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Niessink T, Stassen RHMJ, Kischkel B, Vuscan P, Emans PJ, van den Akker GGH, Janssen M, Joosten LAB, Otto C, Welting TJM, Jansen TL. Discovery of calcite as a new pro-inflammatory calcium-containing crystal in human osteoarthritic synovial fluid. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2024:S1063-4584(24)01203-2. [PMID: 38806070 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to characterize calcium-containing crystals present in synovial fluid from patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) using Raman spectroscopy, and specifically investigate the biological effects of calcite crystals. DESIGN Thirty-two synovial fluid samples were collected pre-operatively from knee OA patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty. An integrated Raman polarized light microscope was used for identification of crystals in synovial fluid. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC's), human OA articular chondrocytes (HACs) and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) were exposed to calcite crystals. Expression of relevant cytokines and inflammatory genes were measured using ELISA and real-time PCR. RESULTS Various calcium-containing crystals were identified, including calcium pyrophosphate (37.5 %) and basic calcium phosphate (21.8 %), but they were never found simultaneously in the same OA synovial fluid sample. For the first time, we discovered the presence of calcite crystals in 93.8 % of the samples, while dolomite was detected in 25 % of the cases. Characterization of the cellular response to calcite crystal exposure revealed increased production of innate immune-derived cytokines by PBMC's, when co-stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Additionally, calcite crystal stimulation of HACs and FLSs resulted in enhanced secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules and alterations in the expression of extracellular matrix remodeling enzymes. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the unique role of Raman spectroscopy in OA crystal research and identified calcite as a novel pro-inflammatory crystal type in OA synovial fluid. Understanding the role of specific crystal species in the OA joint may open new avenues for pharmacological interventions and personalized approaches to treating OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Niessink
- Department of Rheumatology, VieCuri Medical Centre, Tegelseweg 210, 5912 BL Venlo, the Netherlands; Personalized Therapeutics and Diagnostics, Department of Bioengineering Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Roderick H M J Stassen
- Department of Experimental Orthopaedics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Brenda Kischkel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia Vuscan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Emans
- Department of Experimental Orthopaedics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Guus G H van den Akker
- Department of Experimental Orthopaedics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Janssen
- Department of Rheumatology, VieCuri Medical Centre, Tegelseweg 210, 5912 BL Venlo, the Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Str. Pasteur, Nr. 6, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cees Otto
- Personalized Therapeutics and Diagnostics, Department of Bioengineering Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Tim J M Welting
- Department of Experimental Orthopaedics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tim L Jansen
- Department of Rheumatology, VieCuri Medical Centre, Tegelseweg 210, 5912 BL Venlo, the Netherlands
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Gauffenic A, Bazin D, Combes C, Daudon M, Ea HK. Pathological calcifications in the human joint. CR CHIM 2022. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Magnesium whitlockite - omnipresent in pathological mineralisation of soft tissues but not a significant inorganic constituent of bone. Acta Biomater 2021; 125:72-82. [PMID: 33610767 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Whitlockite is a calcium phosphate that was first identified in minerals collected from the Palermo Quarry, New Hampshire. The terms magnesium whitlockite [Mg-whitlockite; Ca18Mg2(HPO4)2(PO4)12] and beta-tricalcium phosphate [β-TCP; β-Ca3(PO4)2] are often used interchangeably since Mg-whitlockite is not easily distinguished from β-Ca3(PO4)2 by powder X-ray diffraction although their crystalline structures differ significantly. Being both osteoconductive and bioresorbable, Mg-whitlockite is pursued as a synthetic bone graft substitute. In recent years, advances in development of synthetic Mg-whitlockite have been accompanied by claims that Mg-whitlockite is the second most abundant inorganic constituent of bone, occupying as much as 20-35 wt% of the inorganic fraction. To find evidence in support of this notion, this review presents an exhaustive summary of Mg-whitlockite identification in biological tissues. Mg-whitlockite is mainly found in association with pathological mineralisation of various soft tissues and dental calculus, and occasionally with enamel and dentine. With the exception of high-temperature treated tumoural calcified deposits around interphalangeal and metacarpal joints and rhomboidal Mg-whitlockite crystals in post-apoptotic osteocyte lacunae in human alveolar bone, this unusual mineral has never been detected in the extracellular matrix of mammalian bone. Characterisation techniques capable of unequivocally distinguishing between different calcium phosphate phases, such as high-resolution imaging, crystallography, and/or spectroscopy have exclusively identified bone mineral as poorly crystalline, ion-substituted, carbonated apatite. The idea that Mg-whitlockite is a significant constituent of bone mineral remains unsubstantiated. Contrary to claims that such biomaterials represent a bioinspired/biomimetic approach to bone repair, Mg-whitlockite remains, exclusively, a pathological biomineral. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Magnesium whitlockite (Mg-whitlockite) is a unique calcium phosphate that typically features in pathological calcification of soft tissues; however, an alarming trend emerging in the synthetic bioceramics community claims that Mg-whitlockite occupies 20-35 wt% of bone mineral and therefore synthetic Mg-whitlockite represents a biomimetic approach towards bone regeneration. By providing an overview of Mg-whitlockite detection in biological tissues and scrutinising a diverse cross-section of literature relevant to bone composition analysis, this review concludes that Mg-whitlockite is exclusively a pathological biomineral, and having never been reported in bone extracellular matrix, Mg-whitlockite does not constitute a biomimetic strategy for bone repair.
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Nassir M, Mirza S, Arad U, Lee S, Rafehi M, Yaw Attah I, Renn C, Zimmermann H, Pelletier J, Sévigny J, Müller CE, Fischer B. Adenine-(methoxy)-ethoxy-P α,α-dithio-triphosphate inhibits pathologic calcium pyrophosphate deposition in osteoarthritic human chondrocytes. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:9913-9923. [PMID: 31720670 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02199j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 (NPP1) inhibitors have been suggested as a potential treatment for calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) deposition disease. Here, we targeted the development of improved NPP1 inhibitors based on acyclic mimics of Pα,α-phosphorodithioate-substituted adenine nucleotides, 7-10. The latter were obtained in a facile two-step synthesis from adenine-(methoxy)ethanol. Among analogs 7-10, adenine-(methoxy)ethoxy-Pα,α-dithio-triphosphate, 8, was the most potent NPP1 inhibitor both with purified enzyme (IC50 0.645 μM) and in osteoarthritic human chondrocytes (IC50 0.033 μM). Furthermore, it efficaciously (10-fold vs. control) inhibited ATP-induced CPPD in human articular chondrocytes. Importantly, 8 was a highly selective NPP1 inhibitor which showed only minor inhibition of NPP3, CD39 and CD73, and did not inhibit TNAP (tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase) activity in human chondrocytes. Furthermore, 8 did not activate P2Y1,2,6 receptors. Analog 8 was not toxic to cultured chondrocytes at 100 μM. Therefore, 8 may be suitable for further development as a drug candidate for the treatment of CPPD arthritis and other NPP1-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molhm Nassir
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel. bilha.fischer@ biu.ac.il
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Liu S, Hall DJ, McCarthy SM, Jacobs JJ, Urban RM, Pourzal R. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging of wear and corrosion products within joint capsule tissue from total hip replacements patients. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 108:513-526. [PMID: 31099981 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Implant debris generated by wear and corrosion is a prominent cause of joint replacement failure. This study utilized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging (FTIR-I) to gain a better understanding of the chemical structure of implant debris and its impact on the surrounding biological environment. Therefore, retrieved joint capsule tissue from five total hip replacement patients was analyzed. All five cases presented different implant designs and histopathological patterns. All tissue samples were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded. Unstained, 5 μm thick sections were prepared. The unstained sections were placed on BaF2 windows and deparaffinized with xylene prior to analysis. FTIR-I data were collected at a spectral resolution of 4 cm-1 using an Agilent Cary 670 spectrometer coupled with Cary 620 FTIR microscope. The results of study demonstrated that FTIR-I is a powerful tool that can be used complimentary to the existing histopathological evaluation of tissue. FTIR-I was able to distinguish areas with different cell types (macrophages, lymphocytes). Small, but distinct differences could be detected depending on the state of cells (viable, necrotic) and depending on what type of debris was present (polyethylene [PE], suture material, and metal oxides). Although, metal oxides were mainly below the measurable range of FTIR-I, the infrared spectra of tissues exhibited noticeable difference in their presence. Tens of micrometer sized polyethylene particles could be easily imaged, but also accumulations of submicron particles could be detected within macrophages. FTIR-I was also able to distinguish between PE debris, and other birefringent materials such as suture. Chromium-phosphate particles originating from corrosion processes within modular taper junctions of hip implants could be identified and easily distinguished from other phosphorous materials such as bone. In conclusion, this study successfully demonstrated that FTIR-I is a useful tool that can image and determine the biochemical information of retrieved tissue samples over tens of square millimeters in a completely label free, nondestructive, and objective manner. The resulting chemical images provide a deeper understanding of the chemical nature of implant debris and their impact on chemical changes of the tissue within which they are embedded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyun Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 S Morgan St, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1611W Harrison Street, Suite 200, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Deborah J Hall
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1611W Harrison Street, Suite 200, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Stephanie M McCarthy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1611W Harrison Street, Suite 200, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Joshua J Jacobs
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1611W Harrison Street, Suite 200, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Robert M Urban
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1611W Harrison Street, Suite 200, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Robin Pourzal
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1611W Harrison Street, Suite 200, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Danino O, Svetitsky S, Kenigsberg S, Levin A, Journo S, Gold A, Drexler M, Snir N, Elkayam O, Fischer B, Arad U. Inhibition of nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1: implications for developing a calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease modifying drug. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2018; 57:1472-1480. [PMID: 29688536 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/key092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Calcium pyrophosphate deposition (CPPD) is associated with osteoarthritis and is the cause of a common inflammatory articular disease. Ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (eNPP1) is the major ecto-pyrophosphatase in chondrocytes and cartilage-derived matrix vesicles (MVs). Thus, eNPP1 is a principle contributor to extracellular pyrophosphate levels and a potential target for interventions aimed at preventing CPPD. Recently, we synthesized and described a novel eNPP1-specific inhibitor, SK4A, and we set out to evaluate whether this inhibitor attenuates nucleotide pyrophosphatase activity in human OA cartilage. Methods Cartilage tissue, chondrocytes and cartilage-derived MVs were obtained from donors with OA undergoing arthroplasty. The effect of SK4A on cell viability was assayed by the XTT method. eNPP1 expression was evaluated by western blot. Nucleotide pyrophosphatase activity was measured by a colorimetric assay and by HPLC analysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. ATP-induced calcium deposition in cultured chondrocytes was visualized and quantified with Alizarin red S staining. Results OA chondrocytes expressed eNPP1 in early passages, but this expression was subsequently lost upon further passaging. Similarly, significant nucleotide pyrophosphatase activity was only detected in early-passage chondrocytes. The eNPP1 inhibitor, SK4A, was not toxic to chondrocytes and stable in culture medium and human plasma. SK4A effectively inhibited nucleotide pyrophosphatase activity in whole cartilage tissue, in chondrocytes and in cartilage-derived MVs and reduced ATP-induced CPPD. Conclusion Nucleotide analogues such as SK4A may be developed as potent and specific inhibitors of eNPP1 for the purpose of lowering extracellular pyrophosphate levels in human cartilage with the aim of preventing and treating CPPD disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ortal Danino
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Shuli Svetitsky
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Asaf Levin
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Shani Journo
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Aviram Gold
- Division of Orthopedics, Tel Aviv Medical Center and the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael Drexler
- Division of Orthopedics, Tel Aviv Medical Center and the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nimrod Snir
- Division of Orthopedics, Tel Aviv Medical Center and the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ori Elkayam
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Bilha Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Uri Arad
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Mitri E, Millucci L, Merolle L, Bernardini G, Vaccari L, Gianoncelli A, Santucci A. A new light on Alkaptonuria: A Fourier-transform infrared microscopy (FTIRM) and low energy X-ray fluorescence (LEXRF) microscopy correlative study on a rare disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:1000-1008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Hawellek T, Hubert J, Hischke S, Krause M, Bertrand J, Pap T, Püschel K, Rüther W, Niemeier A. Articular cartilage calcification of the hip and knee is highly prevalent, independent of age but associated with histological osteoarthritis: evidence for a systemic disorder. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:2092-2099. [PMID: 27390030 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Based on the concept of a systemic predisposition for articular cartilage calcification (CC), the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and amount of bilateral CC of hip and knee joints in an unselected sample cohort by high-resolution digital contact radiography (DCR) and to analyze the association of CC with histological OA. METHODS Both hip and knee joints of 87 donors (48 m and 39 f; mean age 62) were analyzed by DCR in this post-mortem study of an unselected cohort of donors. Histological OA (OARSI) of the main load bearing area of femoral heads and medial femoral condyles was determined. RESULTS The prevalence of CC of the femoral head was 96.6%, of the knee 94.3%. Bilateral calcification was detected in 79.3% of hips and 86.2% of knees. Concomitant CC of all four joints was detected in 69.0% of donors. There was no difference between the amount of CC of hips and knees (P = 0.47). The amount of CC of any given hip or knee correlated with that of the contralateral hip (rs = 0.54, P < 0.001) or knee (rs = 0.50, P < 0.001). There was a correlation between the amount of CC and histological OA (hips rs = 0.48, P < 0.001, knees rs = 0.30, P = 0.004), but not between CC and age (hips rs = -0.09, P = 0.42; knees rs = 0.10, P = 0.34). CONCLUSIONS These data support the concept that articular CC occurs as the result of a systemic disorder. CC appears to be an early element of hip and knee OA pathogenesis independent of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hawellek
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - J Hubert
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - S Hischke
- Department of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - M Krause
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - J Bertrand
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - T Pap
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - K Püschel
- Department of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - W Rüther
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - A Niemeier
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Rouzière S, Bazin D, Daudon M. In-lab X-ray fluorescence and diffraction techniques for pathological calcifications. CR CHIM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Wang X, Shi J, Li Z, Zhang S, Wu H, Jiang Z, Yang C, Tian C. Facile one-pot preparation of chitosan/calcium pyrophosphate hybrid microflowers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:14522-32. [PMID: 25065382 DOI: 10.1021/am503787h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Flower-like chitosan/calcium pyrophosphate hybrid microparticles (microflowers) are prepared using a facile one-pot approach by combining ionotropic gelation with biomimetic mineralization. Chitosan-tripolyphosphate (CS-TPP) nanocomplexes are first synthesized through ionotropic gelation; meanwhile, excess TPP is partly hydrolyzed into pyrophosphate ions (P2O7(4-)). Upon addition of CaCl2, CS-TPP nanocomplexes serve as a versatile template, inducing in situ mineralization of Ca2P2O7 and directing its growth and assembly into microflowers. The whole preparation process can be completed within half an hour. The as-prepared microflowers are composed of 23.0% CS-TPP nanocomplexes and 77.0% Ca2P2O7 crystals. Mesopores (3.7 and 11.2 nm) and macropores coexist in the microflowers, indicating porous and hierarchical structures. The microflowers exhibit high efficiency in dye adsorption and enzymatic catalysis. Specifically, a high adsorption capacity of 520 mg g(-1) for Congo red is achieved. And the immobilized enzyme retains about 85% catalytic activity compared with that of the free enzyme. The facile one-pot preparation process ensures the broad applications of the porous hybrid microflowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
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Fibroblast-like synoviocytes induce calcium mineral formation and deposition. ARTHRITIS 2014; 2014:812678. [PMID: 24963403 PMCID: PMC4054973 DOI: 10.1155/2014/812678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Calcium crystals are present in the synovial fluid of 65%–100% patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and 20%–39% patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study sought to investigate the role of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) in calcium mineral formation. We found that numerous genes classified in the biomineral formation process, including bone gamma-carboxyglutamate (gla) protein/osteocalcin, runt-related transcription factor 2, ankylosis progressive homolog, and parathyroid hormone-like hormone, were differentially expressed in the OA and RA FLSs. Calcium deposits were detected in FLSs cultured in regular medium in the presence of ATP and FLSs cultured in chondrogenesis medium in the absence of ATP. More calcium minerals were deposited in the cultures of OA FLSs than in the cultures of RA FLSs. Examination of the micromass stained with nonaqueous alcoholic eosin indicated the presence of birefringent crystals. Phosphocitrate inhibited the OA FLSs-mediated calcium mineral deposition. These findings together suggest that OA FLSs are not passive bystanders but are active players in the pathological calcification process occurring in OA and that potential calcification stimuli for OA FLSs-mediated calcium deposition include ATP and certain unidentified differentiation-inducing factor(s). The OA FLSs-mediated pathological calcification process is a valid target for the development of disease-modifying drug for OA therapy.
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Usprech J, Chu G, Giardini-Rosa R, Martin K, Waldman SD. The Therapeutic Potential of Exogenous Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Cartilage 2012; 3:364-73. [PMID: 26069646 PMCID: PMC4297147 DOI: 10.1177/1947603512444723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While mechanical stimuli can be used to enhance the properties of engineered cartilage, a promising alternative may be to directly harness the underlying mechanotransduction pathways responsible. Our initial studies on the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-purinergic receptor pathway demonstrated that stimulation by exogenous ATP improved tissue growth and properties but elicited matrix turnover under high doses (250 µM) potentially due to the accumulation of extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate (ePPi). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the mechanism of ATP-mediated catabolism and determine a therapeutic dose to maximize the anabolic effect. DESIGN Isolated bovine articular chondrocytes were seeded in high-density, 3-dimensional culture supplemented with varying doses of ATP for 4 weeks. The effects on biosynthesis, matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) protein activity, and PPi accumulation were determined. Separate monolayer experiments were conducted to determine the effect of ePPi on MMP-13 activity. RESULTS High doses of ATP resulted in an increase in ePPi accumulation (by 54%) and MMP-13 activity (by 39%). Monolayer experiments confirmed a link between increased ePPi accumulation and MMP-13 activity, which appeared to require calcium and was inhibited by the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126. Cultures supplemented with 62.5 to 125 µM ATP favored an anabolic response, which represented the therapeutic dose range. CONCLUSIONS A therapeutic dose range of exogenous ATP to improve the properties of engineered cartilage has been identified, and a possible catabolic mechanism involving excess PPi was determined. Future research into PPi signal transduction and pathological crystal formation is necessary to maximize the beneficial effect of exogenous ATP on chondrocyte cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Usprech
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada,Human Mobility Research Centre, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Gavin Chu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kathleen Martin
- Human Mobility Research Centre, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen D. Waldman
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada,Human Mobility Research Centre, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada,Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Bazin D, Daudon M, Combes C, Rey C. Characterization and some physicochemical aspects of pathological microcalcifications. Chem Rev 2012; 112:5092-120. [PMID: 22809072 DOI: 10.1021/cr200068d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Bazin
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France.
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Hirschmugl CJ, Gough KM. Fourier transform infrared spectrochemical imaging: review of design and applications with a focal plane array and multiple beam synchrotron radiation source. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 66:475-91. [PMID: 22524953 DOI: 10.1366/12-06629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The beamline design, microscope specifications, and initial results from the new mid-infrared beamline (IRENI) are reviewed. Synchrotron-based spectrochemical imaging, as recently implemented at the Synchrotron Radiation Center in Stoughton, Wisconsin, demonstrates the new capability to achieve diffraction limited chemical imaging across the entire mid-infrared region, simultaneously, with high signal-to-noise ratio. IRENI extracts a large swath of radiation (320 hor. × 25 vert. mrads(2)) to homogeneously illuminate a commercial infrared (IR) microscope equipped with an IR focal plane array (FPA) detector. Wide-field images are collected, in contrast to single-pixel imaging from the confocal geometry with raster scanning, commonly used at most synchrotron beamlines. IRENI rapidly generates high quality, high spatial resolution data. The relevant advantages (spatial oversampling, speed, sensitivity, and signal-to-noise ratio) are discussed in detail and demonstrated with examples from a variety of disciplines, including formalin-fixed and flash-frozen tissue samples, live cells, fixed cells, paint cross-sections, polymer fibers, and novel nanomaterials. The impact of Mie scattering corrections on this high quality data is shown, and first results with a grazing angle objective are presented, along with future enhancements and plans for implementation of similar, small-scale instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Hirschmugl
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA.
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15
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Detection of basic calcium phosphate crystals in osteoarthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2011; 78:358-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Costello JC, Rosenthal AK, Kurup IV, Masuda I, Medhora M, Ryan LM. Parallel regulation of extracellular ATP and inorganic pyrophosphate: roles of growth factors, transduction modulators, and ANK. Connect Tissue Res 2011; 52:139-46. [PMID: 20604715 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2010.491928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate (ePPi) is a key regulator of pathologic mineralization in articular cartilage. Articular chondrocytes generate ePPi by the transportation of intracellular PPi (iPPi) through transport mechanisms such as ANK or by the degradation of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP) by ectoenzymes. Although numerous modulators of ePPi have been characterized, little is known about eATP elaboration in cartilage. We sought to determine (1) whether eATP is coordinately regulated with ePPi and (2) whether ANK transports ATP. METHODS Primary articular chondrocytes were treated with factors known to modulate ePPi levels including growth factors (TGFβ1 and IGF-1), anion channel inhibitors, and chemicals that alter adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase C activities. Additional chondrocyte monolayers were infected with adenovirus containing functional (Ad-ANK) or mutated (Ad-ANK mutant) ANK sequences. eATP levels were measured with a bioluminescent assay. RESULTS TGFβ1 enhanced eATP accumulation by 33%, whereas IGF-1 decreased eATP accumulation by 63% and attenuated TGFβ1-induced eATP release by 72%. Forskolin and probenecid diminished eATP accumulation by 55% and 89%. Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate increased eATP by 29%. Transfection of chondrocytes with Ad-ANK caused a 10-fold increase in eATP compared with control values. CONCLUSION Modulation of eATP by various factors paralleled their effects on ePPi production, suggesting a shared pathway of ePPi and eATP production and implicating ANK in eATP transport. As eATP directly contributes to pathologic mineralization in articular cartilage, understanding eATP regulation may lead to effective therapies for crystal-associated arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill C Costello
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53295-1000, USA
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Rosenthal AK, Gohr CM, Ninomiya J, Wakim BT. Proteomic analysis of articular cartilage vesicles from normal and osteoarthritic cartilage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:401-11. [PMID: 21279997 DOI: 10.1002/art.30120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Articular cartilage vesicles (ACVs) are extracellular organelles found in normal articular cartilage. While they were initially defined by their ability to generate pathologic calcium crystals in cartilage of osteoarthritis (OA) patients, they can also alter the phenotype of normal chondrocytes through the transfer of RNA and protein. The purpose of this study was to analyze the proteome of ACVs from normal and OA human cartilage. METHODS ACVs were isolated from cartilage samples from 10 normal controls and 10 OA patients. We identified the ACV proteomes using in-gel trypsin digestion, nanospray liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of tryptic peptides, followed by searching an appropriate subset of the Uniprot database. We further differentiated between normal and OA ACVs by Holm-Sidak analysis for multiple comparison testing. RESULTS More than 1,700 proteins were identified in ACVs. Approximately 170 proteins satisfied our stringent criteria of having >1 representative peptide per protein present, and a false discovery rate of ≤5%. These proteins included extracellular matrix components, phospholipid binding proteins, enzymes, and cytoskeletal components, including actin. While few proteins were seen exclusively in normal or OA ACVs, immunoglobulins and complement components were present only in OA ACVs. Compared to normal ACVs, OA ACVs displayed decreases in matrix proteoglycans and increases in transforming growth factor β-induced protein βig-H3, DEL-1, vitronectin, and serine protease HtrA1 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION These findings lend support to the concept of ACVs as physiologic structures in articular cartilage. Changes in OA ACVs are largely quantitative and reflect an altered matrix and the presence of inflammation, rather than revealing fundamental changes in composition.
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McCarthy G. Basic calcium phosphate crystal deposition disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06551-1.00187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Thurgood LA, Ryall RL. Proteomic analysis of proteins selectively associated with hydroxyapatite, brushite, and uric acid crystals precipitated from human urine. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:5402-12. [PMID: 20795672 DOI: 10.1021/pr1006312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the intracrystalline protein profiles of hydroxyapatite (HA), brushite (BR), and uric acid (UA) crystals precipitated from the same urine samples. HA, BR, and UA crystals were precipitated on two different occasions from the same pooled healthy urine. Crystals were washed to remove surface-bound proteins, and their composition was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). SDS-PAGE was used for visual comparison of the protein content of the demineralised crystal extracts, which were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). HA comprised nanosized particles interspersed with organic material, which was absent from the BR and UA crystals. The number and type of individual proteins differed between the 3 minerals: 45 proteins were detected in the HA crystal extracts and 77 in the BR crystals, including a number of keratins, which were regarded as methodological contaminants. After excluding the keratins, 21 proteins were common to both HA and BR crystals. Seven nonkeratin proteins were identified in the UA extracts. Several proteins consistently detected in the HA and BR crystal extracts have been previously implicated in kidney stone disease, including osteopontin, prothrombin, protein S100A9 (calgranulin B), inter-α-inhibitor, α1-microglobulin bikunin (AMBP), heparan sulfate proteoglycan, and Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, all of which are strong calcium binders. We concluded that the association of proteins with HA, BR, and UA crystals formed in healthy urine is selective and that only a few of the numerous proteins present in healthy urine are likely to play any significant role in preventing stone pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Thurgood
- Urology Unit, Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre and Flinders Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.
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Sun Y, Mauerhan DR, Honeycutt PR, Kneisl JS, Norton HJ, Zinchenko N, Hanley EN, Gruber HE. Calcium deposition in osteoarthritic meniscus and meniscal cell culture. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R56. [PMID: 20353559 PMCID: PMC2888206 DOI: 10.1186/ar2968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Calcium crystals exist in the knee joint fluid of up to 65% of osteoarthritis (OA) patients and the presence of these calcium crystals correlates with the radiographic evidence of hyaline cartilaginous degeneration. This study sought to examine calcium deposition in OA meniscus and to investigate OA meniscal cell-mediated calcium deposition. The hypothesis was that OA meniscal cells may play a role in pathological meniscal calcification. METHODS Studies were approved by our human subjects Institutional Review Board. Menisci were collected during joint replacement surgeries for OA patients and during limb amputation surgeries for osteosarcoma patients. Calcium deposits in menisci were examined by alizarin red staining. Expression of genes involved in biomineralization in OA meniscal cells was examined by microarray and real-time RT-PCR. Cell-mediated calcium deposition in monolayer culture of meniscal cells was examined using an ATP-induced (45)calcium deposition assay. RESULTS Calcium depositions were detected in OA menisci but not in normal menisci. The expression of several genes involved in biomineralization including ENPP1 and ANKH was upregulated in OA meniscal cells. Consistently, ATP-induced calcium deposition in the monolayer culture of OA meniscal cells was much higher than that in the monolayer culture of control meniscal cells. CONCLUSIONS Calcium deposition is common in OA menisci. OA meniscal cells calcify more readily than normal meniscal cells. Pathological meniscal calcification, which may alter the biomechanical properties of the knee meniscus, is potentially an important contributory factor to OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, PO Box 32861, Charlotte, NC 28232, USA.
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Jubeck B, Muth E, Gohr CM, Rosenthal AK. Type II collagen levels correlate with mineralization by articular cartilage vesicles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:2741-6. [PMID: 19714645 DOI: 10.1002/art.24773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pathologic mineralization is common in osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage and may be mediated by extracellular organelles known as articular cartilage vesicles (ACVs). Paradoxically, ACVs isolated from OA human cartilage mineralize poorly in vitro compared with those isolated from normal porcine cartilage. We recently showed that collagens regulate ACV mineralization. We sought to determine differences between collagens and collagen receptors on human and porcine ACVs as a potential explanation of their different mineralization behaviors. METHODS ACVs were enzymatically released from old and young human and porcine hyaline articular cartilage. Western blotting was used to determine the presence of types I, II, VI, and X collagen and various collagen receptors on ACVs. Type II collagen was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Biomineralization was assessed by measuring the uptake of (45)Ca by isolated ACVs in agarose gels and by ACVs in situ in freeze-thawed cartilage. RESULTS As previously shown, isolated human ACVs mineralized poorly in response to ATP compared with porcine ACVs, but human and porcine ACVs mineralized similarly in situ in freeze-thawed cartilage. Type II collagen levels were 100-fold higher in isolated human ACVs than in porcine ACVs. Type II collagen in human ACVs was of high molecular weight. Transglutaminase-crosslinked type II collagen showed increased resistance to collagenase, suggesting a possible explanation for residual collagen on human ACVs. Expression of other collagens and collagen receptors was similar on human and porcine ACVs. CONCLUSION Higher levels of type II collagen in human ACV preparations, perhaps mediated by increased transglutaminase crosslinking, may contribute to the decreased mineralization observed in isolated human ACVs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Jubeck
- Rheumatology Section, Medical College of Wisconsin and Zablocki VA Medical Center, 5000 West National Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53295, USA
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22
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Nasse MJ, Ratti S, Giordano M, Hirschmugl CJ. Demountable liquid/flow cell for in vivo infrared microspectroscopy of biological specimens. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 63:1181-1186. [PMID: 19843370 DOI: 10.1366/000370209789553101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a liquid/flow cell/chamber allowing infrared measurements of living biological specimens with high spatial resolution under a controlled aqueous environment. This flow chamber features sub-micrometer thick diamond windows exhibiting low spherical and chromatic aberrations. Diamond has excellent transmission properties and minimal dispersion over the entire mid-infrared and visible spectral ranges. In contrast to current commercially available infrared liquid chambers, the flow chamber has a slim profile, which accommodates high resolution/magnification microscope objectives with small working distances, down to 0.6 mm above the chamber and 6 mm below the flow chamber. We have coupled a pump to the flow chamber to provide medium exchange. As an example, we present microspectroscopic infrared maps and spectra of the freshwater green alga Micrasterias sp. in the new flow chamber and compare them to maps obtained with a conventional liquid chamber. Pulse-amplitude-modulated fluorescence measurements on Micrasterias sp. cells inside the new flow chamber have been evaluated to demonstrate the viability of the algal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Nasse
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
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Mitton E, Gohr CM, McNally MT, Rosenthal AK. Articular cartilage vesicles contain RNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 388:533-8. [PMID: 19679100 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Small membrane-bound extracellular organelles known as articular cartilage matrix vesicles (ACVs) participate in pathologic mineralization in osteoarthritic articular cartilage. ACVs are also present in normal cartilage, although they have no known functions other than mineralization. Recently, RNA was identified in extracellular vesicles derived from mast cells, suggesting that such vesicles might carry coding information from cell to cell. We found that ACVs from normal porcine and human articular cartilage and primary chondrocyte conditioned media contained 1 microg RNA/80 microg ACV protein. No DNA could be detected. RT-PCR of ACV RNA demonstrated the presence of full length mRNAs for factor XIIIA, type II transglutaminase, collagen II, aggrecan, ANKH and GAPDH. RNA in intact ACVs was resistant to RNase, despite the fact that ACV preparations contained measurable levels of active RNases. Significantly, radiolabeled RNA in ACVs could be transferred to unlabeled chondrocytes by co-incubation and produced changes in levels of chondrocyte enzymes and proteins. The demonstration that ACVs contain mRNAs suggests that they may function to shuttle genetic information between articular cells and indicate novel functions for these structures in articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Mitton
- The Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53295, USA
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McCarthy GM, Cheung HS. Point: Hydroxyapatite crystal deposition is intimately involved in the pathogenesis and progression of human osteoarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2009; 11:141-7. [PMID: 19296887 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-009-0020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cause of osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form of arthritis, is most likely multifactorial. No drug exists to slow the progression or reverse OA disease progression. Ample data support a key role of calcium-containing crystals, such as hydroxyapatite, in OA pathogenesis. The presence of these crystals, far higher in OA than in any other form of arthritis, correlates with the degree of radiographic degeneration. Calcium-containing crystals have potent biologic effects in vitro that emphasize their pathogenic potential. OA-associated matrix and chondrocyte alterations play an intimate role in the crystal deposition process. A major difficulty has been the lack of a simple technique for crystal identification in affected joints. Enhanced effort is needed to establish calcium-containing crystals as a therapeutic target in OA, as current data suggest an intimate association in its pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine M McCarthy
- Department of Medicine, University College Dublin and Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles St, Dublin 7, Ireland
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Pritzker KPH. Counterpoint: Hydroxyapatite crystal deposition is not intimately involved in the pathogenesis and progression of human osteoarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2009; 11:148-53. [PMID: 19296888 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-009-0021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The association of hydroxyapatite deposition with osteoarthritis pathogenesis and progression remains controversial, even after decades of study. Hydroxyapatite crystals are found in osteoarthritis in advanced disease only. Even then, hydroxyapatite crystals are found in such small amounts that special analytical techniques are required to detect the crystals. Further, the osteoarthritic joint fluid appears noninflammatory, suggesting that such hydroxyapatite crystals have very small effect on the pathologic process. Formal histopathologic evidence is scant, but hydroxyapatite crystal deposition within osteoarthritic synovium or cartilage is a rare event. Hydroxyapatite crystals may be present at end-stage osteoarthritis, but in insufficient amounts to contribute significantly to osteoarthritis pathogenesis or progression. This review critically examines the evidence from osteoarthritic synovial fluids, imaging, and histopathology to determine whether the well-characterized in vitro cellular reactions to hydroxyapatite apply to the pathogenesis of human osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth P H Pritzker
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z5, Canada.
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Fahey M, Mitton E, Muth E, Rosenthal AK. Dexamethasone promotes calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal formation by articular chondrocytes. J Rheumatol 2009; 36:163-9. [PMID: 19132782 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.080528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals are commonly found in osteoarthritic joints and correlate with a poor prognosis. Intraarticular corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone (Dxm), are commonly used therapies for osteoarthritis with or without CPPD deposition. Dxm has variable effects in mineralization models. We investigated the effects of Dxm on CPPD crystal formation in a well established tissue culture model. METHODS Porcine articular chondrocytes were incubated with ATP to generate CPPD crystals. Chondrocytes incubated with or without ATP were exposed to 1-100 nM Dxm in the presence of 45Ca. Mineralization was measured by 45Ca uptake in the cell layer. We also investigated the effect of Dxm on mineralization-regulating enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase, nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase (NTPPPH), and transglutaminase. RESULTS Dxm significantly increased ATP-induced mineralization by articular chondrocytes. While alkaline phosphatase and NTPPPH activities were unchanged by Dxm, transglutaminase activity increased in a dose-responsive manner. Levels of Factor XIIIA mRNA and protein were increased by Dxm, while type II Tgase protein was unchanged. Transglutaminase inhibitors suppressed Dxminduced increases in CPPD crystal formation. CONCLUSION These findings suggest a potential for Dxm to contribute to pathologic mineralization in cartilage and reinforce a central role for the transglutaminase enzymes in CPPD crystal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Fahey
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Rheumatology Section, cc-111W, Zablocki VA Medical Center, 5000 W. National Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53295-1000, USA
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