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Santos S, Richard K, Fisher MC, Dealy CN, Pierce DM. Chondrocytes respond both anabolically and catabolically to impact loading generally considered non-injurious. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 115:104252. [PMID: 33385951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to determine the longitudinal effects of low-energy (generally considered non-injurious) impact loading on (1) chondrocyte proliferation, (2) chondroprogenitor cell activity, and (3) EGFR signaling. In an in vitro study, we assessed 127 full-thickness, cylindrical osteochondral plugs of bovine cartilage undergoing either single, uniaxial unconfined impact loads with energy densities in the range of 1.5-3.2mJ/mm3 or no impact (controls). We quantified cell responses at two, 24, 48, and 72 h via immunohistochemical labeling of Ki67, Sox9, and pEGFR antibodies. We compared strain, stress, and impact energy density as predictors for mechanotransductive responses from cells, and fit significant correlations using linear regressions. Our study demonstrates that low-energy mechanical impacts (1.5-3.2mJ/mm3) generally stimulate time-dependent anabolic responses in the superficial zone of articular cartilage and catabolic responses in the middle and deep zones. We also found that impact energy density is the most consistent predictor of cell responses to low-energy impact loading. These spatial and temporal changes in chondrocyte behavior result directly from low-energy mechanical impacts, revealing a new level of mechanotransductive sensitivity in chondrocytes not previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephany Santos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America
| | - Kelsey Richard
- Department of Global Health, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America
| | - Melanie C Fisher
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Department of Reconstructive Services, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Caroline N Dealy
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Department of Reconstructive Services, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - David M Pierce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America.
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Akoury E, Ahangar P, Nour A, Lapointe J, Guérard KP, Haglund L, Rosenzweig DH, Weber MH. Low-dose zoledronate for the treatment of bone metastasis secondary to prostate cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:28. [PMID: 30787671 PMCID: PMC6368819 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0745-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bisphosphonates (BPs) including zoledronate (zol) have become standard care for bone metastases as they effectively inhibit tumor-induced osteolysis and associated pain. Several studies have also suggested that zol has direct anti-tumor activity. Systemic administration at high doses is the current approach to deliver zol, yet it has been associated with debilitating side effects. Local therapeutic delivery offers the ability to administer much lower total dosage, while at the same time maintaining sustained high-local drug concentration directly at the target treatment site. Here, we aimed to assess effects of lower doses of zol on bone metastases over a longer time. Methods Prostate cancer cell line LAPC4 and prostate-induced bone metastasis cells were treated with zol at 1, 3 and 10 µM for 7 days. Following treatment, cell proliferation was assessed using Almarblue®, Vybrant MTT®, and Live/Dead® viability/cytotoxicity assays. Additionally, cell migration and invasion were carried out using Falcon™ cell culture inserts and Cultrex® 3D spheroid cell invasion assays respectively. Results We show that treatment with 3–10 µM zol over 7-days significantly decreased cell proliferation in both the prostate cancer cell line LAPC4 and cells from spine metastases secondary to prostate cancer. Using the same low-dose and longer time course for treatment, we demonstrate that 10 µM zol also significantly inhibits tumor cell migration and 3D-cell growth/invasion. Conclusions This project harnesses the potential of using zol at low doses for longer treatment periods, which may be a viable treatment modality when coupled with biomaterials or biodevices for local delivery. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-019-0745-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Akoury
- 1Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedics, McGill University and The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Injury Repair Recovery Program, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Pouyan Ahangar
- 1Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedics, McGill University and The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Injury Repair Recovery Program, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Antone Nour
- 1Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedics, McGill University and The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Injury Repair Recovery Program, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Jacques Lapointe
- 2Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University and The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Cancer Research Program, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Karl-Philippe Guérard
- 2Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University and The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Cancer Research Program, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Lisbet Haglund
- 1Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedics, McGill University and The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Injury Repair Recovery Program, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Derek H Rosenzweig
- 1Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedics, McGill University and The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Injury Repair Recovery Program, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Michael H Weber
- 1Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedics, McGill University and The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Injury Repair Recovery Program, Montreal, QC Canada
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3
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Maglio M, Tschon M, Sicuro L, Lolli R, Fini M. Osteochondral tissue cultures: Between limits and sparks, the next step for advanced in vitro models. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:5420-5435. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melania Maglio
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli RIT Department IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute Bologna Italy
| | - Matilde Tschon
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli RIT Department IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute Bologna Italy
| | - Laura Sicuro
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli RIT Department IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute Bologna Italy
| | - Roberta Lolli
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli RIT Department IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute Bologna Italy
| | - Milena Fini
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Technology Innovation IRCCS IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute Bologna Italy
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4
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Ahangar P, Akoury E, Ramirez Garcia Luna AS, Nour A, Weber MH, Rosenzweig DH. Nanoporous 3D-Printed Scaffolds for Local Doxorubicin Delivery in Bone Metastases Secondary to Prostate Cancer. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11091485. [PMID: 30134523 PMCID: PMC6165313 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The spine is the most common site of bone metastasis, often originating from prostate, lung, and breast cancers. High systemic doses of chemotherapeutics such as doxorubicin (DOX), cisplatin, or paclitaxel often have severe side effects. Surgical removal of spine metastases also leaves large defects which cannot spontaneously heal and require bone grafting. To circumvent these issues, we designed an approach for local chemotherapeutic delivery within 3D-printed scaffolds which could also potentially serve as a bone substitute. Direct treatment of prostate cancer cell line LAPC4 and patient derived spine metastases cells with 0.01 µM DOX significantly reduced metabolic activity, proliferation, migration, and spheroid growth. We then assessed uptake and release of DOX in a series of porous 3D-printed scaffolds on LAPC4 cells as well as patient-derived spine metastases cells. Over seven days, 60–75% of DOX loaded onto scaffolds could be released, which significantly reduced metabolic activity and proliferation of both LAPC4 and patient derived cells, while unloaded scaffolds had no effect. Porous 3D-printed scaffolds may provide a novel and inexpensive approach to locally deliver chemotherapeutics in a patient-specific manner at tumor resection sites. With a composite design to enhance strength and promote sustained drug release, the scaffolds could reduce systemic negative effects, enhance bone repair, and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouyan Ahangar
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Elie Akoury
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Ana Sofia Ramirez Garcia Luna
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada.
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, D-68167 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Antone Nour
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Michael H Weber
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada.
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H3H 2L9, Canada.
| | - Derek H Rosenzweig
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada.
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H3H 2L9, Canada.
- Montreal General Hospital C10.148.6, 1650 Cedar Ave, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada.
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Yu SM, Yeo HJ, Choi SY, Kim SJ. Cytokine-induced apoptosis inhibitor-1 causes dedifferentiation of rabbit articular chondrocytes via the ERK-1/2 and p38 kinase pathways. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 80:10-18. [PMID: 27644154 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine-induced apoptosis inhibitor-1 (CIAPIN-1, formally named anamorsin) is a well-known regulator of apoptosis in many different cell types. Recently, it has been reported that some anti-apoptotic proteins are involved with the regulation of cell differentiation. However, relatively little is known about the role of CIAPIN-1 on rabbit articular chondrocytes differentiation. In this study, we investigated the effects of CIAPIN-1 in chondrocytes, focusing on extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2 and p38 kinase signaling. CIAPIN-1 caused dedifferentiation, as determined by the inhibition of type II collagen expression and sulfated-proteoglycan synthesis. CIAPIN-1 activated ERK-1/2 and inactivated p38 kinase, as determined by the phosphorylation level of each protein. CIAPIN-1-induced ERK phosphorylation was abolished by the MEK inhibitor, PD98059, which also prevented the CIAPIN-1-induced loss of type II collagen expression. Inhibition of p38 kinase with SB203580 enhanced the decrease in type II collagen expression. Our findings collectively suggest that ERK-1/2 and p38 kinase regulate CIAPIN-1-induced dedifferentiation in rabbit articular chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Mi Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Ji Yeo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Ja Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Republic of Korea.
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Yang K, Wu Y, Cheng P, Zhang J, Yang C, Pi B, Ye Y, You H, Chen A, Xu T, Guo F, Qi J. YAP and ERK mediated mechanical strain-induced cell cycle progression through RhoA and cytoskeletal dynamics in rat growth plate chondrocytes. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:1121-9. [PMID: 26694636 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) have been considered as key regulators in tissue homeostasis, organ development, and tumor formation. However, the roles of YAP and ERK in the mediating strain mechanosensing in the growth plate cartilage have not been determined. In this study, chondrocytes obtained from the growth plate cartilage of 2-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to the mechanical strain with different magnitudes and durations at a frequency of 0.5 Hz. We found that YAP and ERK activation in response to mechanical strain was time and magnitude dependent. Pretreatment with a RhoA inhibitor (C3 toxin) or a microfilament cytoskeleton disrupting reagent (cytochalasin D) could suppress their activation. In addition, activated YAP and ERK were able to induce cell cycle progression by up-regulating the expression of cell cycle-related genes. These results shed new light on the function of YAP and ERK in mechanical strain-promoted growth plate development. Our results also provided evidence that RhoA and cytoskeletal dynamics are required for this mechanotransduction. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1121-1129, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiang Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China.,Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Yingxing Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Chengyuan Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Bin Pi
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Yaping Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo You
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Anmin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Fengjing Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China
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7
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Cyclic tensile stress of human annulus fibrosus cells induces MAPK activation: involvement in proinflammatory gene expression. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:679-87. [PMID: 26687822 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in human annulus fibrosus (AF) cells subjected to cyclic tensile stress (CTS). DESIGN An in vitro system for CTS studies was established using AF cultures on fibronectin-coated silicone dishes. MAPK phosphorylation was studied by western analysis, while gene expression was followed by qRT-PCR. DNA synthesis was assessed by both tritiated thymidine incorporation and flow cytometry, and collagen synthesis using tritiated proline incorporation and the protease-free collagenase method. RESULTS All three MAPKs studied, i.e., ERK, SAPK/JNK, and p38 were found to be phosphorylated immediately after CTS application within physiological range. A second wave of phosphorylation appeared at later time points. MAPK activation was elevated at higher CTS magnitudes, but independent of the frequency. CTS did not stimulate DNA synthesis neither extracellular matrix turnover, but it stimulated the proinflammatory genes, COX-2, IL-6, and IL-8. This stimulation was more intense at the highest magnitude (8%) tested and at the median frequency (1 Hz) and time interval (12 h). Blocking of ERK, SAPK/JNK, and p38 MAPK inhibited the CTS-induced stimulation of COX-2 and IL-8, while IL-6 expression was mediated only by SAPK/JNK and p38 MAPK. CONCLUSIONS We have described for the first time the activation of MAPKs in human AF cells in response to CTS and showed that it drives an inflammatory reaction. These observations shed light on the mechanisms of intervertebral disc (IVD) cell responses to mechanical stress, contributing to the understanding of disc pathophysiology and possibly to the design of novel therapeutic interventions.
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Calve S, Ready A, Huppenbauer C, Main R, Neu CP. Optical clearing in dense connective tissues to visualize cellular connectivity in situ. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116662. [PMID: 25581165 PMCID: PMC4291226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Visualizing the three-dimensional morphology and spatial patterning of cells embedded deep within dense connective tissues of the musculoskeletal system has been possible only by utilizing destructive techniques. Here we utilize fructose-based clearing solutions to image cell connectivity and deep tissue-scale patterning in situ by standard confocal microscopy. Optical clearing takes advantage of refractive index matching of tissue and the embedding medium to visualize light transmission through a broad range of bovine and whole mount murine tissues, including cartilage, bone, and ligament, of the head and hindlimb. Using non-destructive methods, we show for the first time intercellular chondrocyte connections throughout the bulk of cartilage, and we reveal in situ patterns of osteocyte processes and the lacunar-canalicular system deep within mineralized cortical bone. Optical clearing of connective tissues is expected to find broad application for the study of cell responses in normal physiology and disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Calve
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SC); (CPN)
| | - Andrew Ready
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | | | - Russell Main
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Corey P. Neu
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SC); (CPN)
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9
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Low-frequency high-magnitude mechanical strain of articular chondrocytes activates p38 MAPK and induces phenotypic changes associated with osteoarthritis and pain. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:14427-41. [PMID: 25196344 PMCID: PMC4159860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150814427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating joint disorder resulting from an incompletely understood combination of mechanical, biological, and biochemical processes. OA is often accompanied by inflammation and pain, whereby cytokines associated with chronic OA can up-regulate expression of neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor (NGF). Several studies suggest a role for cytokines and NGF in OA pain, however the effects of changing mechanical properties in OA tissue on chondrocyte metabolism remain unclear. Here, we used high-extension silicone rubber membranes to examine if high mechanical strain (HMS) of primary articular chondrocytes increases inflammatory gene expression and promotes neurotrophic factor release. HMS cultured chondrocytes displayed up-regulated NGF, TNFα and ADAMTS4 gene expression while decreasing TLR2 expression, as compared to static controls. HMS culture increased p38 MAPK activity compared to static controls. Conditioned medium from HMS dynamic cultures, but not static cultures, induced significant neurite sprouting in PC12 cells. The increased neurite sprouting was accompanied by consistent increases in PC12 cell death. Low-frequency high-magnitude mechanical strain of primary articular chondrocytes in vitro drives factor secretion associated with degenerative joint disease and joint pain. This study provides evidence for a direct link between cellular strain, secretory factors, neo-innervation, and pain in OA pathology.
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10
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Decker SGA, Moeini M, Chin HC, Rosenzweig DH, Quinn TM. Adsorption and distribution of fluorescent solutes near the articular surface of mechanically injured cartilage. Biophys J 2014; 105:2427-36. [PMID: 24268155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of cartilage-specific imaging agents supports the improvement of tissue assessment by minimally invasive means. Techniques for highlighting cartilage surface damage in clinical images could provide for sensitive indications of posttraumatic injury and early stage osteoarthritis. Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that fluorescent solutes interact with cartilage surfaces strongly enough to affect measurement of their partition coefficients within the tissue bulk. In this study, these findings were extended by examining solute adsorption and distribution near the articular surface of mechanically injured cartilage. Using viable cartilage explants injured by an established protocol, solute distributions near the articular surface of three commonly used fluorophores (fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC), and carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA)) were observed after absorption and subsequent desorption to assess solute-specific matrix interactions and reversibility. Both absorption and desorption processes demonstrated a trend of significantly less solute adsorption at surfaces of fissures compared to adjacent intact surfaces of damaged explants or surfaces of uninjured explants. After adsorption, normalized mean surface intensities of fissured surfaces of injured explants were 6%, 40%, and 32% for FITC, TRITC, and TAMRA, respectively, compared to uninjured surfaces. Similar values were found for sliced explants and after a desorption process. After desorption, a trend of increased solute adsorption at the site of intact damaged surfaces was noted (316% and 238% for injured and sliced explants exposed to FITC). Surface adsorption of solute was strongest for FITC and weakest for TAMRA; no solutes negatively affected cell viability. Results support the development of imaging agents that highlight distinct differences between fissured and intact cartilage surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G A Decker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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11
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Moeini M, Decker SG, Chin HC, Shafieyan Y, Rosenzweig DH, Quinn TM. Decreased solute adsorption onto cracked surfaces of mechanically injured articular cartilage: Towards the design of cartilage-specific functional contrast agents. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:605-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Rosenzweig DH, Chicatun F, Nazhat SN, Quinn TM. Cartilaginous constructs using primary chondrocytes from continuous expansion culture seeded in dense collagen gels. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:9360-9. [PMID: 23896567 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies such as autologous chondrocyte implantation require in vitro cell expansion. However, standard culture techniques require cell passaging, leading to dedifferentiation into a fibroblast-like cell type. Primary chondrocytes grown on continuously expanding culture dishes (CE culture) limits passaging and protects against dedifferentiation. The authors tested whether CE culture chondrocytes were advantageous for producing mechanically competent cartilage matrix when three-dimensionally seeded in dense collagen gels. Primary chondrocytes, grown either in CE culture or passaged twice on static silicone dishes (SS culture; comparable to standard methods), were seeded in dense collagen gels and cultured for 3 weeks in the absence of exogenous chondrogenic growth factors. Compared with gels seeded with SS culture chondrocytes, CE chondrocyte-seeded gels had significantly higher chondrogenic gene expression after 2 and 3 weeks in culture, correlating with significantly higher aggrecan and type II collagen protein accumulation. There was no obvious difference in glycosaminoglycan content from either culture condition, yet CE chondrocyte-seeded gels were significantly thicker and had a significantly higher dynamic compressive modulus than SS chondrocyte-seeded gels after 3 weeks. Chondrocytes grown in CE culture and seeded in dense collagen gels produce more cartilaginous matrix with superior mechanical properties, making them more suitable than SS cultured cells for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Rosenzweig
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada
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13
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Davis CG, Eisner E, McGlynn M, Shelton JM, Richardson J, Borrelli J, Chen CC. Posttraumatic Chondrocyte Apoptosis in the Murine Xiphoid. Cartilage 2013; 4:345-53. [PMID: 26069679 PMCID: PMC4297158 DOI: 10.1177/1947603513489830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate posttraumatic chondrocyte apoptosis in the murine xiphoid after a crush-type injury and to ultimately determine the pathway (i.e., intrinsic or extrinsic) by which chondrocytes undergo apoptosis in response to mechanical injury. DESIGN The xiphoids of adult female wild-type mice were injured with the use of a modified Kelly clamp. Postinjury xiphoid cartilage was analyzed via 3 well-described independent means of assessing apoptosis in chondrocytes: hematoxylin and eosin staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay, and activated caspase-3 staining. RESULTS Injured specimens contained many chondrocytes with evidence of apoptosis, which is characterized by cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, and the liberation of apoptotic bodies. There was a statistically significant increase in the number of chondrocytes undergoing apoptosis in the injured specimens as compared with the uninjured specimens. CONCLUSIONS Chondrocytes can be stimulated to undergo apoptosis as a result of mechanical injury. These experiments involving predominantly cartilaginous murine xiphoid in vivo establish a baseline for future investigations that employ the genetic and therapeutic modulation of chondrocyte apoptosis in response to mechanical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Eisner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Margaret McGlynn
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - John M. Shelton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - James Richardson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Borrelli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA,Texas Health Physicians Group, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Christopher C.T. Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
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Franciozi CES, Tarini VAF, Reginato RD, Gonçalves PRS, Medeiros VP, Ferretti M, Dreyfuss JL, Nader HB, Faloppa F. Gradual strenuous running regimen predisposes to osteoarthritis due to cartilage cell death and altered levels of glycosaminoglycans. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:965-72. [PMID: 23602983 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the hypothesis that strenuous running is a predisposing factor for osteoarthritis. DESIGN Wistar rats were divided into two groups: a control group (CG) and a trained group (TG). The TG underwent a strenuous treadmill running training regimen of controlled intensity, exhibiting progressively improvement of fitness over 12 weeks, running at least 55 km during this period and finally performing an ultra-endurance running exercise to exhaustion. After this period, rats from both groups were euthanized and their knees removed. The articular cartilage was dissected and submitted to histomorphometrical, histomorphological, and immunohistochemical analyses evaluating cell death pathway (caspase-3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)) and inflammatory cytokines [interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)]. In addition, the tissues were analyzed regarding the types and the content of glycosaminoglycans. RESULTS The TG knee joints exhibited increase in the number of chondrocytes and chondrocyte clusters, as well as significantly increased levels of caspase-3, a protein involved in apoptosis, and of inflammatory cytokines IL-1α and TNF-α. In addition, histologically higher grades of osteoarthritis (Osteoarthritis Research Society International - OARSI grading), and significantly decreased levels of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid. Knee cartilage thickness and TUNEL did not significantly differ between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The articular cartilage of rats subjected to a strenuous running regimen of controlled intensity exhibited molecular and histological characteristics that are present in osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E S Franciozi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Rosenzweig DH, Ou SJ, Quinn TM. P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase promotes dedifferentiation of primary articular chondrocytes in monolayer culture. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:508-17. [PMID: 23480786 PMCID: PMC3822651 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is an avascular tissue with poor regenerative capacity following injury, a contributing factor to joint degenerative disease. Cell-based therapies for cartilage tissue regeneration have rapidly advanced; however, expansion of autologous chondrocytes in vitro using standard methods causes 'dedifferentiation' into fibroblastic cells. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling is crucial for chondrocyte metabolism and matrix production, and changes in MAPK signals can affect the phenotype of cultured cells. We investigated the effects of inhibition of MAPK signalling on chondrocyte dedifferentiation during monolayer culture. Blockade of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signalling caused a significant increase in cartilage gene expression, however, also caused up-regulation of fibrotic gene expression. Inhibition of p38 MAPK (p38) caused a significant up-regulation of collagen type II while suppressing collagen type I expression. P38 inhibition also resulted in consistently more organized secretion of collagen type II protein deposits on cell culture surfaces. Follow-on pellet culture of treated cells revealed that MAPK inhibition reduced cell migration from the pellet. ERK and JNK inhibition caused more collagen type I accumulation in pellets versus controls while p38 inhibition strongly promoted collagen type II accumulation with no effect on collagen type I. Blockade of all three MAPKs caused increased GAG content in pellets. These results indicate a role for MAPK signalling in chondrocyte phenotype loss during monolayer culture, with a strong contribution from p38 signalling. Thus, blockade of p38 enhances chondrocyte phenotype in monolayer culture and may promote more efficient cartilage tissue regeneration for cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek H Rosenzweig
- Soft Tissue Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada
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