life (t
1/2 = 51.2 months).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ying Yap
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia , Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih , Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia
| | - Ching Lik Hii
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia , Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih , Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia
| | - Sze Pheng Ong
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia , Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih , Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia
| | - Kuan Hon Lim
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia , Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih , Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia
| | - Faridah Abas
- Department of Food Science , Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 Serdang , Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia
| | - Kar Yong Pin
- Forest Research Institute Malaysia , 52109 Kuala Lumpur , Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia
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Carpaine Promotes Proliferation and Repair of H9c2 Cardiomyocytes after Oxidative Insults. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020230. [PMID: 35215343 PMCID: PMC8880139 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carpaine has long been identified as the major alkaloid in Carica papaya leaves that possess muscle relaxant properties. Limited study on the molecular signaling properties of carpaine urges us to conduct this study that aims to elucidate the mechanism underlying the cardioprotective effect of carpaine in embryonic cardiomyocytes of the H9c2 cell line. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of carpaine was first determined using a colorimetric MTT assay to establish the minimum inhibitory concentration for the subsequent test. Using a 1 µM carpaine treatment, a significant increase in the H9c2 proliferation rate was observed following 24 and 48 h of incubation. A Western blot analysis also revealed that carpaine promotes the upregulation of the cell cycle marker proteins cyclin D1 and PCNA. Carpaine-induced H9c2 cell proliferation is mediated by the activation of the FAK-ERK1/2 and FAK-AKT signaling pathways. In the setting of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), carpaine provided a significant protective role to recover the wounded area affected by the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment. Furthermore, the oxidative-stress-induced reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were attenuated by carpaine treatment. The current study revealed a novel therapeutic potential of carpaine in promoting in vitro cardiomyocyte proliferation and repair following injury.
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