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Strecanska M, Sekelova T, Csobonyeiova M, Danisovic L, Cehakova M. Therapeutic applications of mesenchymal/medicinal stem/signaling cells preconditioned with external factors: Are there more efficient approaches to utilize their regenerative potential? Life Sci 2024; 346:122647. [PMID: 38614298 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal/medicinal stem/signaling cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising treatment option for various disorders. However, the donor's age, advanced stage of disease, and prolonged in vitro expansion often diminish the innate regenerative potential of MSCs. Besides that, the absence of MSCs' comprehensive "pre-admission testing" can result in the injection of cells with reduced viability and function, which may negatively affect the overall outcome of MSC-based therapies. It is, therefore, essential to develop effective strategies to improve the impaired biological performance of MSCs. This review focuses on the comprehensive characterization of various methods of external MSCs stimulation (hypoxia, heat shock, caloric restriction, acidosis, 3D culture, and application of extracellular matrix) that augment their medicinal potential. To emphasize the significance of MSCs priming, we summarize the effects of individual and combined preconditioning approaches, highlighting their impact on MSCs' response to either physiological or pathological conditions. We further investigate the synergic action of exogenous factors to maximize MSCs' therapeutic potential. Not to omit the field of tissue engineering, the application of pretreated MSCs seeded on scaffolds is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Strecanska
- National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, Nabrezie I. Krasku 4, 921 12 Piestany, Slovakia; Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Tatiana Sekelova
- National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, Nabrezie I. Krasku 4, 921 12 Piestany, Slovakia; Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Maria Csobonyeiova
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Lubos Danisovic
- National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, Nabrezie I. Krasku 4, 921 12 Piestany, Slovakia; Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Michaela Cehakova
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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The Influence of Intervertebral Disc Microenvironment on the Biological Behavior of Engrafted Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:8671482. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8671482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration is the main cause of low back pain. Traditional treatment methods cannot repair degenerated intervertebral disc tissue. The emergence of stem cell therapy makes it possible to regenerate and repair degenerated intervertebral disc tissue. At present, mesenchymal stem cells are the most studied, and different types of mesenchymal stem cells have their own characteristics. However, due to the harsh and complex internal microenvironment of the intervertebral disc, it will affect the biological behaviors of the implanted mesenchymal stem cells, such as viability, proliferation, migration, and chondrogenic differentiation, thereby affecting the therapeutic effect. This review is aimed at summarizing the influence of each intervertebral disc microenvironmental factor on the biological behavior of mesenchymal stem cells, so as to provide new ideas for using tissue engineering technology to assist stem cells to overcome the influence of the microenvironment in the future.
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Hu J, Li C, Jin S, Ye Y, Fang Y, Xu P, Zhang C. Salvianolic acid B combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells piggybacked on HAMA hydrogel re-transplantation improves intervertebral disc degeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:950625. [PMID: 36237221 PMCID: PMC9552300 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.950625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based tissue engineering approaches have emerged as a realistic alternative for regenerative disc tissue repair. The multidirectional differentiation potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to treat disc degeneration intervertebral disc degeneration has also become a viable option. We used 1% HAMA hydrogel as a carrier and co-encapsulated BMSCs and Salvianolic acid B (SalB) into the hydrogel to reduce the apoptosis of the transplanted cells. The protective effect of SalB on BMSCs was first verified in vitro using the CCK8 method, flow cytometry, and Western-Blotting, and the physical properties and biocompatibility of HAMA hydrogels were verified in vitro. The rat model was then established using the pinprick method and taken at 4 and 8 W, to examine the extent of disc degeneration by histology and immunohistochemistry, respectively. It was found that SalB could effectively reduce the apoptosis of BMSCs in vitro by activating the JAK2-STAT3 pathway. 1% HAMA hydrogels had larger pore size and better water retention, and the percentage of cell survival within the hydrogels was significantly higher after the addition of SalB to the HAMA hydrogels. In the in vivo setting, the HAMA + SalB + BMSCs group had a more pronounced delaying effect on the progression of disc degeneration compared to the other treatment groups. The method used in this study to encapsulate protective drugs with stem cells in a hydrogel for injection into the lesion has potential research value in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation in Anhui Province, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Cai Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation in Anhui Province, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Shichang Jin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yuchen Ye
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yuekun Fang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation in Anhui Province, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Panpan Xu
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Changchun Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation in Anhui Province, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
- *Correspondence: Changchun Zhang,
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Edifying the Focal Factors Influencing Mesenchymal Stem Cells by the Microenvironment of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in Low Back Pain. Pain Res Manag 2022; 2022:6235400. [PMID: 35386857 PMCID: PMC8977320 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6235400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is one of the main triggers of low back pain, which is most often associated with patient morbidity and high medical costs. IVDD triggers a wide range of pathologies and clinical syndromes like paresthesia, weakness of extremities, and intermittent/chronic back pain. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have demonstrated to possess immunomodulatory functions as well as the capability of differentiating into chondrocytes under appropriate microenvironment conditions, which makes them potentially epitome for intervertebral disc (IVD) regeneration. The IVD microenvironment is composed by niche of cells, and their chemical and physical milieus have been exhibited to have robust influence on MSC behavior as well as differentiation. Nevertheless, the contribution of MSCs to the IVD milieu conditions in healthy as well as degeneration situations is still a matter of debate. It is still not clear which factors, if any, are essential for effective and efficient MSC survival, proliferation, and differentiation. IVD microenvironment clues such as nucleopulpocytes, potential of hydrogen (pH), osmotic changes, glucose, hypoxia, apoptosis, pyroptosis, and hydrogels are capable of influencing the MSCs aimed for the treatment of IVDD. Therefore, clinical usage of MSCs ought to take into consideration these microenvironment clues during treatment. Alteration in these factors could function as prognostic indicators during the treatment of patients with IVDD using MSCs. Thus, standardized valves for these microenvironment clues are warranted.
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Long Y, Bundkirchen K, Gräff P, Krettek C, Noack S, Neunaber C. Cytological Effects of Serum Isolated from Polytraumatized Patients on Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:2612480. [PMID: 34876907 PMCID: PMC8645412 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2612480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their immunomodulatory and regenerative capacity, human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) are promising in the treatment of patients suffering from polytrauma. However, few studies look at the effects of sera from polytraumatized patients on hBMSCs. The aim of this study was to explore changes in hBMSC properties in response to serum from polytrauma patients taken at different time points after the trauma incident. For this, sera from 84 patients with polytrauma (collected between 2010 and 2020 in our department) were used. In order to test the differential influence on hBMSC, sera from the 1st (D1), 5th (D5), and 10th day (D10) after polytrauma were pooled, respectively. As a control, sera from three healthy donors (HS), matched with respect to age and gender to the polytrauma group, were collected. Furthermore, hBMSCs from four healthy donors were used in the experiments. The pooled sera of HS, D1, D5, and D10 were analyzed by multicytokine array for pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the influence of the different sera on hBMSCs with respect to cell proliferation, colony forming unit-fibroblast (CFU-F) assay, cell viability, cytotoxicity, cell migration, and osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation was analyzed. The results showed that D5 serum significantly reduced hBMSC cell proliferation capacity compared with HS and increased the proportion of dead cells compared with D1. However, the frequency of CFU-F was not reduced in polytrauma groups compared with HS, as well as the other parameters. The serological effect of polytrauma on hBMSCs was related to the time after trauma. It is disadvantageous to use BMSCs in polytraumatized patients at least until the fifth day after polytrauma as obvious cytological changes could be found at that time point. However, it is promising to use hBMSCs to treat polytrauma after five days, combined with the concept of "Damage Control Orthopedics" (DCO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Long
- Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Pascal Gräff
- Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Sandra Noack
- Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Neunaber
- Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Yue D, Du L, Zhang B, Wu H, Yang Q, Wang M, Pan J. Time-dependently Appeared Microenvironmental Changes and Mechanism after Cartilage or Joint Damage and the Influences on Cartilage Regeneration. Organogenesis 2021; 17:85-99. [PMID: 34806543 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2021.1991199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage and joint damage easily degenerates cartilage and turns into osteoarthritis (OA), which seriously affects human life and work, and has no cure currently. The temporal and spatial changes of multiple microenvironments upon the damage of cartilage and joint are noticed, including the emergences of inflammation, bone remodeling, blood vessels, and nerves, as well as alterations of extracellular and pericellular matrix, oxygen tension, biomechanics, underneath articular cartilage tissues, and pH value. This review summarizes the existing literatures on microenvironmental changes, mechanisms, and their negative effects on cartilage regeneration following cartilage and joint damage. We conclude that time-dependently rebuilding the multiple normal microenvironments of damaged cartilage is the key for cartilage regeneration after systematic studies for the timing and correlations of various microenvironment changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Yue
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Lin Du
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Huan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- Orthopedic Department, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jun Pan
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
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Rhatomy S, Setyawan R, Romulo MA. Enhancement of Chondrogenesis in Hypoxic Precondition Culture: A Systematic Review. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.5850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cartilage tear has begun to be treated with stem cells. However, stem cell oxygen level culture has not been evaluated for the best environment to enhance chondrogenesis.
AIM: The purpose of this review is to focus on the hypoxic oxygen level of stem cells culture as a treatment for cartilage tear.
METHODS: A literature search was systemically conducted on PubMed (MEDLINE), OVID, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, Google Scholar, and bibliography of selected articles with the terms (“culture”) AND (“stem cell” OR “mesenchymal stem cell” OR “MSC”) AND (“hypoxic” OR “hypoxia”) AND (“cartilage” OR “chondro*”) as the main keywords. A total of 438 articles were reviewed. Thirty-six articles were considered relevant for this systematic review.
RESULTS: The result of this review supports stimulation effects of hypoxic oxygen level stem cell culture in chondrogenesis process. Most studies used 5% oxygen concentration for culture, both of in vivo and in vitro studies. Due to the heterogeneity nature of the included studies, meta-analysis was unable to be conducted.
CONCLUSION: Hypoxia state seems to play an important role in chondrocytes proliferation, differentiation, and matrix production.
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Yang Z, Feng L, Huang J, Zhang X, Lin W, Wang B, Cui L, Lin S, Li G. Asiatic acid protects articular cartilage through promoting chondrogenesis and inhibiting inflammation and hypertrophy in osteoarthritis. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 907:174265. [PMID: 34174266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural small molecules have become attractive in osteoarthritis (OA) treatment. This study aims to investigate the effect of asiatic acid (AA) on OA development in vitro and in vivo. Chondrocytes were pretreated with AA at optimized concentrations and subsequently treated with interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Inflammatory mediator nitric oxide (NO) was measured by Griess method. The mRNA expression level of inflammatory markers nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox2), as well as chondrogenic or hypertrophic markers including SRY-box transcription factor 9 (Sox9), Aggrecan, Collagen 2a1 (Col II), and Matrix metalloproteinase-13 (Mmp13) were measured by using real-time PCR analysis. The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling activity was determined by dual luciferase assay and Western blot analysis. Surgery-induced OA animal model was constructed, and AA was administrated to study its effect on OA pathogenesis. AA induced a dose-dependent inhibitory effect up to -67.4% on NO production. AA could repress iNOS and Cox2 protein expression levels (-77.2% and -73.4%, respectively) in IL-1β induced chondrocytes. AA increased the formation of cartilage extracellular matrix components including glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and collagen type II. AA also mRNA expression of chondrogenesis marker including Aggrecan, Sox9, Col II and Fibronectin (402.87%, 151.04%, 314.15% and 187.76%, respectively) as well as hypertrophic marker Mmp13 (-67.8%). AA repressed the chondrocyte inflammation by directly inhibiting NF-κB signaling activity, which was revealed by the inhibition effect of AA on IκBα phosphorylation (-105.4%) and NF-κB/p65 translocation (-60.9%) induced by IL-1β. Furthermore, In vivo OA study indicated the protective effect of AA on OA progression by preventing articular cartilage from degeneration and destruction. AA treatment could significantly reduce OA score (16.125 vs 5.25) and repress mRNA expression level of Mmp13 and Col X (23.5, vs 2.375 and 18.125 vs 94.5). Taken together, our findings suggest that AA could effectively rescue IL-1β induced chondrocytes and protected cartilage in OA progression, which shed light on a potential novel therapeutic strategy of OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengmeng Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Lu Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Jianping Huang
- The Public Service Platform of South China Sea for R & D Marine Biomedicine Resources, Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, PR China
| | - Xiaoting Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Weiping Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Liao Cui
- The Public Service Platform of South China Sea for R & D Marine Biomedicine Resources, Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, PR China
| | - Sien Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; The Public Service Platform of South China Sea for R & D Marine Biomedicine Resources, Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, PR China.
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; MOE Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, SAR, PR China.
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Yan J, Zhao Y, Lin F, Qu J, Liu Q, Pan Y, Liu L. Monitoring the extracellular matrix remodeling of high-grade serous ovarian cancer with nonlinear optical microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202000498. [PMID: 33624930 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The mortality of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) accounts for 70% to 80% of all ovarian cancer deaths and overall mortality rate has not declined in the last decade. Recently, many studies have demonstrated that HGSOC originates from the fallopian tubes. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is present in all tissues, its remodeling and interaction with cells are crucial for regulating cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In this paper, we used label-free nonlinear optical microscopy to image tissues of the fallopian tube and ovary. Combining a set of image processing algorithms, we monitored the remodeling of ECM in the fallopian tube and ovary during the invasion of primary serous fallopian tube tumor into the ovary in microscopic dimension. With this approach, we can obtain physiological information of HGSOC at the early stage, which provided useful data for auxiliary clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junshuai Yan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yihua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fangrui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qianyu Liu
- China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Pan
- China Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Hu H, Liu W, Sun C, Wang Q, Yang W, Zhang Z, Xia Z, Shao Z, Wang B. Endogenous Repair and Regeneration of Injured Articular Cartilage: A Challenging but Promising Therapeutic Strategy. Aging Dis 2021; 12:886-901. [PMID: 34094649 PMCID: PMC8139200 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) has a very limited intrinsic repair capacity after injury or disease. Although exogenous cell-based regenerative approaches have obtained acceptable outcomes, they are usually associated with complicated procedures, donor-site morbidities and cell differentiation during ex vivo expansion. In recent years, endogenous regenerative strategy by recruiting resident mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSPCs) into the injured sites, as a promising alternative, has gained considerable attention. It takes full advantage of body's own regenerative potential to repair and regenerate injured tissue while avoiding exogenous regenerative approach-associated limitations. Like most tissues, there are also multiple stem-cell niches in AC and its surrounding tissues. These MSPCs have the potential to migrate into injured sites to produce replacement cells under appropriate stimuli. Traditional microfracture procedure employs the concept of MSPCs recruitment usually fails to regenerate normal hyaline cartilage. The reasons for this failure might be attributed to an inadequate number of recruiting cells and adverse local tissue microenvironment after cartilage injury. A strategy that effectively improves local matrix microenvironment and recruits resident MSPCs may enhance the success of endogenous AC regeneration (EACR). In this review, we focused on the reasons why AC cannot regenerate itself in spite of potential self-repair capacity and summarized the latest developments of the three key components in the field of EACR. In addition, we discussed the challenges facing in the present EACR strategy. This review will provide an increasing understanding of EACR and attract more researchers to participate in this promising research arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Hu
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Weijian Liu
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Caixia Sun
- 2Department of Gynecology, General Hospital of the Yangtze River Shipping, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qiuyuan Wang
- 3Department of Nephrology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441100, China
| | - Wenbo Yang
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - ZhiCai Zhang
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhidao Xia
- 4Centre for Nanohealth, ILS2, Swansea university Medical school, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Zengwu Shao
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Baichuan Wang
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,4Centre for Nanohealth, ILS2, Swansea university Medical school, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
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11
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Zhou X, Xu W, Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhang L, Li C, Yao S, Huang Z, Huang L, Luo D. LncRNA DNM3OS regulates GREM2 via miR-127-5p to suppress early chondrogenic differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells under hypoxic conditions. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2021; 26:22. [PMID: 34049478 PMCID: PMC8161583 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-021-00269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Improved chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by genetic regulation is a potential method for regenerating articular cartilage. MiR-127-5p has been reported to promote cartilage differentiation of rat bone marrow MSCs (rMSCs); however, the regulatory mechanisms underlying hypoxia-stimulated chondrogenic differentiation remain unknown. Methods rMSCs were induced to undergo chondrogenic differentiation under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Expression of lncRNA DNM3OS, miR-127-5p, and GREM2 was detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Proteoglycans were detected by Alcian blue staining. Western blot assays were performed to examine the relative levels of GREM2 and chondrogenic differentiation related proteins. Luciferase reporter assays were performed to assess the association among DNM3OS, miR-127-5p, and GREM2. Results MiR-127-5p levels were upregulated, while DNM3OS and GREM2 levels were downregulated in rMSCs induced to undergo chondrogenic differentiation, and those changes were attenuated by hypoxic conditions (1% O2). Further in vitro experiments revealed that downregulation of miR-127-5p reduced the production of proteoglycans and expression of chondrogenic differentiation markers (COL1A1, COL2A1, SOX9, and ACAN) and osteo/chondrogenic markers (BMP-2, p-SMAD1/2). MiR-127-5p overexpression produced the opposite results in rMSCs induced to undergo chondrogenic differentiation under hypoxic conditions. GREM2 was found to be a direct target of miR-127-5p, which was suppressed in rMSCs undergoing chondrogenic differentiation. Moreover, DNM3OS could directly bind to miR-127-5p and inhibit chondrogenic differentiation of rMSCs via regulating GREM2. Conclusions Our study revealed a novel molecular pathway (DNM3OS/miR-127-5p/GREM2) that may be involved in hypoxic chondrogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhong Zhou
- The Spine Department, Orthopaedic Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, No. 466, Xingangzhong Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510317, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wangyang Xu
- The Spine Department, Orthopaedic Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, No. 466, Xingangzhong Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510317, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yeyang Wang
- The Spine Department, Orthopaedic Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, No. 466, Xingangzhong Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510317, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- The Spine Department, Orthopaedic Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, No. 466, Xingangzhong Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510317, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- The Spine Department, Orthopaedic Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, No. 466, Xingangzhong Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510317, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Li
- The Spine Department, Orthopaedic Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, No. 466, Xingangzhong Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510317, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun Yao
- The Spine Department, Orthopaedic Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, No. 466, Xingangzhong Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510317, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixiang Huang
- The Spine Department, Orthopaedic Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, No. 466, Xingangzhong Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510317, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lishan Huang
- The Spine Department, Orthopaedic Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, No. 466, Xingangzhong Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510317, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dixin Luo
- The Spine Department, Orthopaedic Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, No. 466, Xingangzhong Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510317, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Vadalà G, Ambrosio L, Russo F, Papalia R, Denaro V. Stem Cells and Intervertebral Disc Regeneration Overview-What They Can and Can't Do. Int J Spine Surg 2021; 15:40-53. [PMID: 34376495 DOI: 10.14444/8054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low back pain (LPB) is the main cause of disability worldwide with enormous socioeconomic burdens. A major cause of LBP is intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD): a chronic, progressive process associated with exhaustion of the resident cell population, tissue inflammation, degradation of the extracellular matrix and dehydration of the nucleus pulposus. Eventually, IDD may lead to serious sequelae including chronic LBP, disc herniation, segmental instability, and spinal stenosis, which may require invasive surgical interventions. However, no treatment is actually able to directly tackle IDD and hamper the degenerative process. In the last decade, the intradiscal injection of stem cells is raising as a promising approach to regenerate the intervertebral disc. This review aims to describe the rationale behind a regenerative stem cell therapy for IDD as well as the effect of stem cells following their implantation in the disc environment according to preclinical studies. Furthermore, actual clinical evidence and ongoing trials will be discussed, taking into account the future perspective and current limitations of this cutting-edge therapy. METHODS A literature analysis was performed for this narrative review. A database search of PubMed, Scopus and ClinicalTrials.gov was conducted using "stem cells" combined with "intervertebral disc", "degeneration" and "regeneration" without exclusion based on publication date. Articles were firstly screened on a title-abstract basis and, subsequently, full-text were reviewed. Both preclinical and clinical studies have been included. RESULTS The database search yielded recent publications from which the narrative review was completed. CONCLUSIONS Based on available evidence, intradiscal stem cell therapy has provided encouraging results in terms of regenerative effects and reduction of LBP. However, multicenter, prospective randomized trials are needed in order confirm the safety, efficacy and applicability of such a promising treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Vadalà
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Ambrosio
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Russo
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rocco Papalia
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Denaro
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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13
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Jauković A, Kukolj T, Obradović H, Okić-Đorđević I, Mojsilović S, Bugarski D. Inflammatory niche: Mesenchymal stromal cell priming by soluble mediators. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:922-937. [PMID: 33033555 PMCID: PMC7524701 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i9.922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells of stromal origin that possess self-renewal capacity and the ability to differentiate into multiple mesodermal cell lineages. They play a critical role in tissue homeostasis and wound healing, as well as in regulating the inflammatory microenvironment through interactions with immune cells. Hence, MSCs have garnered great attention as promising candidates for tissue regeneration and cell therapy. Because the inflammatory niche plays a key role in triggering the reparative and immunomodulatory functions of MSCs, priming of MSCs with bioactive molecules has been proposed as a way to foster the therapeutic potential of these cells. In this paper, we review how soluble mediators of the inflammatory niche (cytokines and alarmins) influence the regenerative and immunomodulatory capacity of MSCs, highlighting the major advantages and concerns regarding the therapeutic potential of these inflammatory primed MSCs. The data summarized in this review may provide a significant starting point for future research on priming MSCs and establishing standardized methods for the application of preconditioned MSCs in cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Jauković
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11129, Serbia
| | - Tamara Kukolj
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11129, Serbia
| | - Hristina Obradović
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11129, Serbia
| | - Ivana Okić-Đorđević
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11129, Serbia
| | - Slavko Mojsilović
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11129, Serbia
| | - Diana Bugarski
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11129, Serbia
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14
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Lu J, Zhou Z, Sun B, Han B, Fu Q, Han Y, Yuan W, Xu Z, Chen A. MiR-520d-5p modulates chondrogenesis and chondrocyte metabolism through targeting HDAC1. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:18545-18560. [PMID: 32950972 PMCID: PMC7585120 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an essential role in the chondrogenesis and the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). This study aimed to determine miRNAs associated with chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and chondrocyte metabolism. MiRNAs were screened in hMSCs during chondrogenesis by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR. MiRNA expression was determined in primary human chondrocytes (PHCs), and degraded cartilage samples. MiRNA mimics and inhibitors were transfected to cells to determine the effect of miRNA. Bioinformatic analysis and luciferase reporter assays were applied to determine the target gene of miRNA. The results demonstrated that miR-520d-5p was increased in hMSCs chondrogenesis. The overexpression and knockdown of miR-520d-5p promoted and inhibited chondrogenesis, and regulated chondrocyte metabolism. Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) was decreased in hMSCs chondrogenesis, and HDAC1 was a targeting gene of miR-520d-5p. CI994, HDAC1 inhibitor, elevated cartilage-specific gene expressions and promoted hMSCs chondrogenesis. In IL-1β-treated PHCs, CI994 promoted AGGRECAN expression and suppressed MMP-13 expression, abolishing the effect of IL-1β on PHCs. Taken together, these results suggest that miR-520d-5p promotes hMSCs chondrogenesis and regulates chondrocyte metabolism through targeting HDAC1. This study provides novel understanding of the molecular mechanism of OA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Lu
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, P. R. of China
| | - Zhibin Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, P. R. of China
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, P. R. of China
| | - Bin Han
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, P. R. of China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, P. R. of China
| | - Yaguang Han
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, P. R. of China
| | - Wang Yuan
- Department of Medicinal and Materials, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, P. R. of China
| | - Zeng Xu
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, P. R. of China
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, P. R. of China
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15
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Zhu S, Chen P, Chen Y, Li M, Chen C, Lu H. 3D-Printed Extracellular Matrix/Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate Hydrogel Incorporating the Anti-inflammatory Phytomolecule Honokiol for Regeneration of Osteochondral Defects. Am J Sports Med 2020; 48:2808-2818. [PMID: 32762553 DOI: 10.1177/0363546520941842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis is the leading cause of disability worldwide; cartilage degeneration and defects are the central features. Significant progress in tissue engineering holds promise to regenerate damaged cartilage tissue. However, a formidable challenge is to develop a 3-dimensional (3D) tissue construct that can regulate local immune environment to facilitate the intrinsic osteochondral regeneration. PURPOSE To evaluate efficacy of a 3D-printed decellularized cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) and polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) integrated novel scaffold (PEGDA/ECM) together with the natural compound honokiol (Hon) for regenerating osteochondral defect. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS We used a stereolithography-based 3D printer for PEGDA/ECM bioprinting. A total of 36 Sprague-Dawley rats with cylindrical osteochondral defect in the trochlear groove of the femur were randomly assigned into 3 different treatments: no scaffold implantation (Defect group), 3D printed PEGDA/ECM scaffold alone (PEGDA/ECM group), or Hon suspended in a 3D-printed PEGDA/ECM scaffold (PEGDA/ECM/Hon group). 12 rats that underwent only medial parapatellar incision surgery were used as normal controls. The femur specimens were postoperatively harvested at 4 and 8 weeks for gross, micro-CT, and histological evaluations. The efficacy of PEGDA/ECM/Hon scaffold on the release of proinflammatory cytokines from the macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was evaluated in-vitro. RESULTS In vitro results determined that PEGDA/ECM/Hon scaffold could suppress the release of proinflammatory cytokines from macrophages that were stimulated by LPS. Macroscopic images showed that the PEGDA/ECM/Hon group had significantly higher ICRS scoring than that of defect and PEGDA/ECM groups. Micro-CT evaluation demonstrated that much more bony tissue was formed in the defect sites implanted with the PEGDA/ECM scaffold or PEGDA/ECM/Hon scaffold compared with the untreated defects. Histological analysis showed that the PEGDA/ECM/Hon group had a significant enhancement in osteochondral regeneration at 4 and 8 weeks after surgery in comparison with the ECM/PEGDA or defect group. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that 3D printing of PEGDA/ECM hydrogel incorporating the anti-inflammatory phytomolecule honokiol could provide a promising scaffold for osteochondral defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouan Zhu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,Xiangya Hospital-International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Sports Medicine Research Centre, Changsha, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,Xiangya Hospital-International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Sports Medicine Research Centre, Changsha, China
| | - Muzhi Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,Xiangya Hospital-International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Sports Medicine Research Centre, Changsha, China
| | - Can Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,Xiangya Hospital-International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Sports Medicine Research Centre, Changsha, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.,Xiangya Hospital-International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Sports Medicine Research Centre, Changsha, China
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16
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Physioxia Expanded Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Have Improved Cartilage Repair in an Early Osteoarthritic Focal Defect Model. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9080230. [PMID: 32824442 PMCID: PMC7463623 DOI: 10.3390/biology9080230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Focal early osteoarthritis (OA) or degenerative lesions account for 60% of treated cartilage defects each year. The current cell-based regenerative treatments have an increased failure rate for treating degenerative lesions compared to traumatic defects. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an alternative cell source for treating early OA defects, due to their greater chondrogenic potential, compared to early OA chondrocytes. Low oxygen tension or physioxia has been shown to enhance MSC chondrogenic matrix content and could improve functional outcomes of regenerative therapies. The present investigation sought to develop a focal early OA animal model to evaluate cartilage regeneration and hypothesized that physioxic MSCs improve in vivo cartilage repair in both, post-trauma and focal early OA defects. Using a rabbit model, a focal defect was created, that developed signs of focal early OA after six weeks. MSCs cultured under physioxia had significantly enhanced in vitro MSC chondrogenic GAG content under hyperoxia with or without the presence of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). In both post-traumatic and focal early OA defect models, physioxic MSC treatment demonstrated a significant improvement in cartilage repair score, compared to hyperoxic MSCs and respective control defects. Future investigations will seek to understand whether these results are replicated in large animal models and the underlying mechanisms involved in in vivo cartilage regeneration.
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17
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Bundgaard L, Stensballe A, Elbæk KJ, Berg LC. Mass spectrometric analysis of the in vitro secretome from equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells to assess the effect of chondrogenic differentiation on response to interleukin-1β treatment. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:187. [PMID: 32434555 PMCID: PMC7238576 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01706-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Similar to humans, the horse is a long-lived, athletic species. The use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is a relatively new frontier, but has been used with promising results in treating joint diseases, e.g., osteoarthritis. It is believed that MSCs exert their main therapeutic effects through secreted trophic biomolecules. Therefore, it has been increasingly important to characterize the MSC secretome. It has been shown that the effect of the MSCs is strongly influenced by the environment in the host compartment, and it is a crucial issue when considering MSC therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in the in vitro secreted protein profile between naïve and chondrogenic differentiating bone marrow-derived (BM)-MSCs when exposed to an inflammatory environment. Methods Equine BM-MSCs were divided into a naïve group and a chondrogenic group. Cells were treated with normal expansion media or chondrogenic media. Cells were treated with IL-1β for a period of 5 days (stimulation), followed by 5 days without IL-1β (recovery). Media were collected after 48 h and 10 days. The secretomes were digested and analyzed by nanoLC-MS/MS to unravel the orchestration of proteins. Results The inflammatory proteins IL6, CXCL1, CXCL6, CCL7, SEMA7A, SAA, and haptoglobin were identified in the secretome after 48 h from all cells stimulated with IL-1β. CXCL8, OSM, TGF-β1, the angiogenic proteins VCAM1, ICAM1, VEGFA, and VEGFC, the proteases MMP1 and MMP3, and the protease inhibitor TIMP3 were among the proteins only identified in the secretome after 48 h from cells cultured in normal expansion media. After 10-day incubation, the proteins CXCL1, CXCL6, and CCL7 were still identified in the secretome from BM-MSCs stimulated with IL-1β, but the essential inducer of inflammation, IL6, was only identified in the secretome from cells cultured in normal expansion media. Conclusion The findings in this study indicate that naïve BM-MSCs have a more extensive inflammatory response at 48 h to stimulation with IL-1β compared to BM-MSCs undergoing chondrogenic differentiation. This extensive inflammatory response decreased after 5 days without IL-1β (day 10), but a difference in composition of the secretome between naïve and chondrogenic BM-MSCs was still evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Bundgaard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Agrovej 8, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark.
| | - Allan Stensballe
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7E, 9220, Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Juul Elbæk
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7E, 9220, Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - Lise Charlotte Berg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Agrovej 8, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark
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18
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Wu T, Chen Y, Liu W, Tong KL, Suen CWW, Huang S, Hou H, She G, Zhang H, Zheng X, Li J, Zha Z. Ginsenoside Rb1/TGF-β1 loaded biodegradable silk fibroin-gelatin porous scaffolds for inflammation inhibition and cartilage regeneration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 111:110757. [PMID: 32279738 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Creating a microenvironment with low inflammation and favorable for the chondrogenic differentiation of endogenous stem cells plays an essential role in cartilage repairing. In the present study, we design a novel ginsenoside Rb1/TGF-β1 loaded silk fibroin-gelatin porous scaffold (GSTR) with the function of attenuating inflammation and promoting chondrogenesis. The scaffold has porous microstructure, proper mechanical strength, degradation rate and sustained release of Rb1 and TGF-β1. Rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) seeded into GSTR scaffolds are homogeneously distributed and display a higher proliferation rate than non-loaded scaffolds (GS). GSTR scaffolds promote the chondrogenic differentiation of rBMSCs and suppress the expression of inflammation genes. Under the stimulation of IL-1β, the inflammation level of the chondrocytes seeded in GSTR scaffolds is also significantly down-regulated. Moreover, GSTR scaffolds implanted into the osteochondral defects in rats effectively promote the regeneration of hyaline cartilage 12 weeks after surgery when compared with other groups. It is demonstrated that this scaffold loaded with Rb1 and TGF-β1 can synergistically create a microenvironment favorable for cartilage regeneration by promoting the chondrogenesis and suppressing the inflammation levels in vivo. These results prove it has a great potential to develop this Rb1/TGF-β1 releasing scaffold into a novel and promising therapeutic for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wu
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases, Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuanfeng Chen
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases, Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Wenping Liu
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases, Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kui Leung Tong
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases, Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chun-Wai Wade Suen
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
| | - Shusen Huang
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases, Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Huige Hou
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases, Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Guorong She
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases, Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Huantian Zhang
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases, Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Zheng
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases, Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jieruo Li
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases, Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Zhengang Zha
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases, Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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19
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Interaction between Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Intervertebral Disc Microenvironment: From Cell Therapy to Tissue Engineering. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:2376172. [PMID: 32587618 PMCID: PMC7294366 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2376172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) in one of the most disabling symptoms affecting nearly 80% of the population worldwide. Its primary cause seems to be intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD): a chronic and progressive process characterized by loss of viable cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) breakdown within the intervertebral disc (IVD) especially in its inner region, the nucleus pulposus (NP). Over the last decades, innovative biological treatments have been investigated in order to restore the original healthy IVD environment and achieve disc regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely exploited in regenerative medicine for their capacity to be easily harvested and be able to differentiate along the osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages and to secrete a wide range of trophic factors that promote tissue homeostasis along with immunomodulation and anti-inflammation. Several in vitro and preclinical studies have demonstrated that MSCs are able to acquire a NP cell-like phenotype and to synthesize structural components of the ECM as well as trophic and anti-inflammatory mediators that may support resident cell activity. However, due to its unique anatomical location and function, the IVD presents distinctive features: avascularity, hypoxia, low glucose concentration, low pH, hyperosmolarity, and mechanical loading. Such conditions establish a hostile microenvironment for both resident and exogenously administered cells, which limited the efficacy of intradiscal cell therapy in diverse investigations. This review is aimed at describing the characteristics of the healthy and degenerated IVD microenvironment and how such features influence both resident cells and MSC viability and biological activity. Furthermore, we focused on how recent research has tried to overcome the obstacles coming from the IVD microenvironment by developing innovative cell therapies and functionalized bioscaffolds.
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Pattappa G, Schewior R, Hofmeister I, Seja J, Zellner J, Johnstone B, Docheva D, Angele P. Physioxia Has a Beneficial Effect on Cartilage Matrix Production in Interleukin-1 Beta-Inhibited Mesenchymal Stem Cell Chondrogenesis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080936. [PMID: 31434236 PMCID: PMC6721827 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative condition that involves the production of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)) that stimulate degradative enzymes, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and aggrecanases (ADAMTS) resulting in articular cartilage breakdown. The presence of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is one reason for poor clinical outcomes in current cell-based tissue engineering strategies for treating focal early osteoarthritic defects. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a potential cell source for articular cartilage regeneration, although IL-1β has been shown to inhibit in vitro chondrogenesis. In vivo, articular chondrocytes reside under a low oxygen environment between 2–5% oxygen (physioxia) and have been shown to enhance in vitro MSC chondrogenic matrix content with reduced hypertrophic marker expression under these conditions. The present investigation sought to understand the effect of physioxia on IL-1β inhibited MSC chondrogenesis. MSCs expanded under physioxic (2% oxygen) and hyperoxic (20%) conditions, then chondrogenically differentiated as pellets in the presence of TGF-β1 and either 0.1 or 0.5 ng/mL IL-1β. Results showed that there were donor variations in response to physioxic culture based on intrinsic GAG content under hyperoxia. In physioxia responsive donors, MSC chondrogenesis significantly increased GAG and collagen II content, whilst hypertrophic markers were reduced compared with hyperoxia. In the presence of IL-1β, these donors showed a significant increase in cartilage matrix gene expression and GAG content relative to hyperoxic conditions. In contrast, a set of MSC donors were unresponsive to physioxia and showed no significant increase in matrix production independent of IL-1β presence. Thus, physioxia has a beneficial effect on MSC cartilage matrix production in responsive donors with or without IL-1β application. The mechanisms controlling the MSC chondrogenic response in both physioxia responsive and unresponsive donors are to be elucidated in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Pattappa
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Ruth Schewior
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Isabelle Hofmeister
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Seja
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Zellner
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Brian Johnstone
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, OP31, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Denitsa Docheva
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Angele
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Sporthopaedicum Regensburg, Hildegard von Bingen Strasse 1, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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21
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van der Kraan PM. The Interaction between Joint Inflammation and Cartilage Repair. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 16:327-334. [PMID: 31413937 PMCID: PMC6675839 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-019-00204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Articular cartilage lesions occur frequently but unfortunately damaged cartilage has a very limited intrinsic repair capacity. Therefore, there is a high need to develop technology that makes cartilage repair possible. Since joint damage will lead to (sterile) inflammation, development of this technology has to take into account the effects of inflammation on cartilage repair. Methods A literature search has been performed including combinations of the following keywords; cartilage repair, fracture repair, chondrogenesis, (sterile) inflammation, inflammatory factors, macrophage, innate immunity, and a number of individual cytokines. Papers were selected that described how inflammation or inflammatory factors affect chondrogenesis and tissue repair. A narrative review is written based on these papers focusing on the role of inflammation in cartilage repair and what we can learn from findings in other organs, especially fracture repair. Results The relationship between inflammation and tissue repair is not straightforward. Acute, local inflammation stimulates fracture repair but appears to be deleterious for chondrogenesis and cartilage repair. Systemic inflammation has a negative effect on all sorts of tissue repair. Conclusion Findings on the role of inflammation in fracture repair and cartilage repair are not in line. The currently widely used models of chondrogenesis, using high differentiation factor concentrations and corticosteroid levels, are not optimal. To make it possible to draw more valid conclusions about the role of inflammation and inflammatory factors on cartilage repair, model systems must be developed that better mimic the real conditions in a joint with damaged cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboudumc, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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22
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Pattappa G, Johnstone B, Zellner J, Docheva D, Angele P. The Importance of Physioxia in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Chondrogenesis and the Mechanisms Controlling Its Response. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E484. [PMID: 30678074 PMCID: PMC6387316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage covers the surface of synovial joints and enables joint movement. However, it is susceptible to progressive degeneration with age that can be accelerated by either previous joint injury or meniscectomy. This degenerative disease is known as osteoarthritis (OA) and it greatly affects the adult population. Cell-based tissue engineering provides a possible solution for treating OA at its earliest stages, particularly focal cartilage lesions. A candidate cell type for treating these focal defects are Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). However, present methods for differentiating these cells towards the chondrogenic lineage lead to hypertrophic chondrocytes and bone formation in vivo. Environmental stimuli that can stabilise the articular chondrocyte phenotype without compromising tissue formation have been extensively investigated. One factor that has generated intensive investigation in MSC chondrogenesis is low oxygen tension or physioxia (2⁻5% oxygen). In vivo articular cartilage resides at oxygen tensions between 1⁻4%, and in vitro results suggest that these conditions are beneficial for MSC expansion and chondrogenesis, particularly in suppressing the cartilage hypertrophy. This review will summarise the current literature regarding the effects of physioxia on MSC chondrogenesis with an emphasis on the pathways that control tissue formation and cartilage hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Pattappa
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Brian Johnstone
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Johannes Zellner
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Denitsa Docheva
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Peter Angele
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
- Sporthopaedicum Regensburg, Hildegard von Bingen Strasse 1, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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23
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Žigon-Branc S, Barlič A, Knežević M, Jeras M, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Testing the potency of anti-TNF-α and anti-IL-1β drugs using spheroid cultures of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes and donor-matched chondrogenically differentiated mesenchymal stem cells. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1045-1058. [PMID: 29536646 PMCID: PMC6138577 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a major role in progression of rheumatoid arthritis, a disease treated with antagonists of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β). New in vitro testing systems are needed to evaluate efficacies of new anti-inflammatory biological drugs, ideally in a patient-specific manner. To address this need, we studied microspheroids containing 10,000 human osteoarthritic primary chondrocytes (OACs) or chondrogenically differentiated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), obtained from three donors. Hypothesizing that this system can recapitulate clinically observed effects of anti-inflammatory drugs, spheroids were exposed to TNF-α, IL-1β, or to supernatant containing secretome from activated macrophages (MCM). The anti-inflammatory efficacies of anti-TNF-α biologicals adalimumab, infliximab, and etanercept, and the anti-IL-1β agent anakinra were assessed in short-term microspheroid and long-term macrospheroid cultures (100,000 OACs). While gene and protein expressions were evaluated in microspheroids, diameters, amounts of DNA, glycosaminoglycans, and hydroxiproline were measured in macrospheroids. The tested drugs significantly decreased the inflammation induced by TNF-α or IL-1β. The differences in potency of anti-TNF-α biologicals at 24 h and 3 weeks after their addition to inflamed spheroids were comparable, showing high predictability of short-term cultures. Moreover, the data obtained with microspheroids grown from OACs and chondrogenically differentiated MSCs were comparable, suggesting that MSCs could be used for this type of in vitro testing. We propose that in vitro gene expression measured after the first 24 h in cultures of chondrogenically differentiated MSCs can be used to determine the functionality of anti-TNF-α drugs in personalized and preclinical studies. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:1045-1058, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Žigon-Branc
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York NY, USA
- Educell Cell Therapy Service Ltd, Trzin, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Matjaž Jeras
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical Ltd., Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York NY, USA
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24
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Heck BE, Park JJ, Makani V, Kim EC, Kim DH. PPAR-δ Agonist With Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induces Type II Collagen-Producing Chondrocytes in Human Arthritic Synovial Fluid. Cell Transplant 2018; 26:1405-1417. [PMID: 28901183 PMCID: PMC5680970 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717720278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an inflammatory joint disease characterized by degeneration of articular cartilage within synovial joints. An estimated 27 million Americans suffer from OA, and the population is expected to reach 67 million in the United States by 2030. Thus, it is urgent to find an effective treatment for OA. Traditional OA treatments have no disease-modifying effect, while regenerative OA therapies such as autologous chondrocyte implantation show some promise. Nonetheless, current regenerative therapies do not overcome synovial inflammation that suppresses the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to chondrocytes and the expression of type II collagen, the major constituent of functional cartilage. We discovered a synergistic combination that overcame synovial inflammation to form type II collagen-producing chondrocytes. The combination consists of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR) δ agonist, human bone marrow (hBM)-derived MSCs, and hyaluronic acid (HA) gel. Interestingly, those individual components showed their own strong enhancing effects on chondrogenesis. GW0742, a PPAR-δ agonist, greatly enhanced MSC chondrogenesis and the expression of type II collagen and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in hBM-MSC-derived chondrocytes. GW0742 also increased the expression of transforming growth factor β that enhances chondrogenesis and suppresses cartilage fibrillation, ossification, and inflammation. HA gel also increased MSC chondrogenesis and GAG production. However, neither GW0742 nor HA gel could enhance the formation of type II collagen-producing chondrocytes from hBM-MSCs within human OA synovial fluid. Our data demonstrated that the combination of hBM-MSCs, PPAR-δ agonist, and HA gel significantly enhanced the formation of type II collagen-producing chondrocytes within OA synovial fluid from 3 different donors. In other words, the novel combination of PPAR-δ agonist, hBM-MSCs, and HA gel can overcome synovial inflammation to form type II collagen cartilage within human OA synovial fluid. This novel articularly injectable formula could improve OA treatment in the future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce E Heck
- 1 NWO Stem Cure, LLC, Findlay, OH, USA.,2 Northwest Ohio Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Findlay, OH, USA
| | - Joshua J Park
- 3 Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Vishruti Makani
- 3 Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Eun-Cheol Kim
- 4 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- 1 NWO Stem Cure, LLC, Findlay, OH, USA.,2 Northwest Ohio Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Findlay, OH, USA.,5 Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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25
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McMillan A, Nguyen MK, Gonzalez-Fernandez T, Ge P, Yu X, Murphy WL, Kelly DJ, Alsberg E. Dual non-viral gene delivery from microparticles within 3D high-density stem cell constructs for enhanced bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2018; 161:240-255. [PMID: 29421560 PMCID: PMC5826638 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
High-density mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) aggregates can be guided to form bone-like tissue via endochondral ossification in vitro when culture media is supplemented with proteins, such as growth factors (GFs), to first guide the formation of a cartilage template, followed by culture with hypertrophic factors. Recent reports have recapitulated these results through the controlled spatiotemporal delivery of chondrogenic transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and chondrogenic and osteogenic bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) from microparticles embedded within human MSC aggregates to avoid diffusion limitations and the lengthy, costly in vitro culture necessary with repeat exogenous supplementation. However, since GFs have limited stability, localized gene delivery is a promising alternative to the use of proteins. Here, mineral-coated hydroxyapatite microparticles (MCM) capable of localized delivery of Lipofectamine-plasmid DNA (pDNA) nanocomplexes encoding for TGF-β1 (pTGF-β1) and BMP-2 (pBMP-2) were incorporated, alone or in combination, within MSC aggregates from three healthy porcine donors to induce sustained production of these transgenes. Three donor populations were investigated in this work due to the noted MSC donor-to-donor variability in differentiation capacity documented in the literature. Delivery of pBMP-2 within Donor 1 aggregates promoted chondrogenesis at week 2, followed by an enhanced osteogenic phenotype at week 4. Donor 2 and 3 aggregates did not promote robust glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production at week 2, but by week 4, Donor 2 aggregates with pTGF-β1/pBMP-2 and Donor 3 aggregates with both unloaded MCM and pBMP-2 enhanced osteogenesis compared to controls. These results demonstrate the ability to promote osteogenesis in stem cell aggregates through controlled, non-viral gene delivery within the cell masses. These findings also indicate the need to screen donor MSC regenerative potential in response to gene transfer prior to clinical application. Taken together, this work demonstrates a promising gene therapy approach to control stem cell fate in biomimetic 3D condensations for treatment of bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra McMillan
- Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Minh Khanh Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Tomas Gonzalez-Fernandez
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBERG), Trinity College Dublin and Royal College of Surgeons in Dublin, Ireland; Tissue Engineering Research Group, Dept. of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peilin Ge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Xiaohua Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - William L Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBERG), Trinity College Dublin and Royal College of Surgeons in Dublin, Ireland; Tissue Engineering Research Group, Dept. of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; The National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
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26
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Insights into inflammatory priming of mesenchymal stromal cells: functional biological impacts. Inflamm Res 2018; 67:467-477. [PMID: 29362849 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-018-1131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent adult cells with relevant biological properties making them interesting tools for cell-based therapy. These cells have the ability to home to sites of injury and secrete bioactive factors as part of their therapeutic functions. However, depending on the local environment, diverse functions of MSCs can be modulated and thus can influence their therapeutic value. The specific cytokine milieu within the site of inflammation is vital in determining the fate and cell behaviors of MSCs. Indeed, inflammatory signals (called as inflammatory priming), may induce critical changes on the phenotype, multilineage potential, hematopoietic support and immunomodulatory capacity of MSCs. Thus, for appropriate clinical application of MSCs, it is important to well know and understand these effects. In summary, investigating MSC interactions with the inflammatory environment is necessary to empower the therapeutic value of MSCs.
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27
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Uynuk-Ool T, Rothdiener M, Walters B, Hegemann M, Palm J, Nguyen P, Seeger T, Stöckle U, Stegemann JP, Aicher WK, Kurz B, Hart ML, Klein G, Rolauffs B. The geometrical shape of mesenchymal stromal cells measured by quantitative shape descriptors is determined by the stiffness of the biomaterial and by cyclic tensile forces. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 11:3508-3522. [PMID: 28371409 DOI: 10.1002/term.2263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Controlling mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) shape is a novel method for investigating and directing MSC behaviour in vitro. it was hypothesized that specifigc MSC shapes can be generated by using stiffness-defined biomaterial surfaces and by applying cyclic tensile forces. Biomaterials used were thin and thick silicone sheets, fibronectin coating, and compacted collagen type I sheets. The MSC morphology was quantified by shape descriptors describing dimensions and membrane protrusions. Nanoscale stiffness was measured by atomic force microscopy and the expression of smooth muscle cell (SMC) marker genes (ACTA2, TAGLN, CNN1) by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Cyclic stretch was applied with 2.5% or 5% amplitudes. Attachment to biomaterials with a higher stiffness yielded more elongated MSCs with fewer membrane protrusions compared with biomaterials with a lower stiffness. For cyclic stretch, compacted collagen sheets were selected, which were associated with the most elongated MSC shape across all investigated biomaterials. As expected, cyclic stretch elongated MSCs during stretch. One hour after cessation of stretch, however, MSC shape was rounder again, suggesting loss of stretch-induced shape. Different shape descriptor values obtained by different stretch regimes correlated significantly with the expression levels of SMC marker genes. Values of approximately 0.4 for roundness and 3.4 for aspect ratio were critical for the highest expression levels of ACTA2 and CNN1. Thus, specific shape descriptor values, which can be generated using biomaterial-associated stiffness and tensile forces, can serve as a template for the induction of specific gene expression levels in MSC. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Uynuk-Ool
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Trauma Clinic Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Miriam Rothdiener
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Trauma Clinic Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Brandan Walters
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Miriam Hegemann
- Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julian Palm
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Trauma Clinic Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Phong Nguyen
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Trauma Clinic Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Seeger
- University Medical Clinic, Department II, Centre for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Stöckle
- Clinic for Trauma and Restorative Surgery, BG Trauma Clinic Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan P Stegemann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Wilhelm K Aicher
- Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bodo Kurz
- Department of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Melanie L Hart
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Trauma Clinic Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gerd Klein
- University Medical Clinic, Department II, Centre for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Rolauffs
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Center - Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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28
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Wang Y, Wu S, Kuss MA, Streubel PN, Duan B. Effects of Hydroxyapatite and Hypoxia on Chondrogenesis and Hypertrophy in 3D Bioprinted ADMSC Laden Constructs. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:826-835. [PMID: 33440487 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel-based cartilage tissue engineering strategies require the induction and long-term maintenance of adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSC) into a stable chondrogenic phenotype. However, ADMSC exhibit the tendency to undergo hypertrophic differentiation, rather than forming permanent hyaline cartilage phenotype changes. This may hinder their implementation in articular cartilage regeneration, but may allow the possibility for bone and bone to soft tissue interface repair. In this study, we examined the effects of hydroxyapatite (HAp) on the chondrogenesis and hypertrophy of ADMSC within bioprinted hyaluronic acid (HA)-based hydrogels. We found that a small amount of HAp (∼10% of polymer concentration) promoted both chondrogenic and hypertrophic differentiation of ADMSC. Increased HAp contents promoted hypertrophic conversion and early osteogenic differentiation of encapsulated ADMSC. Subsequently, ADMSC-laden, stratified constructs with nonmineralized and mineralized layers (i.e., HA based and HA-HAp based) were 3D bioprinted. The constructs were conditioned in chondrogenic medium in either a normoxic or hypoxic environment for 8 weeks to assess the effects of oxygen tension on ADMSC differentiation and interface integration. We further implanted the bioprinted constructs subcutaneously into nude mice for 4 weeks. It was found that hypoxia partially inhibited hypertrophic differentiation by significantly down-regulating the expression of COL10A1, ALP, and MMP13. In addition, hypoxia also suppressed spontaneous calcification of ADMSC and promoted interface integration. This study demonstrates that both HAp content and hypoxia are important to mediate chondrogenesis, hypertrophy, and endochondral ossification of ADMSC. An optimized recipe and condition will allow for 3D bioprinting of multizonal grafts with integrated hard tissue and soft tissue interfaces for the treatment of complex orthopedic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, South 42nd Street & Emile Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, South 42nd Street & Emile Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Shaohua Wu
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, South 42nd Street & Emile Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, South 42nd Street & Emile Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Mitchell A Kuss
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, South 42nd Street & Emile Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, South 42nd Street & Emile Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Philipp N Streubel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, South 42nd Street & Emile Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Bin Duan
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, South 42nd Street & Emile Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, South 42nd Street & Emile Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States.,Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, South 42nd Street & Emile Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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29
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Pagani S, Borsari V, Veronesi F, Ferrari A, Cepollaro S, Torricelli P, Filardo G, Fini M. Increased Chondrogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Cells From Adipose Tissue Versus Bone Marrow-Derived Cells in Osteoarthritic In Vitro Models. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:1478-1488. [PMID: 27739057 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Primarily, to compare the behavior of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow (hBMSCs) and adipose tissue (hADSCs) in an osteoarthritic (OA) microenvironment; secondly, to investigate the reaction of these cell types in two alternative in vitro culture systems, obtained by using TNFα and/or IL1β as inflammation mediators, or by using synovial fluid harvested by OA patients (OSF) to simulate the complex inflamed knee microenvironment. 3D micromass cultures of hBMSCs or hADSCs were grown in chondrogenic medium (CTR), in the presence of TNFα and/or IL1β, or synovial fluid from OA patients. After 1 month of culture, the chondrogenic differentiation of micromasses was evaluated by gene expression, matrix composition, and organization. Both hMSCs types formed mature micromasses in CTR, but a better response of hADSCs to the inflammatory environment was documented by micromass area and Bern score evaluations. The addition of OSF elicited a milder reaction than with TNFα and/or IL1β by both cell types, probably due to the presence of both catabolic and protective factors. In particular, SOX9 and ACAN gene expression and GAG synthesis were more abundant in hADSCs than hBMSCs when cultured in OSF. The expression of MMP1 was increased for both hMSCs in inflammatory conditions, but in particular by hBMSCs. hADSCs showed an increased chondrogenic potential in inflammatory culture systems, suggesting a better response of hADSCs in the OA environment, thus underlining the importance of appropriate in vitro models to study MSCs and potential advantages of using these cells for future clinical applications. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1478-1488, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Pagani
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Veronica Borsari
- Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Technological Innovations and Advanced Therapies, Department RIT Rizzoli-Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Veronesi
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferrari
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Cepollaro
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Torricelli
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Filardo
- Biomechnaics Lab-II Clinic, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna University, Italy
| | - Milena Fini
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
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30
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Rothdiener M, Hegemann M, Uynuk-Ool T, Walters B, Papugy P, Nguyen P, Claus V, Seeger T, Stoeckle U, Boehme KA, Aicher WK, Stegemann JP, Hart ML, Kurz B, Klein G, Rolauffs B. Stretching human mesenchymal stromal cells on stiffness-customized collagen type I generates a smooth muscle marker profile without growth factor addition. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35840. [PMID: 27775041 PMCID: PMC5075785 DOI: 10.1038/srep35840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using matrix elasticity and cyclic stretch have been investigated for inducing mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) differentiation towards the smooth muscle cell (SMC) lineage but not in combination. We hypothesized that combining lineage-specific stiffness with cyclic stretch would result in a significantly increased expression of SMC markers, compared to non-stretched controls. First, we generated dense collagen type I sheets by mechanically compressing collagen hydrogels. Atomic force microscopy revealed a nanoscale stiffness range known to support myogenic differentiation. Further characterization revealed viscoelasticity and stable biomechanical properties under cyclic stretch with >99% viable adherent human MSC. MSCs on collagen sheets demonstrated a significantly increased mRNA but not protein expression of SMC markers, compared to on culture flasks. However, cyclic stretch of MSCs on collagen sheets significantly increased both mRNA and protein expression of α-smooth muscle actin, transgelin, and calponin versus plastic and non-stretched sheets. Thus, lineage-specific stiffness and cyclic stretch can be applied together for inducing MSC differentiation towards SMCs without the addition of recombinant growth factors or other soluble factors. This represents a novel stimulation method for modulating the phenotype of MSCs towards SMCs that could easily be incorporated into currently available methodologies to obtain a more targeted control of MSC phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rothdiener
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Trauma Clinic Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Tatiana Uynuk-Ool
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Trauma Clinic Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Brandan Walters
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Piruntha Papugy
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Trauma Clinic Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Phong Nguyen
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Trauma Clinic Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Valentin Claus
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Trauma Clinic Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Seeger
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University Clinic II, University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Stoeckle
- Clinic for Trauma and Restorative Surgery, BG Trauma Clinic Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Karen A. Boehme
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Jan P. Stegemann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Melanie L. Hart
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Kurz
- Department of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerd Klein
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University Clinic II, University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Rolauffs
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
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Anderson DE, Markway BD, Bond D, McCarthy HE, Johnstone B. Responses to altered oxygen tension are distinct between human stem cells of high and low chondrogenic capacity. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:154. [PMID: 27765063 PMCID: PMC5073443 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lowering oxygen from atmospheric level (hyperoxia) to the physiological level (physioxia) of articular cartilage promotes mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) chondrogenesis. However, the literature is equivocal regarding the benefits of physioxic culture on preventing hypertrophy of MSC-derived chondrocytes. Articular cartilage progenitors (ACPs) undergo chondrogenic differentiation with reduced hypertrophy marker expression in hyperoxia but have not been studied in physioxia. This study sought to delineate the effects of physioxic culture on both cell types undergoing chondrogenesis. METHODS MSCs were isolated from human bone marrow aspirates and ACP clones were isolated from healthy human cartilage. Cells were differentiated in pellet culture in physioxia (2 % oxygen) or hyperoxia (20 % oxygen) over 14 days. Chondrogenesis was characterized by biochemical assays and gene and protein expression analysis. RESULTS MSC preparations and ACP clones of high intrinsic chondrogenicity (termed high-GAG) produced abundant matrix in hyperoxia and physioxia. Poorly chondrogenic cells (low-GAG) demonstrated a significant fold-change matrix increase in physioxia. Both high-GAG and low-GAG groups of MSCs and ACPs significantly upregulated chondrogenic genes; however, only high-GAG groups had a concomitant decrease in hypertrophy-related genes. High-GAG MSCs upregulated many common hypoxia-responsive genes in physioxia while low-GAG cells downregulated most of these genes. In physioxia, high-GAG MSCs and ACPs produced comparable type II collagen but less type I collagen than those in hyperoxia. Type X collagen was detectable in some ACP pellets in hyperoxia but reduced or absent in physioxia. In contrast, type X collagen was detectable in all MSC preparations in hyperoxia and physioxia. CONCLUSIONS MSC preparations and ACP clones had a wide range of chondrogenicity between donors. Physioxia significantly enhanced the chondrogenic potential of both ACPs and MSCs compared with hyperoxia, but the magnitude of response was inversely related to intrinsic chondrogenic potential. Discrepancies in the literature regarding MSC hypertrophy in physioxia can be explained by the use of low numbers of preparations of variable chondrogenicity. Physioxic differentiation of MSC preparations of high chondrogenicity significantly decreased hypertrophy-related genes but still produced type X collagen protein. Highly chondrogenic ACP clones had significantly lower hypertrophic gene levels, and there was little to no type X collagen protein in physioxia, emphasizing the potential advantage of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon E Anderson
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, HRC529C, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Brandon D Markway
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, HRC529C, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Derek Bond
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, HRC529C, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Helen E McCarthy
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Brian Johnstone
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, OP31, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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Brun J, Abruzzese T, Rolauffs B, Aicher WK, Hart ML. Choice of xenogenic-free expansion media significantly influences the myogenic differentiation potential of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:344-59. [PMID: 26857228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have great potential for use in cell-based therapies for restoration of structure and function of many tissue types including smooth muscle. METHODS We compared proliferation, immunophenotype, differentiation capability and gene expression of bone marrow-derived MSCs expanded in different media containing human serum, plasma and platelet lysate in combination with commonly used protocols for myogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Moreover, we developed a xenogenic-free protocol for myogenic differentiation of MSCs. RESULTS Expansion of MSCs in media complemented with serum, serum + platelet lysate or plasma + platelet lysate were multipotent because they differentiated toward four mesenchymal (myogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic) lineages. Addition of platelet lysate to expansion media increased the proliferation of MSCs and their expression of CD146. Incubation of MSCs in medium containing human serum or plasma plus 5% human platelet lysate in combination with smooth muscle cell (SMC)-inducing growth factors TGFβ1, PDGF and ascorbic acid induced high expression of ACTA2, TAGLN, CNN1 and/or MYH11 contractile SMC markers. Osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiations served as controls. DISCUSSION Our study provides novel data on the myogenic differentiation potential of human MSCs toward the SMC lineage using different xenogenic-free cell culture expansion media in combination with distinct differentiation medium compositions. We show that the choice of expansion medium significantly influences the differentiation potential of human MSCs toward the smooth muscle cell, as well as osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic lineages. These results can aid in designing studies using MSCs for tissue-specific therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Brun
- Clinical Research Group KFO 273, Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Abruzzese
- Clinical Research Group KFO 273, Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Rolauffs
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Trauma Clinic Tuebingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wilhelm K Aicher
- Clinical Research Group KFO 273, Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie L Hart
- Clinical Research Group KFO 273, Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Trauma Clinic Tuebingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Zhuang W, Ge X, Yang S, Huang M, Zhuang W, Chen P, Zhang X, Fu J, Qu J, Li B. Upregulation of lncRNA MEG3 Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells From Multiple Myeloma Patients By Targeting BMP4 Transcription. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1985-97. [PMID: 25753650 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by the impaired osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as important regulatory molecules in tumor-suppressor and oncogenic pathways. Here we showed that MSCs from MM expressed less lncRNA MEG3 relative to those from normal donors during osteogenic differentiation. To evaluate the effect of MEG3 on osteogenesis, bone marrow MSCs with enhanced or reduced MEG3 were prepared. We observed that MEG3 knockdown significantly reduced the expression of key osteogenic markers, including Runt-related transcription factor 2, osterix, and osteocalcin, while overexpression of MEG3 enhanced their expression. Additionally, MEG3 knockdown decreased BMP4 transcription. Here we showed that MEG3 was critical for SOX2 transcriptional repression of the BMP4. MEG3, which is located near the BMP4 gene, could dissociate the transcription factor SOX2 from the BMP4 promoter. A stable complex containing the MEG3, SOX2, and the SOX2 consensus site of BMP4 suggested that MEG3 activated transcriptional activity by directly influencing SOX2 activity. By using assays such as luciferase, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and RNA immunoprecipitation, we showed that MEG3 had a critical function in a mechanism of promoter-specific transcriptional activation. These results suggested that MEG3 played an essential role in osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow MSCs, partly by activating BMP4 transcription. Our data provided novel evidence for the biological and clinical significance of lncRNA MEG3 expression as a potential biomarker for identifying patients with MM and as a potential therapeutic target in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhuo Zhuang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Biology & Basic of Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueping Ge
- Department of Haematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sijun Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Biology & Basic of Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Moli Huang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biology & Basic of Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyue Zhuang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Ecsomatics College, Beihua University, Jinlin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Haematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Haematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxiang Fu
- Department of Haematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Qu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Biology & Basic of Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingzong Li
- Department of Haematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
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Kay AG, Dale TP, Akram KM, Mohan P, Hampson K, Maffulli N, Spiteri MA, El Haj AJ, Forsyth NR. BMP2 repression and optimized culture conditions promote human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell isolation. Regen Med 2016; 10:109-25. [PMID: 25835477 DOI: 10.2217/rme.14.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) are multipotent progenitor cells. We propose the optimization of hMSC isolation and recovery using the application of a controlled hypoxic environment. MATERIALS & METHODS We evaluated oxygen, glucose and serum in the recovery of hMSC from bone marrow (BMhMSC). Colony forming units-fibroblastic, cell numbers, tri-lineage differentiation, immunofluorescence and microarray were used to confirm and characterize BMhMSC. RESULTS In an optimized (2% O(2), 4.5 g/l glucose and 5% serum) environment both colony forming units-fibroblastic (p = 0.01) and cell numbers (p = 0.0001) were enhanced over standard conditions. Transcriptional analysis identified differential expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and, putatively, chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 2 (CXCR2) signaling pathways. CONCLUSION We have detailed a potential milestone in the process of refinement of the BMhMSC isolation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair Gawain Kay
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 7QB, UK
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Wang F, Shi R, Cai F, Wang YT, Wu XT. Stem Cell Approaches to Intervertebral Disc Regeneration: Obstacles from the Disc Microenvironment. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:2479-95. [PMID: 26228642 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration results in segmental instability and irritates neural compressive symptoms, such as low back pain and motor deficiency. The transplanting of stem cell into degenerative discs has attracted increasing clinical attention, as a new and proven approach to alleviating disc degeneration and to relieving discogenic pains. Aside from supplementation with stem cells, the IVD itself already contains a pool of stem and progenitor cells. Since the resident disc stem cells are incapable of reversing the pathologic changes that occur during aging and disc degeneration, it has been debated as to whether transplanted stem cells are capable of providing an efficient and durable therapeutic effect, even though there have been positive outcomes in both animal models and in clinical trials. This review aims to decipher the interactions between the stem cell and the disc microenvironment. Within their new niches in the IVD, the exogenous stem cell shows metabolic adaptation to the low-glucose supply, hypoxia, and compressive loadings, but demonstrates little tolerance to the disc-like acidity and hypertonicity. Similarly, the survival of endogenous stem cells is threatened as well by the harsh disc microenvironment, which may exhaust the stem cell resources and restrict the self-repair capacity of a degenerating IVD. To eliminate the intrinsic obstacles within the stressful disc niches, stem cells should be delivered with an injectable scaffold that provides both survival and mechanical support. Quick healing or concretion of the injection injuries, which minimizes stem cell leakage and disturbance to disc homeostasis, is of equal importance toward achieving efficient stem cell-based disc regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- 1 Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University , Nanjing, China .,2 Surgery Research Center, Medical School of Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Shi
- 1 Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University , Nanjing, China .,2 Surgery Research Center, Medical School of Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Cai
- 1 Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University , Nanjing, China .,2 Surgery Research Center, Medical School of Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Yun-Tao Wang
- 1 Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University , Nanjing, China .,2 Surgery Research Center, Medical School of Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Tao Wu
- 1 Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University , Nanjing, China .,2 Surgery Research Center, Medical School of Southeast University , Nanjing, China
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Ulrich C, Abruzzese T, Maerz JK, Ruh M, Amend B, Benz K, Rolauffs B, Abele H, Hart ML, Aicher WK. Human Placenta-Derived CD146-Positive Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Display a Distinct Osteogenic Differentiation Potential. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1558-69. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Ulrich
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Tübingen Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Abruzzese
- Department of Urology, University of Tübingen Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan K. Maerz
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Tübingen Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Ruh
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Tübingen Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bastian Amend
- Department of Urology, University of Tübingen Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karin Benz
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Rolauffs
- Department of Traumatology, BGU Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald Abele
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Tübingen Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie L. Hart
- Department of Urology, University of Tübingen Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wilhelm K. Aicher
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Tübingen Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Urology, University of Tübingen Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
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37
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Naqvi SM, Buckley CT. Extracellular matrix production by nucleus pulposus and bone marrow stem cells in response to altered oxygen and glucose microenvironments. J Anat 2015; 227:757-66. [PMID: 25913845 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) stem cells may be an ideal source of cells for intervertebral disc (IVD) regeneration. However, the harsh biochemical microenvironment of the IVD may significantly influence the biological and metabolic vitality of injected stem cells and impair their repair potential. This study investigated the viability and production of key matrix proteins by nucleus pulposus (NP) and BM stem cells cultured in the typical biochemical microenvironment of the IVD consisting of altered oxygen and glucose concentrations. Culture-expanded NP cells and BM stem cells were encapsulated in 1.5% alginate and ionically crosslinked to form cylindrical hydrogel constructs. Hydrogel constructs were maintained under different glucose concentrations (1, 5 and 25 mM) and external oxygen concentrations (5 and 20%). Cell viability was measured using the Live/Dead® assay and the production of sulphated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG), and collagen was quantified biochemically and histologically. For BM stem cells, IVD-like micro-environmental conditions (5 mM glucose and 5% oxygen) increased the accumulation of sGAG and collagen. In contrast, low glucose conditions (1 mM glucose) combined with 5% external oxygen concentration promoted cell death, inhibiting proliferation and the accumulation of sGAG and collagen. NP-encapsulated alginate constructs were relatively insensitive to oxygen concentration or glucose condition in that they accumulated similar amounts of sGAG under all conditions. Under IVD-like microenvironmental conditions, NP cells were found to have a lower glucose consumption rate compared with BM cells and may in fact be more suitable to adapt and sustain the harsh microenvironmental conditions. Considering the highly specialised microenvironment of the central NP, these results indicate that IVD-like concentrations of low glucose and low oxygen are critical and influential for the survival and biological behaviour of stem cells. Such findings may promote and accelerate the translational research of stem cells for the treatment of IVD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda M Naqvi
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conor T Buckley
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Tissue engineering of the temporomandibular joint disc: current status and future trends. Int J Artif Organs 2015; 38:55-68. [PMID: 25744198 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Temporomandibular joint disorders are extremely prevalent and there is no ideal treatment clinically for the moment. For severe cases, a discectomy often need to be performed, which will further result in the development of osteoarthritis. In the past thirty years, tissue engineering has provided a promising approach for the effective remedy of severe TMJ disease through the creation of viable, effective, and biological functional implants. METHODS Although TMJ disc tissue engineering is still in early stage, unremitting efforts and some achievements have been made over the past decades. In this review, a comprehensive summary of the available literature on the progress and status in tissue engineering of the TMJ disc regarding cell sources, scaffolds, biochemical and biomechanical stimuli, and other prospects relative to this field is provided. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Even though research studies in this field are too few compared to other fibrocartilage (e.g., knee meniscus) and numerous, difficult tasks still exist, we believe that our ultimate goal of regenerating a biological implant whose histological, biochemical, and biomechanical properties parallel native TMJ discs for clinical therapy will be achieved in the near future.
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Molecular actions of ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1 caused by extracellular acidification in bone. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:22365-73. [PMID: 25479080 PMCID: PMC4284713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151222365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular acidification occurs under physiologic and pathologic conditions, such as exercise, ischemia, and inflammation. It has been shown that acidosis has various adverse effects on bone. In recent years there has been increasing evidence which indicates that ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1 (OGR1) is a pH-sensing receptor and mediates a variety of extracellular acidification-induced actions on bone cells and other cell types. Recent studies have shown that OGR1 is involved in the regulation of osteoclast differentiation, survival, and function, as well as osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Moreover, OGR1 also regulates acid-induced apoptosis of endplate chondrocytes in intervertebral discs. These observations demonstrate the importance of OGR1 in skeletal development and metabolism. Here, we provide an overview of OGR1 regulation ofosteoclasts, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes, and the molecular actions of OGR1 induced by extracellular acidification in the maintenance of bone health.
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Georgi N, Landman EBM, Klein TJ, van Blitterswijk CA, Karperien M. O-Phenanthroline as modulator of the hypoxic and catabolic response in cartilage tissue-engineering models. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 11:724-732. [PMID: 25414128 DOI: 10.1002/term.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia has been shown to be important for maintaining cartilage homeostasis as well as for inducing chondrogenic differentiation. Ensuring low oxygen levels during in vitro culture is difficult, therefore we assessed the chondro-inductive capabilities of the hypoxia-mimicking agent O-phenanthroline, which is also known as a non-specific matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor. We found that O-phenanthroline reduced the expression of MMP3 and MMP13 mRNA levels during chondrogenic differentiation of human chondrocytes (hChs), as well as after TNFα/IL-1β exposure in an explant model. Interestingly, O-phenanthroline significantly inhibited matrix degradation in a TNFα/IL-1β-dependent model of cartilage degeneration when compared to control and natural hypoxia (2.5% O2 ). O-Phenanthroline had limited ability to improve the chondrogenic differentiation or matrix deposition in the chondrogenic pellet model. Additionally, O-phenanthroline alleviated MMP-induced cartilage degradation without affecting chondrogenesis in the explant culture. The data presented in this study indicate that the inhibitory effect of O-phenanthroline on MMP expression is dominant over the hypoxia-mimicking effect. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Georgi
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ellie B M Landman
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Travis J Klein
- Cartilage Regeneration Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Clemens A van Blitterswijk
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Gorth DJ, Martin JT, Dodge GR, Elliott DM, Malhotra NR, Mauck RL, Smith LJ. In vivo retention and bioactivity of IL-1ra microspheres in the rat intervertebral disc: a preliminary investigation. J Exp Orthop 2014; 1:15. [PMID: 26914760 PMCID: PMC4545798 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-014-0015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) contribute to the progression of intervertebral disc degeneration. Previously we demonstrated, in vitro, that by delivering interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) from poly(lactic co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres, we could attenuate the degradative effects of IL-1β on the nucleus pulposus (NP) for up to 20 days. The objective of this study was to undertake a preliminary investigation into whether microspheres could be successfully delivered to and retained in the disc in vivo, and whether IL-1ra released from those microspheres remained biologically active. For retention studies, fluorescently-labeled microspheres were delivered to the NPs of rat caudal discs. Rats were sacrificed at time points up to 56 days, and microspheres were localized using fluorescent microscopy. To investigate whether IL-1ra microspheres could effectively inhibit the effects of IL-1β in vivo, four disc levels were allocated to the following treatment groups: intact; saline; IL-1β; or IL-1β + IL-1ra microspheres. Rats were sacrificed after seven days and NP glycosaminoglycan content was measured. Findings Microspheres were visible in the disc at all time points up to 28 days, and localized to the NP, the annulus fibrosus (AF), or both. Glycosaminoglycan content for discs injected with IL-1β alone was significantly lower than for intact controls. For discs injected with IL-1β along with IL-1ra microspheres, glycosaminoglycan content was not significantly different from intact controls. Conclusions Microspheres can successfully be delivered to the disc in vivo and retained for a clinically relevant time frame. IL-1ra released from microspheres can effectively prevent IL-1β-induced NP glycosaminoglycan loss in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Gorth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA. .,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3900 Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA.
| | - John T Martin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA. .,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3900 Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA.
| | - George R Dodge
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA. .,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3900 Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA.
| | - Dawn M Elliott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Delaware, 125 E. Delaware Ave, Newark, 19716, DE, USA.
| | - Neil R Malhotra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA.
| | - Robert L Mauck
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA. .,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3900 Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA.
| | - Lachlan J Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA. .,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3900 Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA.
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Kondo M, Yamaoka K, Tanaka Y. Acquiring chondrocyte phenotype from human mesenchymal stem cells under inflammatory conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:21270-85. [PMID: 25407530 PMCID: PMC4264224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151121270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An inflammatory milieu breaks down the cartilage matrix and induces chondrocyte apoptosis, resulting in cartilage destruction in patients with cartilage degenerative diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis. Because of the limited regenerative ability of chondrocytes, defects in cartilage are irreversible and difficult to repair. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are expected to be a new tool for cartilage repair because they are present in the cartilage and are able to differentiate into multiple lineages of cells, including chondrocytes. Although clinical trials using MSCs for patients with cartilage defects have already begun, its efficacy and repair mechanisms remain unknown. A PubMed search conducted in October 2014 using the following medical subject headings (MeSH) terms: mesenchymal stromal cells, chondrogenesis, and cytokines resulted in 204 articles. The titles and abstracts were screened and nine articles relevant to “inflammatory” cytokines and “human” MSCs were identified. Herein, we review the cell biology and mechanisms of chondrocyte phenotype acquisition from human MSCs in an inflammatory milieu and discuss the clinical potential of MSCs for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kondo
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Kunihiro Yamaoka
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan.
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Smith LJ, Gorth DJ, Showalter BL, Chiaro JA, Beattie EE, Elliott DM, Mauck RL, Chen W, Malhotra NR. In vitro characterization of a stem-cell-seeded triple-interpenetrating-network hydrogel for functional regeneration of the nucleus pulposus. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:1841-9. [PMID: 24410394 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration is implicated as a major cause of low-back pain. There is a pressing need for new regenerative therapies for disc degeneration that restore native tissue structure and mechanical function. To that end we investigated the therapeutic potential of an injectable, triple-interpenetrating-network hydrogel comprised of dextran, chitosan, and teleostean, for functional regeneration of the nucleus pulposus (NP) of the intervertebral disc in a series of biomechanical, cytotoxicity, and tissue engineering studies. Biomechanical properties were evaluated as a function of gelation time, with the hydrogel reaching ∼90% of steady-state aggregate modulus within 10 h. Hydrogel mechanical properties evaluated in confined and unconfined compression were comparable to native human NP properties. To confirm containment within the disc under physiological loading, toluidine-blue-labeled hydrogel was injected into human cadaveric spine segments after creation of a nucleotomy defect, and the segments were subjected to 10,000 cycles of loading. Gross analysis demonstrated no implant extrusion, and further, that the hydrogel interdigitated well with native NP. Constructs were next surface-seeded with NP cells and cultured for 14 days, confirming lack of hydrogel cytotoxicity, with the hydrogel maintaining NP cell viability and promoting proliferation. Next, to evaluate the potential of the hydrogel to support cell-mediated matrix production, constructs were seeded with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and cultured under prochondrogenic conditions for up to 42 days. Importantly, the hydrogel maintained MSC viability and promoted proliferation, as evidenced by increasing DNA content with culture duration. MSCs differentiated along a chondrogenic lineage, evidenced by upregulation of aggrecan and collagen II mRNA, and increased GAG and collagen content, and mechanical properties with increasing culture duration. Collectively, these results establish the therapeutic potential of this novel hydrogel for functional regeneration of the NP. Future work will confirm the ability of this hydrogel to normalize the mechanical stability of cadaveric human motion segments, and advance the material toward human translation using preclinical large-animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan J Smith
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Li H, Tao Y, Liang C, Han B, Li F, Chen G, Chen Q. Influence of hypoxia in the intervertebral disc on the biological behaviors of rat adipose- and nucleus pulposus-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 198:266-77. [PMID: 24356285 DOI: 10.1159/000356505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) and nucleus pulposus-derived mesenchymal stem cells (NPMSCs) are two cell candidates for cell-based therapies for intervertebral disc (IVD) regeneration. However, little work has been done to determine the influence of hypoxia in the IVD on the biological behaviors of ADMSCs and NPMSCs. This study aimed to investigate the viability, proliferation and differentiation of rat ADMSCs and NPMSCs in the hypoxic environment of IVD in vitro. ADMSCs and NPMSCs isolated from 6 SD rats were cultured under normoxia (20% O2) and hypoxia (2% O2) mimicking the standard condition and hypoxic environment of the IVD for 14 days. Cell viability was determined by the annexin-V-FITC/propidium iodide double-staining assay and cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay. The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, glucose transporter (GLUT)-1, GLUT-3 and vascular endothelial growth factor-A at the mRNA level was examined by RT-PCR. In cells cultured in three-dimensional micromass and differentiation medium, aggrecan, collagen-II and Sox-9 expression at mRNA and protein levels were examined by RT-PCR and Western blot. Hypoxia inhibited the viability and proliferation of both ADMSCs and NPMSCs, but promoted the chondrocytic differentiation of ADMSCs and NPMSCs. Compared to ADMSCs, NPMSCs showed greater viability, proliferation and chondrocytic differentiation under hypoxia. In conclusion, hypoxia in the IVD had a significant impact on the viability, proliferation and chondrocytic differentiation of ADMSCs and NPMSCs. NPMSCs exhibited more potent biological activity than ADMSCs in the hypoxic environment of the IVD and may represent another candidate for cell-based therapy for IVD regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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45
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Peñuela L, Wolf F, Raiteri R, Wendt D, Martin I, Barbero A. Atomic force microscopy to investigate spatial patterns of response to interleukin-1beta in engineered cartilage tissue elasticity. J Biomech 2013; 47:2157-64. [PMID: 24290139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been proposed as a tool to evaluate the structural and mechanical properties of cartilage tissue. Here, we aimed at assessing whether AFM can be employed to quantify spatially resolved elastic response of tissue engineered cartilage (TEC) to short exposure to IL-1β, thus mimicking the initially inflammatory implantation site. TEC generated by 14 days of pellet-culture of expanded human chondrocytes was left untreated (ctr) or exposed to IL-1β for 3 days. TEC pellets were then cut in halves that were glued on a Petri dish. Profiles of elasticity were obtained by sampling with a nanometer sized, pyramidal indenting tip, with 200µm step resolution, the freshly exposed surfaces along selected directions. Replicate TECs were analyzed biochemically and histologically. GAG contents and elasticity of pellets decreased (1.4- and 2.6-fold, respectively, p<0.05) following IL-1β stimulation. Tissue quality was evaluated by scoring histological pictures taken at 200μm intervals, using the Bern-score grading system. At each distance, scores of ctr TEC were higher than those IL-1β treated, with the largest differences between the two groups observed in the central regions. Consistent with the histological results, elasticity of IL-1β-treated TEC was lower than in ctr pellets (up to 3.4-fold at 200μm from the center). IL-1β treated but not ctr TEC was intensely stained for MMP-13 and DIPEN (cryptic fragment of aggrecan) especially in the central regions. The findings indicate the potential of AFM to investigate structure/function relationships in TEC and to perform tests aimed at predicting the functionality of TEC upon implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Peñuela
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and System Engineering, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Francine Wolf
- Deparments of Surgery and of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Raiteri
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and System Engineering, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - David Wendt
- Deparments of Surgery and of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Martin
- Deparments of Surgery and of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Barbero
- Deparments of Surgery and of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Ludwinski FE, Gnanalingham K, Richardson SM, Hoyland JA. Understanding the native nucleus pulposus cell phenotype has important implications for intervertebral disc regeneration strategies. Regen Med 2013; 8:75-87. [PMID: 23259807 DOI: 10.2217/rme.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Low back pain is a leading cause of morbidity in developed societies and is strongly linked to degeneration of the intervertebral disc. The central nucleus pulposus (NP) region is most severely affected during disc degeneration and, consequently, is a focus for novel cell-based regenerative strategies. However, in order to develop such techniques, it is essential to first understand the biology and phenotype of the NP cells intended for repair. Microarray studies have highlighted novel NP markers that will allow a more accurate identification of cells for implantation, and along with other studies, have also revealed the potential importance of a developmental or immature NP cell phenotype in disseminating the optimal cell type for use. Additionally, the degenerative intervertebral disc is a harsh native environment and the effects of this on cells intended for implantation have yet to be fully elucidated; this is crucial for clinical translation of tissue engineered cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca E Ludwinski
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Inflammation & Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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The role of changes in extracellular matrix of cartilage in the presence of inflammation on the pathology of osteoarthritis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:284873. [PMID: 24069595 PMCID: PMC3771246 DOI: 10.1155/2013/284873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease that affects various tissues surrounding joints such as articular cartilage, subchondral bone, synovial membrane, and ligaments. No therapy is currently available to completely prevent the initiation or progression of the disease partly due to poor understanding of the mechanisms of the disease pathology. Cartilage is the main tissue afflicted by OA, and chondrocytes, the sole cellular component in the tissue, actively participate in the degeneration process. Multiple factors affect the development and progression of OA including inflammation that is sustained during the progression of the disease and alteration in biomechanical conditions due to wear and tear or trauma in cartilage. During the progression of OA, extracellular matrix (ECM) of cartilage is actively remodeled by chondrocytes under inflammatory conditions. This alteration of ECM, in turn, changes the biomechanical environment of chondrocytes, which further drives the progression of the disease in the presence of inflammation. The changes in ECM composition and structure also prevent participation of mesenchymal stem cells in the repair process by inhibiting their chondrogenic differentiation. This review focuses on how inflammation-induced ECM remodeling disturbs cellular activities to prevent self-regeneration of cartilage in the pathology of OA.
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Ulrich C, Rolauffs B, Abele H, Bonin M, Nieselt K, Hart ML, Aicher WK. Low osteogenic differentiation potential of placenta-derived mesenchymal stromal cells correlates with low expression of the transcription factors Runx2 and Twist2. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:2859-72. [PMID: 23763516 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicated that mesenchymal stromal cells from bone marrow (bmMSC) differ in their osteogenic differentiation capacity compared to MSC from term placenta (pMSC). We extended these studies and investigated the expression of factors involved in regulation of bone metabolism in both cell types. To this end, MSC were expanded in vitro and characterized. The total transcriptome was investigated by microarrays, and for selected genes, the differences in gene expression were explored by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, immunocytochemistry, and flow cytometry. We report that bmMSC and pMSC share expression of typical lineage surface markers, including CD73, CD90, CD105, and lack of CD14, CD34, and CD45. However, according to transcriptome analyses, they differ significantly in their expression of more than 590 genes. Factors involved in bone metabolism, including alkaline phosphatase (P<0.05), osteoglycin (P<0.05), osteomodulin (P<0.05), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) (P<0.04), and WISP2 (P<0.05), were expressed at significantly lower levels in pMSC, but twist-related protein 2 (Twist2) (P<0.0002) was expressed at significantly higher levels. The osteogenic differentiation capacity of pMSC was very low. The adipogenic differentiation was somewhat more prominent in bmMSC, while the chondrogenic differentiation seemed not to differ between bmMSC and pMSC, as determined by histochemical staining. However, expression and induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-2 (PPARγ2) and Sox9, factors involved in early adipogenesis and chondrogenesis, respectively, were higher in bmMSC. We conclude that despite many similarities between bmMSC and pMSC, when expanded under identical conditions, they vary considerably with respect to their in vitro differentiation potential. For regenerative purposes, the choice of MSC may therefore influence the outcome of a treatment considerably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Ulrich
- 1 ZRM, Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Tuebingen , Tuebingen, Germany
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Mittag F, Falkenberg EM, Janczyk A, Götze M, Felka T, Aicher WK, Kluba T. Laminin-5 and type I collagen promote adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of animal serum-free expanded human mesenchymal stromal cells. Orthop Rev (Pavia) 2012; 4:e36. [PMID: 23589764 PMCID: PMC3626307 DOI: 10.4081/or.2012.e36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are differentiation competent cells and may generate, among others, mature osteoblasts or chondrocytes in vitro and in vivo. Laminin-5 and type I collagen are important components of the extracellular matrix. They are involved in a variety of cellular and extracellular activities including cell attachment and osteogenic differentiation of MSC. MSC were isolated and expanded using media conforming good medical practice (GMP)-regulations for medical products. Cells were characterized according to the defined minimal criteria for multipotent MSC. MTT- and BrdU-assays were performed to evaluate protein-dependent (laminin-5, laminin-1, type I collagen) metabolic activity and proliferation of MSC. MSC-attachment assays were performed using protein-coated culture plates. Osteogenic differentiation of MSC was measured by protein-dependant mineralization and expression of osteogenic marker genes (osteopontin, alkaline phophatase, Runx2) after three, seven and 28 days of differentiation. Marker genes were identified using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Expansion of MSC in GMP-conforming media yielded vital cells meeting all minimal criteria for MSC. Attachment assay revealed a favorable binding of MSC to laminin-5 and type I collagen at a protein concentration of 1-5 fmol/µL. Compared to plastic, osteogenic differentiation was significantly increased by laminin-5 after 28 days of culture (P<0.04). No significant differences in gene expression patterns were observed. We conclude that laminin-5 and type I collagen promote attachment, but laminin-1 and laminin-5 promote osteogenic differentiation of MSC. This may influence future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Mittag
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen
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50
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Ousema PH, Moutos FT, Estes BT, Caplan AI, Lennon DP, Guilak F, Weinberg JB. The inhibition by interleukin 1 of MSC chondrogenesis and the development of biomechanical properties in biomimetic 3D woven PCL scaffolds. Biomaterials 2012; 33:8967-74. [PMID: 22999467 PMCID: PMC3466362 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered constructs designed to treat large cartilage defects or osteoarthritic lesions may be exposed to significant mechanical loading as well as an inflammatory environment upon implantation in an injured or diseased joint. We hypothesized that a three-dimensionally (3D) woven poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffold seeded with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) would provide biomimetic mechanical properties in early stages of in vitro culture as the MSCs assembled a functional, cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM). We also hypothesized that these properties would be maintained even in the presence of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1), which is found at high levels in injured or diseased joints. MSC-seeded 3D woven scaffolds cultured in chondrogenic conditions synthesized a functional ECM rich in collagen and proteoglycan content, reaching an aggregate modulus of ~0.75 MPa within 14 days of culture. However, the presence of pathophysiologically relevant levels of IL-1 limited matrix accumulation and inhibited any increase in mechanical properties over baseline values. On the other hand, the mechanical properties of constructs cultured in chondrogenic conditions for 4 weeks prior to IL-1 exposure were protected from deleterious effects of the cytokine. These findings demonstrate that IL-1 significantly inhibits the chondrogenic development and maturation of MSC-seeded constructs; however, the overall mechanical functionality of the engineered tissue can be preserved through the use of a 3D woven scaffold designed to recreate the mechanical properties of native articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Ousema
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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