1
|
Wang X, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Wang C, Li S, Yuan Y, Lv X, Liu Y, Chen F, Chen S, Zhang F, Guo X, Ning Y, Zhao H. Integration of miRNA in exosomes and single-cell RNA-seq profiles in endemic osteoarthritis, Kashin-Beck disease. Biofactors 2024; 50:725-737. [PMID: 38156801 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) is an endemic, chronic degenerative joint disease in China. Exosomes miRNAs, as signaling molecules in intercellular communication, can transfer specific biological martials into target cell to regulate their function and might participate in the pathogenesis of KBD. We isolated serum and chondrocytes-derived exosomes, miRNA sequencing revealed exosomes miRNA profiles and differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) were identified. The target genes were predicted of known and novel DE-miRNAs with TargetScan 5.0 and miRanda 3.3a database. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed to identify chondrocyte clusters and their gene signatures in KBD. And we performed comparative analysis between the serum and chondrocytes-derived exosomes DE-miRNA target genes and differentially expressed genes of each cell clusters. A total of 20 DE-miRNAs were identified in serum-derived exosomes. In the miRNA expression of chondrocytes-derived exosomes, 53 DE-miRNAs were identified. 16,063 predicted targets were identified as the target genes in the serum-derived exosomes, 57,316 predicted targets were identified as the target genes in the chondrocytes-derived exosomes. Seven clusters were labeled by cell type according to the expression of previously described markers. Three hundred fifteen common genes were found among serum/chondrocytes-derived exosomes DE-miRNA target genes and DEGs identified by scRNA-seq analysis. We firstly integratly analyzed the serum and chondrocytes exosomes miRNA with single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data of KBD chondrocyte, the results showed that DE-miRNAs in exosomes might play a potential role in regulating genes expression in different KBD chondrocytes clusters by exosomes mediating cell-cell communications functions, which could improve the new diagnosis and treatment methods for KBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chaowei Wang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shujin Li
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuequan Yuan
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi Lv
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feihong Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sijie Chen
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feiyu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiong Guo
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Clinical Research Center for Endemic Disease of Shaanxi Province, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yujie Ning
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongmou Zhao
- Foot and Ankle Surgery Department, Honghui Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang H, Zhang C, Zhu S, Gao C, Gao Q, Huang R, Liu S, Wei X, Zhang H, Wei Q, He C. Low-frequency whole-body vibration can enhance cartilage degradation with slight changes in subchondral bone in mice with knee osteoarthritis and does not have any morphologic effect on normal joints. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0270074. [PMID: 37590222 PMCID: PMC10434961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSES To evaluate the effects of low frequency whole-body vibration (WBV) on degeneration of articular cartilage and subchondral bone in mice with destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM)induced osteoarthritis(OA) and mice with normal knee. METHODS Ten-week-old C57BL/6J male mice received DMM on right knees, while the left knees performed sham operation. There were six groups: DMM, SHAM DMM, DMM+WBV,SHAM DMM+WBV, DMM+ NON-WBV and SHAM DMM+NON-WBV. After four weeks, the knees were harvested from the DMM and SHAM DMM group. The remaining groups were treated with WBV (10 Hz) or NON-WBV. Four weeks later, the knees were harvested. Genes, containing Aggrecan(Acan) and CollagenⅡ(Col2a1), Matrix Metalloproteinases 3 and 13(MMP3,13), TNFα and IL6, were measured and staining was also performed. OA was graded with OARSI scores, and tibial plateaubone volume to tissue volume ratio(BV/TV), bone surface area to bone volume ratio (BS/BV), trabecular number(Tb.N) and trabecular thickness separation(TS) between groups were analyzed. RESULTS Increased OARSI scores and cartilage degradation were observed after WBV. BV/TV, Tb.N and TS were not significant between the groups. Significant reductions were observed in MMP3, MMP13, Col2a1, Acan, TNFα and IL6 in the DMM+WBV compared to SHAM DMM+WBV group. BV/TV, BS/BV, Tb.N, TS and OARSI scores were not significantly changed in the left knees. IL6 expression in the SHAM DMM+WBV group was significantly increased compared with the SHAM DMM+ NON-WBV group, while Col2a1, Acan and MMP13 expression decreased. CONCLUSION WBV accelerated cartilage degeneration and caused slight changes in subchondral bone in a DMM-induced OA model. WBV had no morphologic effect on normal joints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Wang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Center of Rehabilitation Engineering Technology Research, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, The Affiliated Hospital Of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Siyi Zhu
- Rehabilitation Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Rehabilitation Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengfei Gao
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Rehabilitation Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Rehabilitation Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ridong Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sijia Liu
- Rehabilitation Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Rehabilitation Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiangyang Wei
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Center of Rehabilitation Engineering Technology Research, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huakai Zhang
- Medical College of Zhengzhou University of Industrial technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Quan Wei
- Rehabilitation Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Rehabilitation Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengqi He
- Rehabilitation Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Rehabilitation Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hammersen T, Buchert J, Zietzschmann S, Diederichs S, Richter W. Inverse Regulation of Cartilage Neogenesis at Physiologically Relevant Calcium Conditions by Human Articular Chondrocytes and Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Cells 2023; 12:1659. [PMID: 37371129 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Elaborate bioreactor cultivation or expensive growth factor supplementation can enhance extracellular matrix production in engineered neocartilage to provide sufficient mechanical resistance. We here investigated whether raising extracellular calcium levels in chondrogenic cultures to physiologically relevant levels would provide a simple and inexpensive alternative to enhance cartilage neogenesis from human articular chondrocytes (AC) or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSC). Interestingly, AC and BMSC-derived chondrocytes showed an opposite response to a calcium increase from 1.8 mM to 8 mM by which glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen type II production were elevated during BMSC chondrogenesis but depressed in AC, leading to two-fold higher GAG/DNA values in BMSC-based neocartilage compared to the AC group. According to control treatments with Mg2+ or sucrose, these effects were specific for CaCl2 rather than divalent cations or osmolarity. Importantly, undesired pro-hypertrophic traits were not stimulated by calcium treatment. Specific induction of PTHrP mRNA and protein by 8.0mM calcium only in AC, along with negative effects of recombinant PTHrP1-34 on cartilage matrix production, suggested that the PTHrP pathway contributed to the detrimental effects in AC-based neocartilage. Altogether, raising extracellular calcium levels was discovered as a novel, simple and inexpensive stimulator for BMSC-based cartilage neogenesis without the need for special bioreactors, whereas such conditions should be avoided for AC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hammersen
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Justyna Buchert
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Severin Zietzschmann
- Orthopaedic Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Solvig Diederichs
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kshirsagar A, Doroshev SM, Gorelik A, Olender T, Sapir T, Tsuboi D, Rosenhek-Goldian I, Malitsky S, Itkin M, Argoetti A, Mandel-Gutfreund Y, Cohen SR, Hanna JH, Ulitsky I, Kaibuchi K, Reiner O. LIS1 RNA-binding orchestrates the mechanosensitive properties of embryonic stem cells in AGO2-dependent and independent ways. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3293. [PMID: 37280197 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38797-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lissencephaly-1 (LIS1) is associated with neurodevelopmental diseases and is known to regulate the molecular motor cytoplasmic dynein activity. Here we show that LIS1 is essential for the viability of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), and it governs the physical properties of these cells. LIS1 dosage substantially affects gene expression, and we uncovered an unexpected interaction of LIS1 with RNA and RNA-binding proteins, most prominently the Argonaute complex. We demonstrate that LIS1 overexpression partially rescued the extracellular matrix (ECM) expression and mechanosensitive genes conferring stiffness to Argonaute null mESCs. Collectively, our data transforms the current perspective on the roles of LIS1 in post-transcriptional regulation underlying development and mechanosensitive processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Kshirsagar
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Svetlana Maslov Doroshev
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anna Gorelik
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tsviya Olender
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tamar Sapir
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Daisuke Tsuboi
- International Center for Brain Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Irit Rosenhek-Goldian
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maxim Itkin
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amir Argoetti
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Sidney R Cohen
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jacob H Hanna
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Igor Ulitsky
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- International Center for Brain Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Orly Reiner
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lückgen J, Raqué E, Reiner T, Diederichs S, Richter W. NFκB inhibition to lift the mechano-competence of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived neocartilage toward articular chondrocyte levels. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:168. [PMID: 35477424 PMCID: PMC9044876 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02843-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fully functional regeneration of skeletal defects by multipotent progenitor cells requires that differentiating cells gain the specific mechano-competence needed in the target tissue. Using cartilage neogenesis as an example, we asked whether proper phenotypic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) into chondrocytes in vitro will install the adequate biological mechano-competence of native articular chondrocytes (AC). Methods The mechano-competence of human MSC- and AC-derived neocartilage was compared during differentiation for up to 35 days. The neocartilage layer was subjected to physiologic dynamic loading in a custom-designed bioreactor and assayed for mechano-sensitive gene and pathway activation, extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis by radiolabel incorporation, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. Input from different pathways was tested by application of agonists or antagonists. Results MSC and AC formed neocartilage of similar proteoglycan content with a hardness close to native tissue. Mechano-stimulation on day 21 and 35 induced a similar upregulation of mechano-response genes, ERK phosphorylation, NO production and PGE2 release in both groups, indicating an overall similar transduction of external mechanical signals. However, while AC maintained or enhanced proteoglycan synthesis after loading dependent on tissue maturity, ECM synthesis was always significantly disturbed by loading in MSC-derived neocartilage. This was accompanied by significantly higher COX2 and BMP2 background expression, > 100-fold higher PGE2 production and a weaker SOX9 stimulation in response to loading in MSC-derived neocartilage. Anabolic BMP-pathway activity was not rate limiting for ECM synthesis after loading in both groups. However, NFκB activation mimicked the negative loading effects and enhanced PGE2 production while inhibition of catabolic NFκB signaling rescued the load-induced negative effects on ECM synthesis in MSC-derived neocartilage. Conclusions MSC-derived chondrocytes showed a higher vulnerability to be disturbed by loading despite proper differentiation and did not acquire an AC-like mechano-competence to cope with the mechanical stress of a physiologic loading protocol. Managing catabolic NFκB influences was one important adaptation to install a mechano-resistance closer to AC-derived neocartilage. This new knowledge asks for a more functional adaptation of MSC chondrogenesis, novel pharmacologic co-treatment strategies for MSC-based clinical cartilage repair strategies and may aid a more rational design of physical rehabilitation therapy after AC- versus MSC-based surgical cartilage intervention. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-02843-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janine Lückgen
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Raqué
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Reiner
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Solvig Diederichs
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shang X, Fang Y, Xin W, You H. The Application of Extracellular Vesicles Mediated miRNAs in Osteoarthritis: Current Knowledge and Perspective. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:2583-2599. [PMID: 35479833 PMCID: PMC9037713 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s359887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a whole joint disease characterized by synovitis, cartilage destruction, and subchondral bone sclerosis and cyst. Despite decades’ study, effective treatment is rare for this chronic disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptosis bodies, are nano-sized vesicles with a cargo containing biologically active agents, such as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. As a group of short non-coding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) can be delivered by parental cells secreted EVs. Negatively regulate the target mRNAs at the posttranscriptional level and regulate gene expression in recipient cells without modifying gene sequence. Recently, most studies focused on the function of EVs mediated miRNAs in the pathophysiological process of OA. However, all kinds of EVs specific and OA specific factors might influence the administration of EVs-miRNAs, especially the precise quantitative management. As a result, the flourishing of current research about EVs in the laboratory might not promote the relevant clinical transformation in OA treatment. In this review, we reviewed the present application of EVs-miRNAs in the therapeutic of OA and further analyzed the potential factors that might influence its application. Further progress in the quantitative management of EVs-miRNAs would accelerate the clinical transformation of miRNAs enriched EVs in the OA field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Shang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenqiang Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 352000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongbo You
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Hongbo You, Email
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mechanosignalling in cartilage: an emerging target for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2021; 18:67-84. [PMID: 34934171 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-021-00724-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli have fundamental roles in articular cartilage during health and disease. Chondrocytes respond to the physical properties of the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) and the mechanical forces exerted on them during joint loading. In osteoarthritis (OA), catabolic processes degrade the functional ECM and the composition and viscoelastic properties of the ECM produced by chondrocytes are altered. The abnormal loading environment created by these alterations propagates cell dysfunction and inflammation. Chondrocytes sense their physical environment via an array of mechanosensitive receptors and channels that activate a complex network of downstream signalling pathways to regulate several cell processes central to OA pathology. Advances in understanding the complex roles of specific mechanosignalling mechanisms in healthy and OA cartilage have highlighted molecular processes that can be therapeutically targeted to interrupt pathological feedback loops. The potential for combining these mechanosignalling targets with the rapidly expanding field of smart mechanoresponsive biomaterials and delivery systems is an emerging paradigm in OA treatment. The continued advances in this field have the potential to enable restoration of healthy mechanical microenvironments and signalling through the development of precision therapeutics, mechanoregulated biomaterials and drug systems in the near future.
Collapse
|
8
|
Shang X, Böker KO, Taheri S, Lehmann W, Schilling AF. Extracellular Vesicles Allow Epigenetic Mechanotransduction between Chondrocytes and Osteoblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413282. [PMID: 34948080 PMCID: PMC8703680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can be transported in extracellular vesicles (EVs) and are qualified as possible messengers for cell–cell communication. In the context of osteoarthritis (OA), miR-221-3p has been shown to have a mechanosensitive and a paracrine function inside cartilage. However, the question remains if EVs with miR-221-3p can act as molecular mechanotransducers between cells of different tissues. Here, we studied the effect of EV-mediated transport in the communication between chondrocytes and osteoblasts in vitro in a rat model. In silico analysis (Targetscan, miRWalk, miRDB) revealed putative targets of miRNA-221-3p (CDKN1B/p27, TIMP-3, Tcf7l2/TCF4, ARNT). Indeed, transfection of miRNA-221-3p in chondrocytes and osteoblasts resulted in regulation of these targets. Coculture experiments of transfected chondrocytes with untransfected osteoblasts not only showed regulation of these target genes in osteoblasts but also inhibition of their bone formation capacity. Direct treatment with chondrocyte-derived EVs validated that chondrocyte-produced extracellular miR-221-3p was responsible for this effect. Altogether, our study provides a novel perspective on a possible communication pathway of a mechanically induced epigenetic signal through EVs. This may be important for processes at the interface of bone and cartilage, such as OA development, physiologic joint homeostasis, growth or fracture healing, as well as for other tissue interfaces with differing biomechanical properties.
Collapse
|
9
|
Melnik S, Hofmann N, Gabler J, Hecht N, Richter W. MiR-181a Targets RSPO2 and Regulates Bone Morphogenetic Protein - WNT Signaling Crosstalk During Chondrogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:747057. [PMID: 34778258 PMCID: PMC8586458 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.747057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of WNT and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling crosstalk is in the focus of multiple biological studies, and it also has been discovered to play important roles in human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) that are of great interest for neocartilage engineering due to their high chondrogenic differentiation potential. However, MSC-derived chondrocytes undergo hypertrophic degeneration that impedes their clinical application for cartilage regeneration. In our previous study, we established that several microRNAs (miRs) are differentially expressed between articular chondrocytes (AC) - and MSC-derived neocartilage, with miR-181a being the most prominent candidate as key microRNA involved in the regulation of a balance between chondral and endochondral differentiation. The aim of this study was the identification of precise mRNA targets and signaling pathways regulated by miR-181a in MSC during chondrogenesis. MiR-181a was upregulated during chondrogenesis of MSC, along with an increase of the hypertrophic phenotype in resulting cartilaginous tissue. By in silico analysis combined with miR reporter assay, the WNT signaling activator and BMP signaling repressor RSPO2 was suggested as a target of miR-181a. Further validation experiments confirmed that miR-181a targets RSPO2 mRNA in MSC. It was found that in human MSC miR-181a activated BMP signaling manifested by the accumulation of SOX9 protein and increased phosphorylation of SMAD1/5/9. These effects, together with the concomitant reduction of canonical WNT signaling induced by miR-181a mimic, were in accordance with the effects expected by the loss of RSPO2, thus indicating the causative link between miR-181a and RSPO2. Moreover, we observed that a tight correlation between miR-181a and miR-218 expression levels in healthy human cartilage tissue was disrupted in osteoarthritis (OA) highlighting the importance of the WNT-BMP signaling crosstalk for preventing OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Melnik
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Hofmann
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica Gabler
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Hecht
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The Interaction between microRNAs and the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189887. [PMID: 34576049 PMCID: PMC8470786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease affecting the whole joint, which still lacks a disease-modifying treatment. This suggests an incomplete understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is involved in different pathophysiological processes of OA. Interestingly, both excessive stimulation and suppression of this pathway can contribute to the pathogenesis of OA. microRNAs have been shown to regulate different cellular processes in different diseases, including the metabolic activity of chondrocytes and osteocytes. To bridge these findings, here we attempt to give a conclusive overview of microRNA regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in bone and cartilage, which may provide insights to advance the development of miRNA-based therapeutics for OA treatment.
Collapse
|
11
|
Nichols AEC, Muscat SN, Miller SE, Green LJ, Richards MS, Loiselle AE. Impact of isolation method on cellular activation and presence of specific tendon cell subpopulations during in vitro culture. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21733. [PMID: 34160846 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100405r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tendon injuries are common and heal poorly, due in part to a lack of understanding of fundamental tendon cell biology. A major impediment to the study of tendon cells is the absence of robust, well-characterized in vitro models. Unlike other tissue systems, current tendon cell models do not account for how differences in isolation methodology may affect the activation state of tendon cells or the presence of various tendon cell subpopulations. The objective of this study was to characterize how common isolation methods affect the behavior, fate, and lineage composition of tendon cell cultures. Tendon cells isolated by explant exhibited reduced proliferative capacity, decreased expression of tendon marker genes, and increased expression of genes associated with fibroblast activation compared to digested cells. Consistently, explanted cells also displayed an increased propensity to differentiate to myofibroblasts compared to digested cells. Explanted cultures from multiple different tendons were substantially enriched for the presence of scleraxis-lineage (Scx-lin+) cells compared to digested cultures, while the overall percentage of S100a4-lineage (S100a4-lin+) cells was dependent on both isolation method and tendon of origin. Neither isolation methods preserved the ratios of Scx-lin+ or S100a4-lin+ to non-lineage cells seen in tendons in vivo. Combined, these data indicate that further refinement of in vitro cultures models is required in order to more accurately understand the effects of various stimuli on tendon cell behavior. Statement of clinical significance: The development of informed in vitro tendon cell models will facilitate enhanced screening of potential therapeutic candidates to improve tendon healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne E C Nichols
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Samantha N Muscat
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sarah E Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Luke J Green
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael S Richards
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Alayna E Loiselle
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rezende MU, Brito NLR, Farias FES, Silva CAC, Cernigoy CHA, Rodrigues da Silva JM, Moreira MM, Santana OFN, Hissadomi MI, Frucchi R, Pasqualin T, Campos GC, Pailo AF, Ocampos GP, Camargo OP. Improved function and strength in patients with knee osteoarthritis as a result of adding a two-day educational program to usual care. Prospective randomized trial. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2021; 3:100137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2020.100137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
13
|
Melnik S, Gabler J, Dreher SI, Hecht N, Hofmann N, Großner T, Richter W. MiR-218 affects hypertrophic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells during chondrogenesis via targeting RUNX2, MEF2C, and COL10A1. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:532. [PMID: 33303006 PMCID: PMC7727242 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) hold hopes for cartilage regenerative therapy due to their chondrogenic differentiation potential. However, undesirable occurrence of calcification after ectopic transplantation, known as hypertrophic degeneration, remains the major obstacle limiting application of MSC in cartilage tissue regeneration approaches. There is growing evidence that microRNAs (miRs) play essential roles in post-transcriptional regulation of hypertrophic differentiation during chondrogenesis. Aim of the study was to identify new miR candidates involved in repression of hypertrophy-related targets. Methods The miR expression profile in human articular chondrocytes (AC) was compared to that in hypertrophic chondrocytes derived from human MSC by microarray analysis, and miR expression was validated by qPCR. Putative targets were searched by in silico analysis and validated by miR reporter assay in HEK293T, by functional assays (western blotting and ALP-activity) in transiently transfected SaOS-2 cells, and by a miR pulldown assay in human MSC. The expression profile of miR-218 was assessed by qPCR during in vitro chondrogenesis of MSC and re-differentiation of AC. MSC were transfected with miR-218 mimic, and differentiation outcome was assessed over 28 days. MiR-218 expression was quantified in healthy and osteoarthritic cartilage of patients. Results Within the top 15 miRs differentially expressed between chondral AC versus endochondral MSC differentiation, miR-218 was selected as a candidate miR predicted to target hypertrophy-related genes. MiR-218 was downregulated during chondrogenesis of MSC and showed a negative correlation to hypertrophic markers, such as COL10A1 and MEF2C. It was confirmed in SaOS-2 cells that miR-218 directly targets hypertrophy-related COL10A1, MEF2C, and RUNX2, as a gain of ectopic miR-218 mimic caused drop in MEF2C and RUNX2 protein accumulation, with attenuation of COL10A1 expression and significant concomitant reduction of ALP activity. A miR pulldown assay confirmed that miR-218 directly targets RUNX2, MEF2C in human MSC. Additionally, the gain of miR-218 in human MSC attenuated hypertrophic markers (MEF2C, RUNX2, COL10A1, ALPL), although with no boost of chondrogenic markers (GAG deposition, COL2A1) due to activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling. Moreover, no correlation between miR-218 expression and a pathologic phenotype in the cartilage of osteoarthritis (OA) patients was found. Conclusions Although miR-218 was shown to target pro-hypertrophic markers MEF2C, COL10A1, and RUNX2 in human MSC during chondrogenic differentiation, overall, it could not significantly reduce the hypertrophic phenotype or boost chondrogenesis. This could be explained by a concomitant activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling counteracting the anti-hypertrophic effects of miR-218. Therefore, to achieve a full inhibition of the endochondral pathway, a whole class of anti-hypertrophic miRs, including miR-218, needs to be taken into consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Melnik
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica Gabler
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon I Dreher
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Hecht
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Hofmann
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Großner
- Clinic for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Stadnik PS, Gilbert SJ, Tarn J, Charlton S, Skelton AJ, Barter MJ, Duance VC, Young DA, Blain EJ. Regulation of microRNA-221, -222, -21 and -27 in articular cartilage subjected to abnormal compressive forces. J Physiol 2020; 599:143-155. [PMID: 33052608 PMCID: PMC8132181 DOI: 10.1113/jp279810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Key points microRNAs (miRs) are small non‐coding molecules that regulate post‐transcriptional target gene expression. miRs are involved in regulating cellular activities in response to mechanical loading in all physiological systems, although it is largely unknown whether this response differs with increasing magnitudes of load. miR‐221, miR‐222, miR‐21‐5p and miR‐27a‐5p were significantly increased in ex vivo cartilage explants subjected to increasing load magnitude and in in vivo joint cartilage exposed to abnormal loading. TIMP3 and CPEB3 are putative miR targets in chondrocytes Identification of mechanically regulated miRs that have potential to impact on tissue homeostasis provides a mechanism by which load‐induced tissue behaviour is regulated, in both health and pathology, in all physiological systems.
Abstract MicroRNAs (miRs) are small non‐coding molecules that regulate post‐transcriptional target gene expression and are involved in mechano‐regulation of cellular activities in all physiological systems. It is unknown whether such epigenetic mechanisms are regulated in response to increasing magnitudes of load. The present study investigated mechano‐regulation of miRs in articular cartilage subjected to ‘physiological’ and ‘non‐physiological’ compressive loads in vitro as a model system and validated findings in an in vivo model of abnormal joint loading. Bovine full‐depth articular cartilage explants were loaded to 2.5 MPa (physiological) or 7 MPa (non‐physiological) (1 Hz, 15 min) and mechanically‐regulated miRs identified using next generation sequencing and verified using a quantitative PCR. Downstream targets were verified using miR‐specific mimics or inhibitors in conjunction with 3′‐UTR luciferase activity assays. A subset of miRs were mechanically‐regulated in ex vivo cartilage explants and in vivo joint cartilage. miR‐221, miR‐222, miR‐21‐5p and miR‐27a‐5p were increased and miR‐483 levels decreased with increasing load magnitude. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3) and cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 3 (CPEB3) were identified as putative downstream targets. Our data confirm miR‐221 and ‐222 mechano‐regulation and demonstrates novel mechano‐regulation of miR‐21‐5p and miR‐27a‐5p in ex vivo and in vivo cartilage loading models. TIMP3 and CPEB3 are putative miR targets in chondrocytes. Identification of specific miRs that are regulated by increasing load magnitude, as well as their potential to impact on tissue homeostasis, has direct relevance to other mechano‐sensitive physiological systems and provides a mechanism by which load‐induced tissue behaviour is regulated, in both health and pathology. microRNAs (miRs) are small non‐coding molecules that regulate post‐transcriptional target gene expression. miRs are involved in regulating cellular activities in response to mechanical loading in all physiological systems, although it is largely unknown whether this response differs with increasing magnitudes of load. miR‐221, miR‐222, miR‐21‐5p and miR‐27a‐5p were significantly increased in ex vivo cartilage explants subjected to increasing load magnitude and in in vivo joint cartilage exposed to abnormal loading. TIMP3 and CPEB3 are putative miR targets in chondrocytes Identification of mechanically regulated miRs that have potential to impact on tissue homeostasis provides a mechanism by which load‐induced tissue behaviour is regulated, in both health and pathology, in all physiological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina S Stadnik
- Biomechanics and Bioengineering Research Centre Versus Arthritis, Biomedicine Division, School of Biosciences, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Sophie J Gilbert
- Biomechanics and Bioengineering Research Centre Versus Arthritis, Biomedicine Division, School of Biosciences, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Jessica Tarn
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sarah Charlton
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew J Skelton
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matthew J Barter
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Victor C Duance
- Biomechanics and Bioengineering Research Centre Versus Arthritis, Biomedicine Division, School of Biosciences, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - David A Young
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma J Blain
- Biomechanics and Bioengineering Research Centre Versus Arthritis, Biomedicine Division, School of Biosciences, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cazzanelli P, Wuertz-Kozak K. MicroRNAs in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration, Apoptosis, Inflammation, and Mechanobiology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103601. [PMID: 32443722 PMCID: PMC7279351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a multifactorial pathological process associated with low back pain, the leading cause of years lived in disability worldwide. Key characteristics of the pathological changes connected with degenerative disc disease (DDD) are the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), apoptosis and senescence, as well as inflammation. The impact of nonphysiological mechanical stresses on IVD degeneration and inflammation, the mechanisms of mechanotransduction, and the role of mechanosensitive miRNAs are of increasing interest. As post-transcriptional regulators, miRNAs are known to affect the expression of 30% of proteincoding genes and numerous intracellular processes. The dysregulation of miRNAs is therefore associated with various pathologies, including degenerative diseases such as DDD. This review aims to give an overview of the current status of miRNA research in degenerative disc pathology, with a special focus on the involvement of miRNAs in ECM degradation, apoptosis, and inflammation, as well as mechanobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Cazzanelli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), Rochester, NY 14623, USA;
| | - Karin Wuertz-Kozak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), Rochester, NY 14623, USA;
- Schön Clinic Munich Harlaching, Spine Center, Academic Teaching Hospital and Spine Research Institute of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg (Austria), 81547 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-585-475-7355
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhao Z, Li Y, Wang M, Zhao S, Zhao Z, Fang J. Mechanotransduction pathways in the regulation of cartilage chondrocyte homoeostasis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:5408-5419. [PMID: 32237113 PMCID: PMC7214151 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress plays a critical role in cartilage development and homoeostasis. Chondrocytes are surrounded by a narrow pericellular matrix (PCM), which absorbs dynamic and static forces and transmits them to the chondrocyte surface. Recent studies have demonstrated that molecular components, including perlecan, collagen and hyaluronan, provide distinct physical properties for the PCM and maintain the essential microenvironment of chondrocytes. These physical signals are sensed by receptors and molecules located in the cell membrane, such as Ca2+ channels, the primary cilium and integrins, and a series of downstream molecular pathways are involved in mechanotransduction in cartilage. All mechanoreceptors convert outside signals into chemical and biological signals, which then regulate transcription in chondrocytes in response to mechanical stresses. This review highlights recent progress and focuses on the function of the PCM and cell surface molecules in chondrocyte mechanotransduction. Emerging understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate mechanotransduction will provide new insights into osteoarthritis pathogenesis and precision strategies that could be used in its treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Women and Children's Diseases and Birth Defects, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengjiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sen Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|