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Chatterjee M, Evans MK, Bell R, Nguyen PK, Kamalitdinov TB, Korntner S, Kuo CK, Dyment NA, Andarawis-Puri N. Histological and immunohistochemical guide to tendon tissue. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:2114-2132. [PMID: 37321983 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tendons are unique dense connective tissues with discrete zones having specific structure and function. They are juxtaposed with other tissues (e.g., bone, muscle, and fat) with different compositional, structural, and mechanical properties. Additionally, tendon properties change drastically with growth and development, disease, aging, and injury. Consequently, there are unique challenges to performing high quality histological assessment of this tissue. To address this need, histological assessment was one of the breakout session topics at the 2022 Orthopaedic Research Society (ORS) Tendon Conference hosted at the University of Pennsylvania. The purpose of the breakout session was to discuss needs from members of the ORS Tendon Section related to histological procedures, data presentation, knowledge dissemination, and guidelines for future work. Therefore, this review provides a brief overview of the outcomes of this discussion and provides a set of guidelines, based on the perspectives from our laboratories, for histological assessment to assist researchers in their quest to utilize these techniques to enhance the outcomes and interpretations of their studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monideepa Chatterjee
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Mary K Evans
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rebecca Bell
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Phong K Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Timur B Kamalitdinov
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stefanie Korntner
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Catherine K Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Dyment
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nelly Andarawis-Puri
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
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2
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Little D, Amadio PC, Awad HA, Cone SG, Dyment NA, Fisher MB, Huang AH, Koch DW, Kuntz AF, Madi R, McGilvray K, Schnabel LV, Shetye SS, Thomopoulos S, Zhao C, Soslowsky LJ. Preclinical tendon and ligament models: Beyond the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement) to 5W1H (why, who, what, where, when, how). J Orthop Res 2023; 41:2133-2162. [PMID: 37573480 PMCID: PMC10561191 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Several tendon and ligament animal models were presented at the 2022 Orthopaedic Research Society Tendon Section Conference held at the University of Pennsylvania, May 5 to 7, 2022. A key objective of the breakout sessions at this meeting was to develop guidelines for the field, including for preclinical tendon and ligament animal models. This review summarizes the perspectives of experts for eight surgical small and large animal models of rotator cuff tear, flexor tendon transection, anterior cruciate ligament tear, and Achilles tendon injury using the framework: "Why, Who, What, Where, When, and How" (5W1H). A notable conclusion is that the perfect tendon model does not exist; there is no single gold standard animal model that represents the totality of tendon and ligament disease. Each model has advantages and disadvantages and should be carefully considered in light of the specific research question. There are also circumstances when an animal model is not the best approach. The wide variety of tendon and ligament pathologies necessitates choices between small and large animal models, different anatomic sites, and a range of factors associated with each model during the planning phase. Attendees agreed on some guiding principles including: providing clear justification for the model selected, providing animal model details at publication, encouraging sharing of protocols and expertise, improving training of research personnel, and considering greater collaboration with veterinarians. A clear path for translating from animal models to clinical practice was also considered as a critical next step for accelerating progress in the tendon and ligament field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Little
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Peter C Amadio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hani A Awad
- Department of Orthopaedics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Stephanie G Cone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Dyment
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew B Fisher
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University-University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alice H Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Drew W Koch
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew F Kuntz
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rashad Madi
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kirk McGilvray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Lauren V Schnabel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Snehal S Shetye
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stavros Thomopoulos
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chunfeng Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Louis J Soslowsky
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Chastain K, Wach A, Pekmezian A, Wimmer MA, Warren RF, Torzilli PA, Chen T, Maher SA. ACL transection results in a posterior shift and increased velocity of contact on the medial tibial plateau. J Biomech 2022; 144:111335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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4
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Dutra EH, O’Brien MH, Chen PJ, Wei M, Yadav S. Intermittent Parathyroid Hormone [1-34] Augments Chondrogenesis of the Mandibular Condylar Cartilage of the Temporomandibular Joint. Cartilage 2021; 12:475-483. [PMID: 30897936 PMCID: PMC8461153 DOI: 10.1177/1947603519833146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the long-term effects of intermittent parathyroid hormone (I-PTH) on the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) and subchondral bone of the temporomandibular joint, in vivo and in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS For the in vivo experiments, sixteen 10-week-old mice were divided into 2 groups: (1) I-PTH (n = 8)-subcutaneous daily injection of PTH; (2) control group (n = 8)-subcutaneous daily injection of saline solution. Experiments were carried out for 4 weeks. Mice were injected with calcein, alizarin complexone, and cell proliferation marker before euthanasia. For the in vitro experiments, primary chondrocyte cultures from the MCC of eight 10-week-old mice were treated with I-PTH for 14 days. RESULTS There was a significant increase in bone volume, tissue density, mineral deposition, osteoclastic activity, cell proliferation in the cartilage, and cartilage thickness in the I-PTH-treated mice when compared with the control group. In addition, immunohistochemistry in cartilage revealed that I-PTH administration led to an increase in expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and to a decreased expression of sclerostin, matrix metallopeptidase 13, and aggreganase-1 (ADAM-TS4). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of the I-PTH-treated chondrocytes revealed significantly decreased relative expression of collagen type X (Col10a1), alkaline phosphatase (Alp), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh) and remarkable increased expression of Sox9, fibroblast growth factor 2 (Fgf2), and proteoglycan 4 (Prg4). CONCLUSION I-PTH administration causes anabolic effects at the subchondral region of the mandibular condyle while triggers anabolic and protective effects at the MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane H. Dutra
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Mara H. O’Brien
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Po-Jung Chen
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Mei Wei
- UCONN School of Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Sumit Yadav
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA,Sumit Yadav, Department of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center 263 Farmington Avenue, MC1725, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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5
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Sun K, Guo J, Yao X, Guo Z, Guo F. Growth differentiation factor 5 in cartilage and osteoarthritis: A possible therapeutic candidate. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e12998. [PMID: 33522652 PMCID: PMC7941218 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5) is essential for cartilage development and homeostasis. The expression and function of GDF-5 are highly associated with the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). OA, characterized by progressive degeneration of joint, particularly in cartilage, causes severe social burden. However, there is no effective approach to reverse the progression of this disease. Over the past decades, extensive studies have demonstrated the protective effects of GDF-5 against cartilage degeneration and defects. Here, we summarize the current literature describing the role of GDF-5 in development of cartilage and joints, and the association between the GDF-5 gene polymorphisms and OA susceptibility. We also shed light on the protective effects of GDF-5 against OA in terms of direct GDF-5 supplementation and modulation of the GDF-5-related signalling. Finally, we discuss the current limitations in the application of GDF-5 for the clinical treatment of OA. This review provides a comprehensive insight into the role of GDF-5 in cartilage and emphasizes GDF-5 as a potential therapeutic candidate in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Department of OrthopedicsTongji Medical CollegeTongji HospitalHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jiachao Guo
- Department of OrthopedicsTongji Medical CollegeTongji HospitalHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xudong Yao
- Department of OrthopedicsTongji Medical CollegeTongji HospitalHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Zhou Guo
- Department of OrthopedicsTongji Medical CollegeTongji HospitalHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Fengjing Guo
- Department of OrthopedicsTongji Medical CollegeTongji HospitalHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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6
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Hagiwara Y, Dyrna F, Kuntz AF, Adams DJ, Dyment NA. Cells from a GDF5 origin produce zonal tendon-to-bone attachments following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1460:57-67. [PMID: 31596513 PMCID: PMC6992521 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery, a staged repair response occurs where cells from outside the tendon graft participate in tunnel integration. The mechanisms that regulate this process, including the specific cellular origin, are poorly understood. Embryonic cells expressing growth and differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) give rise to several mesenchymal tissues in the joint and epiphyses. We hypothesized that cells from a GDF5 origin, even in the adult tissue, would give rise to cells that contribute to the stages of repair. ACLs were reconstructed in Gdf5-Cre;R26R-tdTomato lineage tracing mice to monitor the contribution of Gdf5-Cre;tdTom+ cells to the tunnel integration process. Anterior-posterior drawer tests demonstrated 58% restoration in anterior-posterior stability. Gdf5-Cre;tdTom+ cells within the epiphyseal bone marrow adjacent to tunnels expanded in response to the injury by 135-fold compared with intact controls to initiate tendon-to-bone attachments. They continued to mature the attachments yielding zonal insertion sites at 4 weeks with collagen fibers spanning across unmineralized and mineralized fibrocartilage and anchored to the adjacent bone. The zonal attachments possessed tidemarks with concentrated alkaline phosphatase activity similar to native entheses. This study established that mesenchymal cells from a GDF5 origin can contribute to zonal tendon-to-bone attachments within bone tunnels following ACL reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hagiwara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Inada Hospital, Nara Prefecture, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Nara Prefecture, Japan
| | - Felix Dyrna
- Department of Trauma, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andrew F Kuntz
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Douglas J Adams
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Nathaniel A Dyment
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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7
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Kamalitdinov TB, Fujino K, Shetye SS, Jiang X, Ye Y, Rodriguez AB, Kuntz AF, Zgonis MH, Dyment NA. Amplifying Bone Marrow Progenitors Expressing α-Smooth Muscle Actin Produce Zonal Insertion Sites During Tendon-to-Bone Repair. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:105-116. [PMID: 31228280 PMCID: PMC6917878 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Traditional tendon-to-bone repair where the tendon is reattached to bone via suture anchors often results in disorganized scar production rather than the formation of a zonal insertion. In contrast, ligament reconstructions where tendon grafts are passed through bone tunnels can yield zonal tendon-to-bone attachments between the graft and adjacent bone. Therefore, ligament reconstructions can be used to study mechanisms that regulate zonal tendon-to-bone repair in the adult. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions are one of the most common reconstruction procedures and while we know that cells from outside the graft produce the attachments, we have not yet established specific cell populations that give rise to this tissue. To address this knowledge gap, we performed ACL reconstructions in lineage tracing mice where α-smooth muscle actin (αSMACreERT2) was used to label αSMA-expressing progenitors within the bone marrow that produced zonal attachments. Expression of αSMA was increased during early stages of the repair process such that the contribution of SMA-labeled cells to the tunnel integration was highest when tamoxifen was delivered in the first week post-surgery. The zonal attachments shared features with normal entheses, including tidemarks oriented perpendicularly to collagen fibers, Col1a1-expressing cells, alkaline phosphatase activity, and proteoglycan-rich staining. Finally, the integration strength increased with time, requiring 112% greater force to remove the graft from the tunnel at 28 days compared with 14 days post-surgery. Future studies will target these progenitor cells to define the pathways that regulate zonal tendon-to-bone repair in the adult. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:105-116, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur B. Kamalitdinov
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Keitaro Fujino
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Snehal S. Shetye
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yaping Ye
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ashley B. Rodriguez
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew F. Kuntz
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Miltiadis H. Zgonis
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nathaniel A. Dyment
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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8
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Wegner AM, Campos NR, Robbins MA, Haddad AF, Cunningham HC, Yik JH, Christiansen BA, Haudenschild DR. Acute Changes in NADPH Oxidase 4 in Early Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:2429-2436. [PMID: 31304988 PMCID: PMC6822680 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Knee injuries cause structural damage and acute inflammation that initiates the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4), a member of a family of enzymes that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), plays a pivotal role in normal development of the musculoskeletal system, but may increase ROS production to harmful levels after joint injury. The role of ROS in both normal joint homeostasis and injury is poorly understood, but inhibition of excessive ROS production by Nox4 after joint injury could be protective to the joint, decreasing oxidative stress, and initiation of PTOA. Knee injuries were simulated using inflammatory cytokines in cultured primary human chondrocytes and a non-invasive mouse model of PTOA in C57BL/6N and Nox4 knockout mice. There is an acute decrease in Nox4 activity within 24 h after injury in both systems, followed by a subsequent sustained low-level increase, a novel finding not seen in any other system. Inhibition of Nox4 activity by GKT137831 was protective against early structural changes after non-invasive knee injury in a mouse model. Nox4 knockout mice had significant differences in structural and mechanical properties of bone, providing further evidence for the role of Nox4 in development of joint tissues and biochemical response after joint injury. Nox4 plays a significant role in the acute phase after joint injury, and targeted inhibition of inflammation caused by Nox4 may be protective against early joint changes in the pathogenesis of PTOA. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2429-2436, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Wegner
- University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Nestor R. Campos
- University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Michael A. Robbins
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Mail Code MP240, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Andrew F. Haddad
- University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | | | - Jasper H.N. Yik
- University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
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Clearfield DS, Xin X, Yadav S, Rowe DW, Wei M. Osteochondral Differentiation of Fluorescent Multireporter Cells on Zonally-Organized Biomaterials. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 25:468-486. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Drew S. Clearfield
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development and School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Xiaonan Xin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development and School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Sumit Yadav
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - David W. Rowe
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development and School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Mei Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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10
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Ectopic mineralization of cartilage and collagen-rich tendons and ligaments in Enpp1asj-2J mice. Oncotarget 2017; 7:12000-9. [PMID: 26910915 PMCID: PMC4914264 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI), an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the ENPP1 gene, manifests with extensive mineralization of the cardiovascular system. A spontaneous asj-2J mutant mouse has been characterized as a model for GACI. Previous studies focused on phenotypic characterization of skin and vascular tissues. This study further examined the ectopic mineralization phenotype of cartilage, collagen-rich tendons and ligaments in this mouse model. The mice were placed on either control diet or the ‘acceleration diet’ for up to 12 weeks of age. Soft connective tissues, such as ear (elastic cartilage) and trachea (hyaline cartilage), were processed for standard histology. Assessment of ectopic mineralization in articular cartilage and fibrocartilage as well as tendons and ligaments which are attached to long bones were performed using a novel cryo-histological method without decalcification. These analyses demonstrated ectopic mineralization in cartilages as well as tendons and ligaments in the homozygous asj-2J mice at 12 weeks of age, with the presence of immature osteophytes displaying alkaline phosphatase and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activities as early as at 6 weeks of age. Alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly increased in asj-2J mouse serum as compared to wild type mice, indicating increased bone formation rate in these mice. Together, these data highlight the key role of ENPP1 in regulating calcification of both soft and skeletal tissues.
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11
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Shrestha B, Jiang X, Ge S, Paul D, Chianchiano P, Pachter JS. Spatiotemporal resolution of spinal meningeal and parenchymal inflammation during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 108:159-172. [PMID: 28844788 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by active immunization of C57BL/6 mice with peptide from myelin oligodendrocyte protein (MOG35-55), is a neuroinflammatory, demyelinating disease widely recognized as an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Typically, EAE presents with an ascending course of paralysis, and inflammation that is predominantly localized to the spinal cord. Recent studies have further indicated that inflammation - in both MS and EAE - might initiate within the meninges and propagate from there to the underlying parenchyma. However, the patterns of inflammation within the respective meningeal and parenchymal compartments along the length of the spinal cord, and the progression with which these patterns develop during EAE, have yet to be detailed. Such analysis could hold key to identifying factors critical for spreading, as well as constraining, inflammation along the neuraxis. To address this issue, high-resolution 3-dimensional (3D) confocal microscopy was performed to visualize, in detail, the sequence of leukocyte infiltration at distinct regions of the spinal cord. High quality virtual slide scanning for imaging the entire spinal cord using epifluorescence was further conducted to highlight the directionality and relative degree of inflammation. Meningeal inflammation was found to precede parenchymal inflammation at all levels of the spinal cord, but did not develop equally or simultaneously throughout the subarachnoid space (SAS) of the meninges. Instead, meningeal inflammation was initially most obvious in the caudal SAS, from which it progressed to the immediate underlying parenchyma, paralleling the first signs of clinical disease in the tail and hind limbs. Meningeal inflammation could then be seen to extend in the caudal-to-rostral direction, followed by a similar, but delayed, trajectory of parenchymal inflammation. To additionally determine whether the course of ascending paralysis and leukocyte infiltration during EAE is reflected in differences in inflammatory gene expression by meningeal and parenchymal microvessels along the spinal cord, laser capture microdissection (LCM) coupled with gene expression profiling was performed. Expression profiles varied between these respective vessel populations at both the cervical and caudal levels of the spinal cord during disease progression, and within each vessel population at different levels of the cord at a given time during disease. These results reinforce a significant role for the meninges in the development and propagation of central nervous system inflammation associated with MS and EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Shrestha
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Dept. of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, United States.
| | - Xi Jiang
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Dept. of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, United States.
| | - Shujun Ge
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Dept. of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, United States.
| | - Debayon Paul
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Dept. of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, United States.
| | - Peter Chianchiano
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Dept. of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, United States.
| | - Joel S Pachter
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Dept. of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, United States.
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12
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O' Brien MH, Dutra EH, Lima A, Nanda R, Yadav S. PTH [1-34] induced differentiation and mineralization of mandibular condylar cartilage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3226. [PMID: 28607469 PMCID: PMC5468307 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03428-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent Parathyroid Hormone (I-PTH) is the only FDA approved anabolic drug therapy available for the treatment of osteoporosis in males and postmenopausal females. The effects of I-PTH on the chondrogenic lineage of the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) are not well understood. To investigate the role of I-PTH on the MCC and subchondral bone, we carried out our studies using 4 to 5 week old triple transgenic mice (Col1a1XCol2a1XCol10a1). The experimental group was injected with PTH (80 μg/kg) daily for 2 weeks, while control group was injected with saline. Our histology showed that the I-PTH treatment led to an increased number of cells expressing Col1a1, Col2a1 and Col10a1. Additionally, there was an increase in cellular proliferation, increased proteoglycan distribution, increased cartilage thickness, increased TRAP activity, and mineralization. Immunohistochemical staining showed increased expression of pSMAD158 and VEGF in the MCC and subchondral bone. Furthermore our microCT data showed that I-PTH treatment led to an increased bone volume fraction, tissue density and trabecular thickness, with a decrease in trabecular spacing. Morphometric measurements showed increased mandibular length and condyle head length following I-PTH treatment. In conclusion, our study suggests that I-PTH plays a critical role in cellular proliferation, proteoglycan distribution, and mineralization of the MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Heather O' Brien
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Eliane Hermes Dutra
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Alexandro Lima
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Ravindra Nanda
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Sumit Yadav
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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13
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Blaker CL, Clarke EC, Little CB. Using mouse models to investigate the pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:424-439. [PMID: 27312470 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) is defined by its development after joint injury. Factors contributing to the risk of PTOA occurring, the rate of progression, and degree of associated disability in any individual, remain incompletely understood. What constitutes an "OA-inducing injury" is not defined. In line with advances in the traumatic brain injury field, we propose the scope of PTOA-inducing injuries be expanded to include not only those causing immediate structural damage and instability (Type I), but also those without initial instability/damage from moderate (Type II) or minor (Type III) loading severity. A review of the literature revealed this full spectrum of potential PTOA subtypes can be modeled in mice, with 27 Type I, 6 Type II, and 4 Type III models identified. Despite limitations due to cartilage anatomy, joint size, and bio-fluid availability, mice offer advantages as preclinical models to study PTOA, particularly genetically modified strains. Histopathology was the most common disease outcome, cartilage more frequently studied than bone or synovium, and meniscus and ligaments rarely evaluated. Other methods used to examine PTOA included gene expression, protein analysis, and imaging. Despite the major issues reported by patients being pain and biomechanical dysfunction, these were the least commonly measured outcomes in mouse models. Informative correlations of simultaneously measured disease outcomes in individual animals, was rarely done in any mouse PTOA model. This review has identified knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to increase understanding and improve prevention and management of PTOA. Preclinical mouse models play a critical role in these endeavors. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:424-439, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina L Blaker
- Murray Maxwell Biomechanics Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Level 10, Kolling Institute B6, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, The Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, 2065, Australia.,Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, 2065, Australia
| | - Elizabeth C Clarke
- Murray Maxwell Biomechanics Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Level 10, Kolling Institute B6, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, The Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, 2065, Australia
| | - Christopher B Little
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, 2065, Australia
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14
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Siu SY, Dyment NA, Rowe DW, Sundberg JP, Uitto J, Li Q. Variable patterns of ectopic mineralization in Enpp1asj-2J mice, a model for generalized arterial calcification of infancy. Oncotarget 2016; 7:83837-83842. [PMID: 27863377 PMCID: PMC5341293 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by early onset of extensive mineralization of the cardiovascular system. The classical forms of GACI are caused by mutations in the ENPP1 gene, encoding a membrane-bound pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase that hydrolyzes ATP to AMP and inorganic pyrophosphate. The asj-2J mouse harboring a spontaneous mutation in the Enpp1 gene has been characterized as a model for GACI. These mutant mice develop ectopic mineralization in skin and vascular connective tissues as well as in cartilage and collagen-rich tendons and ligaments. This study examined in detail the temporal ectopic mineralization phenotype of connective tissues in this mouse model, utilizing a novel cryo-histological method that does not require decalcification of bones. The wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous mice were administered fluorescent mineralization labels at 4 weeks (calcein), 10 weeks (alizarin complexone), and 11 weeks of age (demeclocycline). Twenty-four hours later, outer ears, muzzle skin, trachea, aorta, shoulders, and vertebrae were collected from these mice and examined for progression of mineralization. The results revealed differential timeline for disease initiation and progression in various tissues of this mouse model. It also highlights the advantages of cryo-histological fluorescent imaging technique to study mineral deposition in mouse models of ectopic mineralization disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Y Siu
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, The Sidney Kimmel Medical College and The PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Dyment
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - David W Rowe
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, The Sidney Kimmel Medical College and The PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qiaoli Li
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, The Sidney Kimmel Medical College and The PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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15
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Jang Y, Jung H, Nam Y, Rim YA, Kim J, Jeong SH, Ju JH. Centrifugal gravity-induced BMP4 induces chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells via SOX9 upregulation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:184. [PMID: 27931264 PMCID: PMC5144493 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cartilage does not have the capability to regenerate itself. Therefore, stem cell transplantation is a promising therapeutic approach for impaired cartilage. For stem cell transplantation, in vitro enrichment is required; however, stem cells not only become senescent but also lose their differentiation potency during this process. In addition, cytokines are normally used for chondrogenic differentiation induction of stem cells, which is highly expensive and needs an additional step to culture. In this study, we introduced a novel method to induce chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), which are more readily available than bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells(bMSCs), using centrifugal gravity (CG). Methods ASCs were stimulated by loading different degrees of CG (0, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, and 3600 g) to induce chondrogenic differentiation. The expression of chondrogenic differentiation-related genes was examined by RT-PCR, real-time PCR, and western blot analyses. The chondrogenic differentiation of ASCs stimulated with CG was evaluated by comparing the expression of positive markers [aggrecan (ACAN) and collagen type II alpha 1 (COL2A1)] and negative markers (COL1 and COL10) with that in ASCs stimulated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 using micromass culture, immunofluorescence, and staining (Alcian Blue and Safranin O). Results Expression of SOX9 and SOX5 was upregulated by CG (2400 g for 30 min). Increased expression of ACAN and COL2A1 (positive markers) was detected in monolayer-cultured ASCs after CG stimulation, whereas that of COL10 (a negative marker) was not. Expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 4, an upstream stimulator of SOX9, was upregulated by CG, which was inhibited by Dorsomorphin (an inhibitor of BMP4). Increased expression of proteoglycan, a major component of cartilage, was confirmed in the micromass culture of ASCs stimulated with CG by Alcian Blue and Safranin O staining. Conclusions Chondrogenic differentiation of ASCs can be induced by optimized CG (2400 g for 30 min). Expression of SOX9 is upregulated by CG via increased expression of BMP4. CG has a similar ability to induce SOX9 expression as TGF-β1. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-016-0445-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonsue Jang
- CiSTEM Laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
| | - Hyerin Jung
- CiSTEM Laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
| | - Yoojun Nam
- CiSTEM Laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
| | - Yeri Alice Rim
- CiSTEM Laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
| | - Juryun Kim
- CiSTEM Laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Jeong
- CiSTEM Laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ju
- CiSTEM Laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea. .,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea.
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16
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Yoshida R, Alaee F, Dyrna F, Kronenberg MS, Maye P, Kalajzic I, Rowe DW, Mazzocca AD, Dyment NA. Murine supraspinatus tendon injury model to identify the cellular origins of rotator cuff healing. Connect Tissue Res 2016; 57:507-515. [PMID: 27184388 PMCID: PMC5149426 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2016.1189910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Purpose of this study: To elucidate the origin of cell populations that contribute to rotator cuff healing, we developed a mouse surgical model where a full-thickness, central detachment is created in the supraspinatus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three different inducible Cre transgenic mice with Ai9-tdTomato reporter expression (PRG4-9, αSMA-9, and AGC-9) were used to label different cell populations in the shoulder. The defect was created surgically in the supraspinatus. The mice were injected with tamoxifen at surgery to label the cells and sacrificed at 1, 2, and 5 weeks postoperatively. Frozen sections were fluorescently imaged then stained with Toluidine Blue and re-imaged. RESULTS Three notable changes were apparent postoperatively. (1) A long thin layer of tissue formed on the bursal side overlying the supraspinatus tendon. (2) The tendon proximal to the defect initially became hypercellular and disorganized. (3) The distal stump at the insertion underwent minimal remodeling. In the uninjured shoulder, tdTomato expression was seen in the tendon midsubstance and paratenon cell on the bursal side in PRG4-9, in paratenon, blood vessels, and periosteum of acromion in SMA-9, and in articular cartilage, unmineralized fibrocartilage of supraspinatus enthesis, and acromioclavicular joint in AGC-9 mice. In the injured PRG4-9 and SMA-9 mice, the healing tissues contained an abundant number of tdTomato+ cells, while minimal contribution of tdTomato+ cells was seen in AGC-9 mice. CONCLUSIONS The study supports the importance of the bursal side of the tendon to rotator cuff healing and PRG4 and αSMA may be markers for these progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryu Yoshida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Farhang Alaee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Felix Dyrna
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Mark S. Kronenberg
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Peter Maye
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Ivo Kalajzic
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - David W Rowe
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Augustus D. Mazzocca
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Nathaniel A Dyment
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
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17
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Dyment NA, Jiang X, Chen L, Hong SH, Adams DJ, Ackert-Bicknell C, Shin DG, Rowe DW. High-Throughput, Multi-Image Cryohistology of Mineralized Tissues. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27684089 DOI: 10.3791/54468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing need for efficient phenotyping and histopathology of a variety of tissues. This phenotyping need is evident with the ambitious projects to disrupt every gene in the mouse genome. The research community needs rapid and inexpensive means to phenotype tissues via histology. Histological analyses of skeletal tissues are often time consuming and semi-quantitative at best, regularly requiring subjective interpretation of slides from trained individuals. Here, we present a cryohistological paradigm for efficient and inexpensive phenotyping of mineralized tissues. First, we present a novel method of tape-stabilized cryosectioning that preserves the morphology of mineralized tissues. These sections are then adhered rigidly to glass slides and imaged repeatedly over several rounds of staining. The resultant images are then aligned either manually or via computer software to yield composite stacks of several layered images. The protocol allows for co-localization of numerous molecular signals to specific cells within a given section. In addition, these fluorescent signals can be quantified objectively via computer software. This protocol overcomes many of the shortcomings associated with histology of mineralized tissues and can serve as a platform for high-throughput, high-content phenotyping of musculoskeletal tissues moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel A Dyment
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center;
| | - Xi Jiang
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center
| | - Seung-Hyun Hong
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut
| | - Douglas J Adams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center
| | | | - Dong-Guk Shin
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut
| | - David W Rowe
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center;
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18
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Kaul R, O’Brien MH, Dutra E, Lima A, Utreja A, Yadav S. The Effect of Altered Loading on Mandibular Condylar Cartilage. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160121. [PMID: 27472059 PMCID: PMC4966927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to delineate the cellular, mechanical and morphometric effects of altered loading on the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) and subchondral bone. We hypothesized that altered loading will induce differentiation of cells by accelerating the lineage progression of the MCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four-week-old male Dkk3 XCol2A1XCol10A1 mice were randomly divided into two groups: (1) Loaded-Altered loading of MCC was induced by forced mouth opening using a custom-made spring; (2) Control-served as an unloaded group. Mice were euthanized and flow cytometery based cell analysis, micro-CT, gene expression analysis, histology and morphometric measurements were done to assess the response. RESULTS Our flow cytometery data showed that altered loading resulted in a significant increase in a number of Col2a1-positive (blue) and Col10a1-positive (red) expressing cells. The gene expression analysis showed significant increase in expression of BMP2, Col10a1 and Sox 9 in the altered loading group. There was a significant increase in the bone volume fraction and trabecular thickness, but a decrease in the trabecular spacing of the subchondral bone with the altered loading. Morphometric measurements revealed increased mandibular length, increased condylar length and increased cartilage width with altered loading. Our histology showed increased mineralization/calcification of the MCC with 5 days of loading. An unexpected observation was an increase in expression of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase activity in the fibrocartilaginous region with loading. CONCLUSION Altered loading leads to mineralization of fibrocartilage and drives the lineage towards differentiation/maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Kaul
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States of America
| | - Mara H. O’Brien
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States of America
| | - Eliane Dutra
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States of America
| | - Alexandro Lima
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States of America
| | - Achint Utreja
- Division of Orthodontics, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, United States of America
| | - Sumit Yadav
- Division of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Utreja A, Dyment NA, Yadav S, Villa MM, Li Y, Jiang X, Nanda R, Rowe DW. Cell and matrix response of temporomandibular cartilage to mechanical loading. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:335-44. [PMID: 26362410 PMCID: PMC4757844 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The generation of transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent proteins (GFPs) has greatly aided our understanding of the development of connective tissues such as bone and cartilage. Perturbation of a biological system such as the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) within its adaptive remodeling capacity is particularly useful in analyzing cellular lineage progression. The objectives of this study were to determine: (i) if GFP reporters expressed in the TMJ indicate the different stages of cell maturation in fibrocartilage and (ii) how mechanical loading affects cellular response in different regions of the cartilage. DESIGN/METHODS Four-week-old transgenic mice harboring combinations of fluorescent reporters (Dkk3-eGFP, Col1a1(3.6 kb)-GFPcyan, Col1a1(3.6 kb)-GFPtpz, Col2a1-GFPcyan, and Col10a1-RFPcherry) were used to analyze the expression pattern of transgenes in the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC). To study the effect of TMJ loading, animals were subjected to forced mouth opening with custom springs exerting 50 g force for 1 h/day for 5 days. Dynamic mineralization and cellular proliferation (EdU-labeling) were assessed in loaded vs control mice. RESULTS Dkk3 expression was seen in the superficial zone of the MCC, followed by Col1 in the cartilage zone, Col2 in the prehypertrophic zone, and Col10 in the hypertrophic zone at and below the tidemark. TMJ loading increased expression of the GFP reporters and EdU-labeling of cells in the cartilage, resulting in a thickness increase of all layers of the cartilage. In addition, mineral apposition increased resulting in Col10 expression by unmineralized cells above the tidemark. CONCLUSION The TMJ responded to static loading by forming thicker cartilage through adaptive remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Utreja
- Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - N A Dyment
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - S Yadav
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - M M Villa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Y Li
- Biology Department, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA
| | - X Jiang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - R Nanda
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - D W Rowe
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
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