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Jahangir S, Esrafilian A, Ebrahimi M, Stenroth L, Alkjær T, Henriksen M, Englund M, Mononen ME, Korhonen RK, Tanska P. Sensitivity of simulated knee joint mechanics to selected human and bovine fibril-reinforced poroelastic material properties. J Biomech 2023; 160:111800. [PMID: 37797566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibril-reinforced poroviscoelastic material models are considered state-of-the-art in modeling articular cartilage biomechanics. Yet, cartilage material parameters are often based on bovine tissue properties in computational knee joint models, although bovine properties are distinctly different from those of humans. Thus, we aimed to investigate how cartilage mechanical responses are affected in the knee joint model during walking when fibril-reinforced poroviscoelastic properties of cartilage are based on human data instead of bovine. We constructed a finite element knee joint model in which tibial and femoral cartilages were modeled as fibril-reinforced poroviscoelastic material using either human or bovine data. Joint loading was based on subject-specific gait data. The resulting mechanical responses of knee cartilage were compared between the knee joint models with human or bovine fibril-reinforced poroviscoelastic cartilage properties. Furthermore, we conducted a sensitivity analysis to determine which fibril-reinforced poroviscoelastic material parameters have the greatest impact on cartilage mechanical responses in the knee joint during walking. In general, bovine cartilage properties yielded greater maximum principal stresses and fluid pressures (both up to 30%) when compared to the human cartilage properties during the loading response in both femoral and tibial cartilage sites. Cartilage mechanical responses were very sensitive to the collagen fibril-related material parameter variations during walking while they were unresponsive to proteoglycan matrix or fluid flow-related material parameter variations. Taken together, human cartilage material properties should be accounted for when the goal is to compare absolute mechanical responses of knee joint cartilage as bovine material parameters lead to substantially different cartilage mechanical responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Jahangir
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Amir Esrafilian
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Lauri Stenroth
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tine Alkjær
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marius Henriksen
- The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Englund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mika E Mononen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri Tanska
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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2
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Hammersen T, Buchert J, Zietzschmann S, Diederichs S, Richter W. Inverse Regulation of Cartilage Neogenesis at Physiologically Relevant Calcium Conditions by Human Articular Chondrocytes and Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Cells 2023; 12:1659. [PMID: 37371129 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Elaborate bioreactor cultivation or expensive growth factor supplementation can enhance extracellular matrix production in engineered neocartilage to provide sufficient mechanical resistance. We here investigated whether raising extracellular calcium levels in chondrogenic cultures to physiologically relevant levels would provide a simple and inexpensive alternative to enhance cartilage neogenesis from human articular chondrocytes (AC) or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSC). Interestingly, AC and BMSC-derived chondrocytes showed an opposite response to a calcium increase from 1.8 mM to 8 mM by which glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen type II production were elevated during BMSC chondrogenesis but depressed in AC, leading to two-fold higher GAG/DNA values in BMSC-based neocartilage compared to the AC group. According to control treatments with Mg2+ or sucrose, these effects were specific for CaCl2 rather than divalent cations or osmolarity. Importantly, undesired pro-hypertrophic traits were not stimulated by calcium treatment. Specific induction of PTHrP mRNA and protein by 8.0mM calcium only in AC, along with negative effects of recombinant PTHrP1-34 on cartilage matrix production, suggested that the PTHrP pathway contributed to the detrimental effects in AC-based neocartilage. Altogether, raising extracellular calcium levels was discovered as a novel, simple and inexpensive stimulator for BMSC-based cartilage neogenesis without the need for special bioreactors, whereas such conditions should be avoided for AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hammersen
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Justyna Buchert
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Severin Zietzschmann
- Orthopaedic Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Solvig Diederichs
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Xiao S, Lin Y, Tang Y, Lv Z, Chen L. Real-Time Quantification of Cartilage Degeneration by GAG-Targeted Cationic Nanoparticles for Efficient Therapeutic Monitoring in Living Mice. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1444-1454. [PMID: 33538605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One of the characterizations of degenerative cartilage disease is the progressive loss of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The real-time imaging method to quantify GAGs is of great significance for the biochemical analysis of cartilage and diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of cartilage degeneration in vivo. To this end, a cationic photoacoustic (PA) contrast agent, poly-l-lysine melanin nanoparticles (PLL-MNPs), specifically targeting anionic GAGs was developed in this study to investigate whether it can image cartilage degeneration. PLL-MNP assessed GAG depletion by Chondroitinase ABC in vitro rat cartilage and intact ex vivo mouse knee joint. A papain-induced cartilage degenerative mice model was used for in vivo photoacoustic imaging (PAI). Oral cartilage supplement glucosamine sulfate was intragastrically administered for mice cartilage repair and the therapeutic efficacy was monitored by PLL-MNP-enhanced PAI. Histologic findings were used to further confirm PAI results. In vitro results revealed that the PLL-MNPs not only had a high binding ability with GAGs but also sensitively monitored GAG content changes by PAI. The PA signal was gradually weakened along with the depletion of GAGs in cartilage. Particularly, PLL-MNPs depicted the cartilage structure and the distribution of GAGs was demonstrated in PA images in ex vivo joints. Compared with the normal joint, a lower signal intensity was detected from degenerative joint at 3 weeks after papain injection, suggesting an early diagnosis of cartilage lesion by PLL-MNPs. Importantly, this PA-enhanced nanoprobe was suitable for monitoring in vivo efficacy of glucosamine sulfate, which effectively blocked cartilage degradation in a high dose manner. In vivo imaging findings correlated well with histological examinations. PLL-MNPs provided sensitive visualization of cartilage degeneration and promising monitoring of therapeutic response in living subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's, Wenzhou 325027, P. R. China
| | - Yimu Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, P. R. China
| | - Yufu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Zhuang Lv
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, P. R. China
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Köhnke R, Ahlers MO, Birkelbach MA, Ewald F, Krueger M, Fiedler I, Busse B, Heiland M, Vollkommer T, Gosau M, Smeets R, Rutkowski R. Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis: Regenerative Treatment by a Stem Cell Containing Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product (ATMP)-An In Vivo Animal Trial. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E443. [PMID: 33466246 PMCID: PMC7795212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) is a chronic degenerative disease that is often characterized by progressive impairment of the temporomandibular functional unit. The aim of this randomized controlled animal trial was a comparative analysis regarding the chondroregenerative potency of intra-articular stem/stromal cell therapy. Four weeks after combined mechanical and biochemical osteoarthritis induction in 28 rabbits, therapy was initiated by a single intra-articular injection, randomized into the following groups: Group 1: AB Serum (ABS); Group 2: Hyaluronic acid (HA); Group 3: Mesenchymal stromal cells (STx.); Group 4: Mesenchymal stromal cells in hyaluronic acid (HA + STx.). After another 4 weeks, the animals were euthanized, followed by histological examination of the removed joints. The histological analysis showed a significant increase in cartilage thickness in the stromal cell treated groups (HA + STx. vs. ABS, p = 0.028; HA + ST.x vs. HA, p = 0.042; STx. vs. ABS, p = 0.036). Scanning electron microscopy detected a similar heterogeneity of mineralization and tissue porosity in the subchondral zone in all groups. The single intra-articular injection of a stem cell containing, GMP-compliant advanced therapy medicinal product for the treatment of iatrogen induced osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint shows a chondroregenerative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Köhnke
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (R.K.); (M.A.B.); (T.V.); (M.G.); (R.S.)
| | - Marcus Oliver Ahlers
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry School of Dental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
- CMD-Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Alexander Birkelbach
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (R.K.); (M.A.B.); (T.V.); (M.G.); (R.S.)
| | - Florian Ewald
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | | | - Imke Fiedler
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (I.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (I.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Max Heiland
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 14197 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Tobias Vollkommer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (R.K.); (M.A.B.); (T.V.); (M.G.); (R.S.)
| | - Martin Gosau
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (R.K.); (M.A.B.); (T.V.); (M.G.); (R.S.)
| | - Ralf Smeets
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (R.K.); (M.A.B.); (T.V.); (M.G.); (R.S.)
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Regenerative Orofacial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rico Rutkowski
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (R.K.); (M.A.B.); (T.V.); (M.G.); (R.S.)
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5
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Bajpai A, Li R, Chen W. The cellular mechanobiology of aging: from biology to mechanics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1491:3-24. [PMID: 33231326 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a chronic, complicated process that leads to degenerative physical and biological changes in living organisms. Aging is associated with permanent, gradual physiological cellular decay that affects all aspects of cellular mechanobiological features, including cellular cytoskeleton structures, mechanosensitive signaling pathways, and forces in the cell, as well as the cell's ability to sense and adapt to extracellular biomechanical signals in the tissue environment through mechanotransduction. These mechanobiological changes in cells are directly or indirectly responsible for dysfunctions and diseases in various organ systems, including the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, skin, and immune systems. This review critically examines the role of aging in the progressive decline of the mechanobiology occurring in cells, and establishes mechanistic frameworks to understand the mechanobiological effects of aging on disease progression and to develop new strategies for halting and reversing the aging process. Our review also highlights the recent development of novel bioengineering approaches for studying the key mechanobiological mechanisms in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apratim Bajpai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York.,Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
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6
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Lin H, Beck AM, Shimomura K, Sohn J, Fritch MR, Deng Y, Kilroy EJ, Tang Y, Alexander PG, Tuan RS. Optimization of photocrosslinked gelatin/hyaluronic acid hybrid scaffold for the repair of cartilage defect. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:1418-1429. [PMID: 31066519 PMCID: PMC6739828 DOI: 10.1002/term.2883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There is no therapy currently available for fully repairing articular cartilage lesions. Our laboratory has recently developed a visible light-activatable methacrylated gelatin (mGL) hydrogel, with the potential for cartilage regeneration. In this study, we further optimized mGL scaffolds by supplementing methacrylated hyaluronic acid (mHA), which has been shown to stimulate chondrogenesis via activation of critical cellular signalling pathways. We hypothesized that the introduction of an optimal ratio of mHA would enhance the biological properties of mGL scaffolds and augment chondrogenesis of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). To test this hypothesis, hybrid scaffolds consisting of mGL and mHA at different weight ratios were fabricated with hBMSCs encapsulated at 20 × 106 cells/ml and maintained in a chondrogenesis-promoting medium. The chondrogenenic differentiation of hBMSCs, within different scaffolds, was estimated after 8 weeks of culture. Our results showed that mGL/mHA at a 9:1 (%, w/v) ratio resulted in the lowest hBMSC hypertrophy and highest glycosaminoglycan production, with a slightly increased volume of the entire construct. The applicability of this optimally designed mGL/mHA hybrid scaffold for cartilage repair was then examined in vivo. A full-thickness cylindrical osteochondral defect was surgically created in the rabbit femoral condyle, and a three-dimensional cell-biomaterial construct was fabricated by in situ photocrosslinking to fully fill the lesion site. The results showed that implantation of the mGL/mHA (9:1) construct resulted in both cartilage and subchondral bone regeneration after 12 weeks, supporting its use as a promising scaffold for repair and resurfacing of articular cartilage defects, in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Lin
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Angela M. Beck
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kazunori Shimomura
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jihee Sohn
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Madalyn R. Fritch
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuhao Deng
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Evan J. Kilroy
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ying Tang
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter G. Alexander
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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7
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Maturation State and Matrix Microstructure Regulate Interstitial Cell Migration in Dense Connective Tissues. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3295. [PMID: 29459687 PMCID: PMC5818574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Few regenerative approaches exist for the treatment of injuries to adult dense connective tissues. Compared to fetal tissues, adult connective tissues are hypocellular and show limited healing after injury. We hypothesized that robust repair can occur in fetal tissues with an immature extracellular matrix (ECM) that is conducive to cell migration, and that this process fails in adults due to the biophysical barriers imposed by the mature ECM. Using the knee meniscus as a platform, we evaluated the evolving micromechanics and microstructure of fetal and adult tissues, and interrogated the interstitial migratory capacity of adult meniscal cells through fetal and adult tissue microenvironments with or without partial enzymatic digestion. To integrate our findings, a computational model was implemented to determine how changing biophysical parameters impact cell migration through these dense networks. Our results show that the micromechanics and microstructure of the adult meniscus ECM sterically hinder cell mobility, and that modulation of these ECM attributes via an exogenous matrix-degrading enzyme permits migration through this otherwise impenetrable network. By addressing the inherent limitations to repair imposed by the mature ECM, these studies may define new clinical strategies to promote repair of damaged dense connective tissues in adults.
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8
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Van Bellinghen X, Idoux-Gillet Y, Pugliano M, Strub M, Bornert F, Clauss F, Schwinté P, Keller L, Benkirane-Jessel N, Kuchler-Bopp S, Lutz JC, Fioretti F. Temporomandibular Joint Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E446. [PMID: 29393880 PMCID: PMC5855668 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is an articulation formed between the temporal bone and the mandibular condyle which is commonly affected. These affections are often so painful during fundamental oral activities that patients have lower quality of life. Limitations of therapeutics for severe TMJ diseases have led to increased interest in regenerative strategies combining stem cells, implantable scaffolds and well-targeting bioactive molecules. To succeed in functional and structural regeneration of TMJ is very challenging. Innovative strategies and biomaterials are absolutely crucial because TMJ can be considered as one of the most difficult tissues to regenerate due to its limited healing capacity, its unique histological and structural properties and the necessity for long-term prevention of its ossified or fibrous adhesions. The ideal approach for TMJ regeneration is a unique scaffold functionalized with an osteochondral molecular gradient containing a single stem cell population able to undergo osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation such as BMSCs, ADSCs or DPSCs. The key for this complex regeneration is the functionalization with active molecules such as IGF-1, TGF-β1 or bFGF. This regeneration can be optimized by nano/micro-assisted functionalization and by spatiotemporal drug delivery systems orchestrating the 3D formation of TMJ tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Van Bellinghen
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 8 rue Ste Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires & Chirurgie Maxillo-Facial, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), 1 place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Ysia Idoux-Gillet
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 8 rue Ste Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Marion Pugliano
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 8 rue Ste Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Marion Strub
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 8 rue Ste Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires & Chirurgie Maxillo-Facial, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), 1 place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Fabien Bornert
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 8 rue Ste Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires & Chirurgie Maxillo-Facial, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), 1 place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Francois Clauss
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 8 rue Ste Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires & Chirurgie Maxillo-Facial, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), 1 place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Pascale Schwinté
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 8 rue Ste Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Laetitia Keller
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 8 rue Ste Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Nadia Benkirane-Jessel
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Sabine Kuchler-Bopp
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Jean Christophe Lutz
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires & Chirurgie Maxillo-Facial, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), 1 place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Florence Fioretti
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, 8 rue Ste Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires & Chirurgie Maxillo-Facial, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), 1 place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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9
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Peters AE, Akhtar R, Comerford EJ, Bates KT. Tissue material properties and computational modelling of the human tibiofemoral joint: a critical review. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4298. [PMID: 29379690 PMCID: PMC5787350 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how structural and functional alterations of individual tissues impact on whole-joint function is challenging, particularly in humans where direct invasive experimentation is difficult. Finite element (FE) computational models produce quantitative predictions of the mechanical and physiological behaviour of multiple tissues simultaneously, thereby providing a means to study changes that occur through healthy ageing and disease such as osteoarthritis (OA). As a result, significant research investment has been placed in developing such models of the human knee. Previous work has highlighted that model predictions are highly sensitive to the various inputs used to build them, particularly the mathematical definition of material properties of biological tissues. The goal of this systematic review is two-fold. First, we provide a comprehensive summation and evaluation of existing linear elastic material property data for human tibiofemoral joint tissues, tabulating numerical values as a reference resource for future studies. Second, we review efforts to model tibiofemoral joint mechanical behaviour through FE modelling with particular focus on how studies have sourced tissue material properties. The last decade has seen a renaissance in material testing fuelled by development of a variety of new engineering techniques that allow the mechanical behaviour of both soft and hard tissues to be characterised at a spectrum of scales from nano- to bulk tissue level. As a result, there now exists an extremely broad range of published values for human tibiofemoral joint tissues. However, our systematic review highlights gaps and ambiguities that mean quantitative understanding of how tissue material properties alter with age and OA is limited. It is therefore currently challenging to construct FE models of the knee that are truly representative of a specific age or disease-state. Consequently, recent tibiofemoral joint FE models have been highly generic in terms of material properties even relying on non-human data from multiple species. We highlight this by critically evaluating current ability to quantitatively compare and model (1) young and old and (2) healthy and OA human tibiofemoral joints. We suggest that future research into both healthy and diseased knee function will benefit greatly from a subject- or cohort-specific approach in which FE models are constructed using material properties, medical imagery and loading data from cohorts with consistent demographics and/or disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby E. Peters
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Riaz Akhtar
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Eithne J. Comerford
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karl T. Bates
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Critchley SE, Eswaramoorthy R, Kelly DJ. Low‐oxygen conditions promote synergistic increases in chondrogenesis during co‐culture of human osteoarthritic stem cells and chondrocytes. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:1074-1084. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. Critchley
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of EngineeringTrinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER)Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Rajalakshmanan Eswaramoorthy
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of EngineeringTrinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER)Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Daniel J. Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of EngineeringTrinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Department of AnatomyRoyal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER)Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
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Abstract
Background and purpose - Cartilage damage can develop due to trauma, resulting in focal chondral or osteochondral defects, or as more diffuse loss of cartilage in a generalized organ disease such as osteoarthritis. A loss of cartilage function and quality is also seen with increasing age. There is a spectrum of diseases ranging from focal cartilage defects with healthy surrounding cartilage to focal lesions in degenerative cartilage, to multiple and diffuse lesions in osteoarthritic cartilage. At the recent Aarhus Regenerative Orthopaedics Symposium (AROS) 2015, regenerative challenges in an ageing population were discussed by clinicians and basic scientists. A group of clinicians was given the task of discussing the role of tissue engineering in the treatment of degenerative cartilage lesions in ageing patients. We present the outcomes of our discussions on current treatment options for such lesions, with particular emphasis on different biological repair techniques and their supporting level of evidence. Results and interpretation - Based on the studies on treatment of degenerative lesions and early OA, there is low-level evidence to suggest that cartilage repair is a possible treatment for such lesions, but there are conflicting results regarding the effect of advanced age on the outcome. We concluded that further improvements are needed for direct repair of focal, purely traumatic defects before we can routinely use such repair techniques for the more challenging degenerative lesions. Furthermore, we need to identify trigger mechanisms that start generalized loss of cartilage matrix, and induce subchondral bone changes and concomitant synovial pathology, to maximize our treatment methods for biological repair in degenerative ageing joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Brittberg
- Cartilage Research Unit, University of Gothenburg, Region Halland Orthopaedics, Kungsbacka Hospital, Kungsbacka, Sweden,Correspondence:
| | - Andreas H Gomoll
- Harvard Medical School, Cartilage Repair Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - José A Canseco
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jack Far
- Indiana University School of Medicine, OrthoIndy Cartilage Restoration Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Martin Lind
- Division of Sports Traumatology, Department of Orthopedics, Aarhus University Hospital, Århus, Denmark
| | - James Hui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore
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Aryaei A, Vapniarsky N, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Recent Tissue Engineering Advances for the Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2016; 14:269-279. [PMID: 27704395 PMCID: PMC5106310 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-016-0327-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are among the most common maxillofacial complaints and a major cause of orofacial pain. Although current treatments provide short- and long-term relief, alternative tissue engineering solutions are in great demand. Particularly, the development of strategies, providing long-term resolution of TMD to help patients regain normal function, is a high priority. An absolute prerequisite of tissue engineering is to understand normal structure and function. The current knowledge of anatomical, mechanical, and biochemical characteristics of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and associated tissues will be discussed, followed by a brief description of current TMD treatments. The main focus is on recent tissue engineering developments for regenerating TMJ tissue components, with or without a scaffold. The expectation for effectively managing TMD is that tissue engineering will produce biomimetic TMJ tissues that recapitulate the normal structure and function of the TMJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Aryaei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Natalia Vapniarsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Temple DK, Cederlund AA, Lawless BM, Aspden RM, Espino DM. Viscoelastic properties of human and bovine articular cartilage: a comparison of frequency-dependent trends. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; 17:419. [PMID: 27716169 PMCID: PMC5054593 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-016-1279-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to compare the frequency-dependent viscoelastic properties of human and bovine cartilage. Methods Full-depth cartilage specimens were extracted from bovine and human femoral heads. Using dynamic mechanical analysis, the viscoelastic properties of eight bovine and six human specimens were measured over the frequency range 1 Hz to 88 Hz. Significant differences between bovine and human cartilage viscoelastic properties were assessed using a Mann–Whitney test (p < 0.05). Results Throughout the range of frequencies tested and for both species, the storage modulus was greater than the loss modulus and both were frequency-dependent. The storage and loss moduli of all human and bovine cartilage specimens presented a logarithmic relationship with respect to frequency. The mean human storage modulus ranged from 31.9 MPa to 43.3 MPa, while the mean bovine storage modulus ranged from 54.0 MPa to 80.5 MPa; bovine storage moduli were 1.7 to 1.9 times greater than the human modulus. Similarly, the loss modulus of bovine cartilage was 2.0 to 2.1 times greater than human. The mean human loss modulus ranged from 5.3 MPa to 8.5 MPa while bovine moduli ranged from 10.6 MPa to 18.1 MPa. Conclusion Frequency-dependent viscoelastic trends of bovine articular cartilage were consistent with those of human articular cartilage; this includes a similar frequency dependency and high-frequency plateau. Bovine cartilage was, however, ‘stiffer’ than human by a factor of approximately 2. With these provisos, bovine articular cartilage may be a suitable dynamic model for human articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan K Temple
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Anna A Cederlund
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Bernard M Lawless
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Richard M Aspden
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Daniel M Espino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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14
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Burgin L, Edelsten L, Aspden R. The mechanical and material properties of elderly human articular cartilage subject to impact and slow loading. Med Eng Phys 2014; 36:226-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Arakaki K, Kitamura N, Kurokawa T, Onodera S, Kanaya F, Gong JP, Yasuda K. Joint immobilization inhibits spontaneous hyaline cartilage regeneration induced by a novel double-network gel implantation. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2011; 22:417-425. [PMID: 21181239 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-010-4216-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We have recently discovered that spontaneous hyaline cartilage regeneration can be induced in an osteochondral defect in the rabbit, when we implant a novel double-network (DN) gel plug at the bottom of the defect. To clarify whether joint immobilization inhibits the spontaneous hyaline cartilage regeneration, we conducted this study with 20 rabbits. At 4 or 12 weeks after surgery, the defect in the mobile knees was filled with a sufficient volume of the hyaline cartilage tissue rich in proteoglycan and type-2 collagen, while no cartilage tissues were observed in the defect in the immobilized knees. Type-2 collagen, Aggrecan, and SOX9 mRNAs were expressed only in the mobile knees at each period. This study demonstrated that joint immobilization significantly inhibits the spontaneous hyaline cartilage regeneration induced by the DN gel implantation. This fact suggested that the mechanical environment is one of the significant factors to induce this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunobu Arakaki
- Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Reconstruction Surgery, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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16
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Scott JL, Gabrielides C, Davidson RK, Swingler TE, Clark IM, Wallis GA, Boot-Handford RP, Kirkwood TBL, Taylor RW, Talyor RW, Young DA. Superoxide dismutase downregulation in osteoarthritis progression and end-stage disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69:1502-10. [PMID: 20511611 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2009.119966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is proposed as an important factor in osteoarthritis (OA). OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of the three superoxide dismutase (SOD) antioxidant enzymes in OA. METHODS SOD expression was determined by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry using human femoral head cartilage. SOD2 expression in Dunkin-Hartley guinea pig knee articular cartilage was determined by immunohistochemistry. The DNA methylation status of the SOD2 promoter was determined using bisulphite sequencing. RNA interference was used to determine the consequence of SOD2 depletion on the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using MitoSOX and collagenases, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) and MMP-13, gene expression. RESULTS All three SOD were abundantly expressed in human cartilage but were markedly downregulated in end-stage OA cartilage, especially SOD2. In the Dunkin-Hartley guinea pig spontaneous OA model, SOD2 expression was decreased in the medial tibial condyle cartilage before, and after, the development of OA-like lesions. The SOD2 promoter had significant DNA methylation alterations in OA cartilage. Depletion of SOD2 in chondrocytes increased ROS but decreased collagenase expression. CONCLUSION This is the first comprehensive expression profile of all SOD genes in cartilage and, importantly, using an animal model, it has been shown that a reduction in SOD2 is associated with the earliest stages of OA. A decrease in SOD2 was found to be associated with an increase in ROS but a reduction of collagenase gene expression, demonstrating the complexities of ROS function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Scott
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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17
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Das RHJ, Jahr H, Verhaar JAN, van der Linden JC, van Osch GJVM, Weinans H. In vitro expansion affects the response of chondrocytes to mechanical stimulation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:385-91. [PMID: 17920939 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/29/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Expansion of autologous chondrocytes is a common step in procedures for cartilage defect repair. Subsequent dedifferentiation can alter cellular response to mechanical loading, having major consequences for the cell's behavior in vivo after reimplantation. Therefore, we examined the response of primary and expanded human articular chondrocytes to mechanical loading. METHOD Primary and expanded chondrocytes were stretched at either 0.5% or 3.0% at 0.5Hz, 2h per day, for 3 days. Gene expression levels of matrix components (aggrecan (AGC1), lubricin (PRG4), collagen type I (COL1), type II (COL2) and type X (COL10)) as well as matrix enzymes (matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1), MMP3, MMP13) and SOX9 were compared to unstretched controls. To evaluate the effect of a chondrogenic environment on cellular response to stretch, redifferentiation medium was used on expanded cells. RESULTS In primary chondrocytes, stretch led to mild decreases in AGC1, COL1 and COL10 gene expression (maximum of 3.8-fold) and an up-regulation of PRG4 (2.0-fold). In expanded chondrocytes, expression was down-regulated for AGC1 (up to 21-fold), PRG4 (up to 5.0-fold), COL1 (10-fold) and COL2 (2.9-fold). Also, expression was up-regulated for MMP1 (20-fold) and MMP3 (up to 4-fold), while MMP13 was down-regulated (2.8-fold). A chondrogenic environment appeared to temper effects of stretch. DISCUSSION Our results show that expansion alters the response of human chondrocytes to stretch. Expanded chondrocytes greatly decrease gene expression of matrix constituents and increase expression of MMPs, whereas primary chondrocytes hardly respond. Our data could be a reference for optimization of cell sources or expansion protocols for reimplanted chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H J Das
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
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18
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Abstract
In general terms, the recognized alterations in circulating humoral factors (hormones, cytokines, growth factors) that occur in ageing, coupled with innate cellular senescence exaggerated by the slow turnover of many connective tissue cell populations and the age-associated alterations in matrix molecule cross-linking, predispose the elderly to altered connective tissue biology. These changes can be profound, leading to poor mobility, altered ability to withstand cold, weakness and an increased risk of falls, fractures and age-associated 'degenerative' diseases, such as osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. As understanding of the causes of altered connective tissue function with age increases, it is becoming clearer that many of the predisposing factors (growth hormone, cytokines, load/life style) are potential targets for improving quality of life in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Freemont
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, The Medical School, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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Scharschmidt T, Jacquet R, Laskovski J, Lowder E, Weiner S, Landis WJ. Analysis of human osteoarthritic connective tissue by laser capture microdissection and QRT-PCR. Connect Tissue Res 2007; 48:316-23. [PMID: 18075818 DOI: 10.1080/03008200701692685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression levels for type II collagen and aggrecan have been determined as potential measures and disease markers of human osteoarthritis in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. In this regard, specimens of affected articular cartilage obtained intraoperatively at the time of surgery were placed in RNAlater(TM) to maintain RNA integrity and subsequently frozen-sectioned. Individual or small numbers of chondrocytes were isolated by laser capture microdissection and their total RNA was extracted and analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results indicate that type II collagen and aggrecan mRNA expression from specific cells in osteoarthritic tissues are detectable and reproducible using these approaches. Our work is the first to demonstrate successful isolation of RNA limited to chondrocytes comprising small quantities of human osteoarthritic material. The study presents a new avenue by which the disease and its progression may be critically assayed.
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Jeffrey JE, Aspden RM. The Biophysical Effects of a Single Impact Load on Human and Bovine Articular Cartilage. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2006; 220:677-86. [PMID: 16961187 DOI: 10.1243/09544119jeim31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Impact injury to a joint is a known risk factor for the subsequent development of secondary osteoarthritis. An in vitro model, employing a drop-tower loading machine, was used to examine the effect of an impact load on isolated articular cartilage explants from human and bovine femoral heads. Two different types of impact experiment were performed. In the first, 4 mm diameter explants were loaded using a plane-ended impactor. In the second, a modified impactor was developed that had a central 4 mm diameter plane-ended indentor which was used to load the centre of 8 mm diameter explants. This enabled the unloaded outer ring of each explant to be compared with the loaded central core. The modulus values measured using the impactor were found to be higher, compared with the indentor in both species. Scanning electron microscopy showed that cartilage surrounding the loaded central region of the 8 mm explants protected the indented tissue, and these explants showed less damage than the 4 mm samples that were fully impacted. In addition, human cartilage was found to be less damaged than bovine, possibly as a consequence of the different structure as well as of a greater thickness. Both the source of the tissue and the nature of the impact affected the type of damage observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Jeffrey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK.
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Aufderheide AC, Athanasiou KA. A Direct Compression Stimulator for Articular Cartilage and Meniscal Explants. Ann Biomed Eng 2006; 34:1463-74. [PMID: 16897420 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-006-9157-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the development and use of a direct compression stimulator for culturing explants from the meniscus of the knee and articular cartilage. Following design and fabrication of the instrument along with its data acquisition system, the function of the machine was verified by both mechanical means and tissue effect. The loading chamber can hold up to 45 5 mm diameter samples. While designed to stimulate samples up to 4 mm thick, axial displacements as little as 0.127 microm are within the theoretical capacity of the stimulator. In gene expression studies, collagen II and aggrecan expression were examined in explants from articular cartilage as well as medial and lateral menisci subjected to dynamic stimulation and static compression. These results were then compared to free swelling samples. It was found that static compression to cut thickness down-regulated aggrecan and collagen II expression in articular cartilage explants compared to free swelling controls by 94% and 90%, respectively. The application of a dynamic, intermittent, 2% oscillation around the cut thickness returned expression levels to those of free swelling controls at 4 h but not at 76 h. In medial meniscus samples, dynamic compression up-regulated aggrecan expression by 108%, but not collagen II expression, at 4 and 76 h compared to static controls. No difference in gene expression was observed for lateral meniscal explants. Thus, effects of direct compression seen in articular cartilage may not necessarily translate to the knee meniscus. The design of this stimulator will allow a variety of tissues and loading regimens to be examined. It is hoped that regimens can be found that not only return samples to the production levels of free swelling controls, but also surpass them in terms of gene expression, protein synthesis, and functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Aufderheide
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, USA
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