Mucoadhesive silver nanoparticle-based local drug delivery system for peri-implantitis management in COVID-19 era. Part 1: antimicrobial and safety in-vitro analysis

The Integration of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems into Conventional Adjuvant Therapies for Peri-Implantitis Treatment

Despite the high success rates of dental implants, peri-implantitis is currently the most common complication in dental implantology. Peri-implantitis has an inflammatory nature, it is associated with the accumulation of plaque in the peri-implant tissues, and its evolution can be progressive depending on various factors, comorbidities, and poor oral health. Prophylaxis and different treatment methods have been widely discussed in recent decades, and surgical and non-surgical techniques present both advantages and disadvantages. In this work, a literature review of different studies on the application of adjuvant treatments, such as local and systemic antibiotics and antiseptic treatments, was conducted. Positive outcomes have been found in the short (up to one year after treatment) and long term (up to ten years after treatment) with combined therapies. However, there is still a need to explore new therapies based on the use of advanced drug delivery systems for the effective treatment of peri-implantitis in the long term and without relapses. Hence, micro- and nanoparticles, implants, and injectable hydrogels, among others, should be considered in future peri-implantitis treatment with the aim of enhancing overall therapy outcomes.

Are Local Drug Delivery Systems a Challenge in Clinical Periodontology?

Placing antimicrobial treatments directly in periodontal pockets is an example of the local administration of antimicrobial drugs to treat periodontitis. This method of therapy is advantageous since the drug concentration after application far surpasses the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and lasts for a number of weeks. As a result, numerous local drug delivery systems (LDDSs) utilizing various antibiotics or antiseptics have been created. There is constant effort to develop novel formulations for the localized administration of periodontitis treatments, some of which have failed to show any efficacy while others show promise. Thus, future research should focus on the way LDDSs can be personalized in order to optimize future clinical protocols in periodontal therapy.

Nanoparticle based periodontal drug delivery - A review on current trends and future perspectives

Introduction

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease, resulting due to host immune response against subgingival biofilm. Most conventional treatment protocols aim to control the subgingival biofilm by mechanical means, such as dental scaling and root planning, and frequently accompanied by antibacterial co-adjuvant therapies, including antibiotics, antiseptics, or probiotics. Local drug delivery facilitates administration of a lower dose of the drug to the target site, but at higher concentration, thereby reducing systemic adverse effects and toxicity. The present systematic review was conducted with the aim of identifying and reporting nanoparticle based periodontal drug delivery systems, with a specific focus on current trends and future perspectives in this field.

Materials & methods

Comprehensive literature search, restricted to published reports in English language between January 2000 and February 2022, was done electronically and manually. Search queries were addressed to the following electronic databases including, PubMed (MEDLINE), Science Direct (Elsevier), Cochrane Library, Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics) and Scholar (Google). Database search returned 780 results which were screened based on title, author names and publication dates, to identify 13 studies fulfilling the review criteria.

Results

Data from the 13 included studies were reviewed and tabulated, elaborating the type of nanoparticle used, drug delivered and tissues/cells/subcellular components targeted by periodontal drug delivery. While majority of the studies were conducted in vitro, there were 3 in vivo studies and 3 clinical studies. Using nanotechnology for drug delivery resulted in better inhibition of bacterial growth, inflammatory modulation favoring resolution of periodontitis and capability for early tissue regeneration.

Conclusion

Recent developments in nanotechnology have enabled targeted local delivery of drugs and anti-inflammatory biomolecules, in synergy with nanoparticles, towards periodontal pathogens, inflammatory cells and periodontal tissues. Further research evaluating clinical periodontal disease management through nanoparticle based local drug delivery drugs is highly recommended.

Advances in Nanomaterial-Based Platforms to Combat COVID-19: Diagnostics, Preventions, Therapeutics, and Vaccine Developments

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2, a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus that emerged less than two years ago but has caused nearly 6.1 million deaths to date. Recently developed variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus have been shown to be more potent and expanded at a faster rate. Until now, there is no specific and effective treatment for SARS-CoV-2 in terms of reliable and sustainable recovery. Precaution, prevention, and vaccinations are the only ways to keep the pandemic situation under control. Medical and scientific professionals are now focusing on the repurposing of previous technology and trying to develop more fruitful methodologies to detect the presence of viruses, treat the patients, precautionary items, and vaccine developments. Nanomedicine or nanobased platforms can play a crucial role in these fronts. Researchers are working on many effective approaches by nanosized particles to combat SARS-CoV-2. The role of a nanobased platform to combat SARS-CoV-2 is extremely diverse (i.e., mark to personal protective suit, rapid diagnostic tool to targeted treatment, and vaccine developments). Although there are many theoretical possibilities of a nanobased platform to combat SARS-CoV-2, until now there is an inadequate number of research targeting SARS-CoV-2 to explore such scenarios. This unique mini-review aims to compile and elaborate on the recent advances of nanobased approaches from prevention, diagnostics, treatment to vaccine developments against SARS-CoV-2, and associated challenges.