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Bijai LK, Aboalela AA, Albalawi F, Khanagar SB, Iyer K. Role of mast cells in the pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:1219. [PMID: 39402549 PMCID: PMC11476548 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-05025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 10/07/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) is an oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD) that commonly occurs in the South Asian population as there is high usage of areca nut. There has been extensive research on the pathogenesis and treatment of this condition. It is well-established in the scientific literature that mast cells (MC) have a definitive role in several inflammatory disorders. OSMF being a chronic inflammatory disorder, is also expected to have increased MCs. Hence, this review aims to evaluate the role of MCs in the pathogenesis of OSMF. METHODS A systematic search of articles was performed by two of the authors independently in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using the appropriate keywords and Boolean terms. The risk of bias was assessed using the Modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The meta-analysis was performed with R studio software (Version: 4.4.0, Year: 2024, Company: The R foundation for statistical computing). RESULTS The search retrieved 36 studies, of which 16 were suitable for the review. There is evidence for a marked increase in the number of MCs in OSMF than the normal mucosa upon analyzing the retrieved articles. However, when comparing the grades of OSMF, there are variations in the reports. As all the retrieved articles were case-control studies, the risk of bias was analyzed using the Modified New Castle Ottawa Scale. All the studies scored in the good category (Score 6-9). The pooled effect size shows the Standard Mean Deviation (SMD) to be 0.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) [-0.18;0.37] to lie on either side of no effect. Hence the role of MCs in OSMF has not been established because of homogeneity and consistent sampling error. CONCLUSION Our systematic review does suggest a definitive role of mast cells in the progression of OSMF. However, there is a lack of methodological rigor in the included studies. This may contribute to diluting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laliytha Kumar Bijai
- Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia.
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11481, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ali A Aboalela
- Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farraj Albalawi
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Preventive Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sanjeev B Khanagar
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Preventive Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kiran Iyer
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Preventive Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
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Gharote H, Bhowate R, Dangore-Khasbage S. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemical analysis of mast cell related biochemicals in oral submucous fibrosis. F1000Res 2024; 12:1288. [PMID: 38826574 PMCID: PMC11140300 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.141179.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), a potentially malignant disorder, is developed by progressive fibrous tissue deposition in connective tissue along with atrophy of oral mucosa. Histological sections also show the mast cell infiltration in submucosa which may indicate their possible role in this entity. Abundant availability of biochemicals in mast cells like histamine and serine proteases like chymase may be released and play specific pathways in the disease pathophysiology. Possibly, if the histamine release has some part to play, diamine oxidase may also be found to have a relationship as it metabolizes histamine. The present study is proposed to identify the presence of chymase, histamine, and diamine oxidase in both, serum as well as tissue by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) respectively. This study may provide probable insight into the mast cell-related chemicals and their association with OSMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshkant Gharote
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, Maharashtra, 442004, India
| | - Rahul Bhowate
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, Maharashtra, 442004, India
| | - Suwarna Dangore-Khasbage
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, Maharashtra, 442004, India
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Kumar V, Kumari N, Ealla KKR, Gour S, Srivastava H, Rallabhandi S. Comparative analysis of trace elements in the saliva and serum of patients with oral submucous fibrosis and squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Clin Oncol 2024; 20:18. [PMID: 38332992 PMCID: PMC10851181 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2024.2716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Of note, one third of oral cancer or oral tissue dysfunction cases are from India, primarily resulting from the consumption of Gutkha, a type of smokeless tobacco prevalent among several Indian populations. Gutkha is a mixture of tobacco, areca nut, slaked lime, catechu, spices, sweeteners and essences. Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), which is linked to the consumption of areca nut products and tobacco, is a chronic, precancerous condition of the submucosal tissues. OSMF transforms into oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) at a rate of 7-13%. Gutkha also contains various trace elements, such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se) and molybdenum (Mo). Alterations in trace element levels in the body are associated with cancer progression. The present study aimed to determine the levels of serum and salivary trace elements in patients with OSMF and OSCC. A total of 80 patients were selected for the study and were divided into four groups of 20 patients in each (Group A, gutkha intake without OSMF; group B, gutkha intake with OSMF; group C, OSCC; and group D, control). The level of Cu was found to be increased and the levels of Zn, Se and Mo were decreased in the serum of patients with OSMF and OSCC compared with the controls. The salivary levels of these elements were lower compared with those in the serum. Age and sex had no significant effect on the levels of these trace elements. The results of the present study affirm the fact that serum and salivary trace elements are altered in pre-malignant and malignant lesions as the disease progresses. As the composition of saliva often varies, monitoring serum trace element levels as diagnostic and prognostic markers may aid in the early detection of the disease and in the management of the treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayendra Kumar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, MNR Dental College and Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana 502294, India
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aditya Dental College and Hospital, Beed, Maharashtra 431122, India
| | - Neema Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 502285, India
- Department of Microbiology, Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana 500055, India
| | - Kranti Kiran Reddy Ealla
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, MNR Dental College and Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana 502294, India
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Malla Reddy Institute of Dental Sciences, Suraram X Roads, Jeedimetla, Quthbullapur, Hyderabad, Telangana 500055, India
| | - Shreya Gour
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, MNR Dental College and Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana 502294, India
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Srijay Dental and Wellness Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana 500049, India
| | - Himanshu Srivastava
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Aditya Dental College and Hospital, Beed, Maharashtra 431122, India
| | - Swathi Rallabhandi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana 500095, India
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Gharote H, Bhowate R. Mast cell expression in oral submucous fibrosis: A systematic review and metanalysis. J Clin Exp Dent 2023; 15:e571-e577. [PMID: 37519326 PMCID: PMC10382163 DOI: 10.4317/jced.60234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic disorder associated with reduced mouth opening, burning sensation and listed as potentially malignant disorder. The role of mast cells in initiation and progression of this condition has been debated in last few years. It is imperative to understand the definitive role of mast cells and subsequently identify a possible cost-efficient treatment modality for OSMF. This review aimed to study the role of mast cells in OSMF by framing a research question that assessed the mast cell count (MCC), their degranulation and immunohistochemical analyses. We performed a comprehensive search of PubMed, EBSCOhost and general Google search that conceded 26 studies from which 15 articles were finalized for the review. The individual study syntheses revealed increased MCC in OSMF as compared to controls. Also, there was decreased MCC with the progression of OSMF. However, the metanalysis showed high level of heterogeneity as three studies out of eight studies found reduced MCC in disease when compared with controls. There is definite increase in mast cell in OSMF although the cell count falls with the advancement of OSMF. This increases the scope for further research to identify exact mechanism by which mast cells contribute to fibrosis and conduct the drug trials that can inhibit the mechanism. Key words:Oral submucous fibrosis, mast cell count, degranulated mast cells, stages of OSMF.Oral submucous fibrosis, mast cell count, degranulated mast cells, stages of OSMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshkant Gharote
- Professor, Oral Sciences Division, Dentistry Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahul Bhowate
- Professor, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Sawangi, Wardha, 442004, Maharashtra, India
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Gupta S, Sharma M, Banerjee S, Holikatti K, Kamble P, Goyal JV. The Immunolocalization of Mast Cells in the Pathology of Oral Submucous Fibrosis. Cureus 2023; 15:e40069. [PMID: 37425595 PMCID: PMC10326457 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a prevalent precancerous condition of the oral cavity and an ambiguity to clinicians because of its indistinguishable etiopathogenesis. Previous studies could not establish a definite role of mast cells (MCs) in the fibrosis of stroma. The present study was done to study the histopathological changes in OSMF and to determine the association of mast cells (MCs) and their degranulated components with vascularity. Methods A retrospective case-control study involved 40 cases of various histopathological grades of OSMF and was compared with 10 cases of normal buccal mucosa by using a cluster of differentiation 117 (CD117) kit for the identification of MCs and Masson's trichrome stain to study the number of blood vessels (BVs). Results The present study indicated that advanced cases of OSMF had keratinized epithelium with atrophic changes and moderate to advanced fibrosis of stroma with the involvement of underlying muscles. The MC density and the number of blood vessels were progressively reduced in OSMF as the grade advanced compared to healthy controls. Conclusion An increase in the mast cell density in the initial stages of OSMF suggests their definite role in the initiation of fibrosis and secondary changes to the epithelium such as atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Gupta
- Orthodontics, Jawahar Medical Foundation's (JMF) Annasaheb Chudaman Patil Memorial (ACPM) Dental College, Dhule, IND
| | - Manish Sharma
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Jawahar Medical Foundation's (JMF) Annasaheb Chudaman Patil Memorial (ACPM) Dental College, Dhule, IND
| | - Satyabrat Banerjee
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Jawahar Medical Foundation's (JMF) Annasaheb Chudaman Patil Memorial (ACPM) Dental College, Dhule, IND
| | - Kiran Holikatti
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Jawahar Medical Foundation's (JMF) Annasaheb Chudaman Patil Memorial (ACPM) Dental College, Dhule, IND
| | - Priyanka Kamble
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Jawahar Medical Foundation's (JMF) Annasaheb Chudaman Patil Memorial (ACPM) Dental College, Dhule, IND
| | - Jay V Goyal
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jawahar Medical Foundation's (JMF) Annasaheb Chudaman Patil Memorial (ACPM) Dental College, Dhule, IND
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Huang Z, Sharma M, Dave A, Yang Y, Chen ZS, Radhakrishnan R. The Antifibrotic and the Anticarcinogenic Activity of Capsaicin in Hot Chili Pepper in Relation to Oral Submucous Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:888280. [PMID: 35600864 PMCID: PMC9114457 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.888280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A burning sensation on eating spicy foods purportedly supports the role of capsaicin, an active component of chili peppers, in the etiology of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). Although the mast cell mediators and activated P2X receptors induce a constant burning sensation through an ATP-dependent mechanism, it is the activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV-1) receptor by capsaicin that aggravates it. The molecular basis for the burning pain in OSF is thus attributable to the activation of TRPV1. There is overwhelming evidence that confirms capsaicin has more of a protective role in attenuating fibrosis and is potentially therapeutic in reversing conditions linked to collagen accumulation. The activation of TRPV-1 by capsaicin increases intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i), upregulates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1), to enrich endothelium-dependent vasodilation via endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The induction of vasodilation induces antifibrotic effects by alleviating hypoxia. The antifibrotic effects of capsaicin are mediated through the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes, downregulation of inflammatory genes and suppression of new collagen fibril formation. Capsaicin also demonstrates an anticarcinogenic effect by upregulating the cytotoxic T cells and downregulating regulatory T cells through the inhibition of angiogenesis and promotion of apoptosis. Judicious administration of capsaicin with an appropriate delivery mechanism may have therapeutic benefits in reducing pain sensation, rendering antifibrotic effects, and preventing the malignant transformation of OSF. This paper provides an overview of the molecular basis of capsaicin and its therapeutic application as an antifibrotic and anticarcinogenic agent for the treatment of OSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoufang Huang
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Mohit Sharma
- Department of Oral Pathology, SGT Dental College Hospital and Research Institute, Gurugram, India
| | - Aparna Dave
- Department of Oral Pathology, SGT Dental College Hospital and Research Institute, Gurugram, India
| | - Yuqi Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, New York, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Zhe-Sheng Chen, ; Raghu Radhakrishnan,
| | - Raghu Radhakrishnan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India,*Correspondence: Zhe-Sheng Chen, ; Raghu Radhakrishnan,
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Sharma SR, Chavan S, Karjodkar FR, Sansare K, Bharathi S, Singh S. Correlation of Clinical Features in Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A 9-Year Retrospective Study. Ethiop J Health Sci 2022; 32:137-144. [PMID: 35250225 PMCID: PMC8864384 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v32i1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral Submucous Fibrosis is a chronic debilitating disease and potentially malignant disorder of the oral cavity known in medical literature for a long time. The study aims to correlate the clinical staging of Oral Submucous Fibrosis with various clinical findings of the oral mucosa like hyperpigmentation, erosions, ulcerations, VAS score, tongue protrusion, and cheek flexibility. METHODS A retrospective observational study was undertaken and records of 1267 clinically diagnosed cases of OSMF were included in the study. Clinical grading was done as per criteria by Lai DR et al. The observations were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software. RESULTS In our study, the incidence of hyperpigmentation, erosions, and ulcerations was higher in Group C OSMF. Visual analog scores in the range of 5-6 was noted in 40.9% of the total subjects, out of which 36.2% belonged to Group C OSMF. Tongue protrusion of less than 25 mm was seen in 10.65% of the subjects. Cheek flexibility of less than 0.6 cm was seen in 19.62% of the subjects, most of which belonged to Group D. CONCLUSION In our study, we found an increase in the occurrence and severity of symptoms with an increase in grades of OSMF, but this increase was not observed to be consistent. Hence classification based on a single clinical entity cannot be sufficient and correlations to other clinical findings should be studied over a large population and a multi-tier classification could be proposed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha R Sharma
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Pacific Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Samiksha Chavan
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Freny R Karjodkar
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kaustubh Sansare
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - S Bharathi
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shivani Singh
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Memon AB, Rahman AAU, Channar KA, Zafar MS, Kumar N. Assessing the Quality of Life of Oral Submucous Fibrosis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study Using the WHOQOL-BREF Tool. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189498. [PMID: 34574424 PMCID: PMC8464822 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the quality of life (QoL) of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) patients using the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences (LUMHS), Jamshoro. We used the consecutive sampling technique to recruit patients who were clinically diagnosed with OSMF (n = 112). Data were collected using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire, which contains a total of 26 questions. The first two questions, related to overall QoL and overall health status, were evaluated separately. The remaining questions (3-26), which represented four domains-physical, psychological, social, and environmental health-were evaluated separately. Patients were asked questions in their native language (Urdu). The relationship between these four domains of life was evaluated with gender, age categories, functional staging, and habit duration using the independent t-test to determine statistical significance. Cronbach's Alpha was used to assess the reliability of the WHOQOL-BREF domains. The overall QoL of the OSMF patients was considerably poor, and the majority of the patients were unsatisfied with their oral health status. The age variable significantly affected the scores of all domains except for social relationships, whereas habit duration and functional staging of OSMF did not significantly affect the scores of all domains. The domains of the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire (translated into the Urdu language) showed good reliability, except for social relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Bari Memon
- Medical Research Centre, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro 76090, Pakistan; (A.B.M.); (A.A.U.R.)
| | - Aneela Atta Ur Rahman
- Medical Research Centre, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro 76090, Pakistan; (A.B.M.); (A.A.U.R.)
- Faculty of Community Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Shaheed Mohtarama Benazir Bhutto Medical University, Larkana 77150, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Ali Channar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dentistry, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro 76090, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Sohail Zafar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah, Al Munawwarah 41311, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Medical Research Centre, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro 76090, Pakistan; (A.B.M.); (A.A.U.R.)
- Ishrat Ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +92-333-2818500
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Wang L, Tang Z. Immunopathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis by chewing the areca nut. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:469-476. [PMID: 34124802 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0521-763rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic, progressive, scarring, and premalignant disease of the oral mucosa. Its pathogenic factors are complex and include chewing areca nuts or other spicy food items, nutrition, and genetic and immune factors. Recently, immune factors have become the focus of medical research, with increased attention being paid to the role of immune regulation in diseases, particularly tumors. OSF is accompanied by obvious changes in the immune microenvironment. The aim of this review is to discuss the potential relationship of OSF and areca nuts genetic with the immune system, including lymphocytes, macrophage, Langerhans cell, mast cell, and substances released by activated immune cells, to determine the pathogenesis and treatment of OSF from an immunologic viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Zhangui Tang
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
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