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Kafian-Attari I, Nippolainen E, Bergmann F, George A, Paakkari P, Mirhashemi A, Foschum F, Kienle A, Töyräs J, Afara IO. Broadband scattering properties of articular cartilage zones and their relationship with the heterogenous structure of articular cartilage extracellular matrix. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:125003. [PMID: 38094709 PMCID: PMC10718485 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.12.125003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Significance Articular cartilage exhibits a zonal architecture, comprising three distinct zones: superficial, middle, and deep. Collagen fibers, being the main solid constituent of articular cartilage, exhibit unique angular and size distribution in articular cartilage zones. There is a gap in knowledge on how the unique properties of collagen fibers across articular cartilage zones affect the scattering properties of the tissue. Aim This study hypothesizes that the structural properties of articular cartilage zones affect its scattering parameters. We provide scattering coefficient and scattering anisotropy factor of articular cartilage zones in the spectral band of 400 to 1400 nm. We enumerate the differences and similarities of the scattering properties of articular cartilage zones and provide reasoning for these observations. Approach We utilized collimated transmittance and integrating sphere measurements to estimate the scattering coefficients of bovine articular cartilage zones and bulk tissue. We used the relationship between the scattering coefficients to estimate the scattering anisotropy factor. Polarized light microscopy was applied to estimate the depth-wise angular distribution of collagen fibers in bovine articular cartilage. Results We report that the Rayleigh scatterers contribution to the scattering coefficients, the intensity of the light scattered by the Rayleigh and Mie scatterers, and the angular distribution of collagen fibers across tissue depth are the key parameters that affect the scattering properties of articular cartilage zones and bulk tissue. Our results indicate that in the short visible region, the superficial and middle zones of articular cartilage affect the scattering properties of the tissue, whereas in the far visible and near-infrared regions, the articular cartilage deep zone determines articular cartilage scattering properties. Conclusion This study provides scattering properties of articular cartilage zones. Such findings support future research to utilize optical simulation to estimate the penetration depth, depth-origin, and pathlength of light in articular cartilage for optical diagnosis of the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Kafian-Attari
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Technical Physics, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio University Hospital, Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ervin Nippolainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Technical Physics, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Florian Bergmann
- University of Ulm, Institute for Laser Technologies in Medicine and Meteorology, Ulm, Germany
| | - Akuroma George
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Technical Physics, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri Paakkari
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Technical Physics, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio University Hospital, Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arash Mirhashemi
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Technical Physics, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Florian Foschum
- University of Ulm, Institute for Laser Technologies in Medicine and Meteorology, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alwin Kienle
- University of Ulm, Institute for Laser Technologies in Medicine and Meteorology, Ulm, Germany
| | - Juha Töyräs
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Technical Physics, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio University Hospital, Science Service Center, Kuopio, Finland
- University of Queensland, School of Information Technology, and Electrical Engineering, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Isaac O. Afara
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Technical Physics, Kuopio, Finland
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Rovnyagina NR, Budylin GS, Dyakonov PV, Efremov YM, Lipina MM, Goncharuk YR, Murdalov EE, Pogosyan DA, Davydov DA, Korneev AA, Serejnikova NB, Mikaelyan KA, Evlashin SA, Lazarev VA, Lychagin AV, Timashev PS, Shirshin EA. Grading cartilage damage with diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: Optical markers and mechanical properties. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202200149. [PMID: 36066126 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common joint diseases worldwide. Unfortunately, clinical methods lack the ability to detect OA in the early stages. Timely detection of the knee joint degradation at the level of tissue changes can prevent its progressive damage. Here, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) in the NIR range was used to obtain optical markers of the cartilage damage grades and to assess its mechanical properties. It was observed that the water content obtained by DRS strongly correlates with the cartilage thickness (R = .82) and viscoelastic relaxation time (R = .7). Moreover, the spectral parameters, including water content (OH-band), protein content (CH-band), and scattering parameters allowed for discrimination between the cartilage damage grades (10-4 < P ≤ 10-3 ). The developed approach may become a valuable addition to arthroscopy, helping to identify lesions at the microscopic level in the early stages of OA and complement the surgical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya R Rovnyagina
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophotonics, Biomedical Science and Technology Park, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gleb S Budylin
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophotonics, Biomedical Science and Technology Park, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel V Dyakonov
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophotonics, Biomedical Science and Technology Park, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Materials Technologies, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri M Efremov
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina M Lipina
- Department of Trauma, Orthopedics and Disaster Surgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Clinical Smart Nanotechnologies, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuliya R Goncharuk
- Department of Trauma, Orthopedics and Disaster Surgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Emirkhan E Murdalov
- Department of Trauma, Orthopedics and Disaster Surgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - David A Pogosyan
- Department of Trauma, Orthopedics and Disaster Surgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis A Davydov
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophotonics, Biomedical Science and Technology Park, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A Korneev
- N.V. Sklifosovskiy Institute of Clinical Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia B Serejnikova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Karen A Mikaelyan
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav A Evlashin
- Center for Materials Technologies, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Lazarev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V Lychagin
- Department of Trauma, Orthopedics and Disaster Surgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Clinical Smart Nanotechnologies, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter S Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny A Shirshin
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophotonics, Biomedical Science and Technology Park, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Szarek P, Pierce DM. A specialized protocol for mechanical testing of isolated networks of type II collagen. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 136:105466. [PMID: 36183667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical responses of most soft biological tissues rely heavily on networks of collagen fibers, thus quantifying the mechanics of both individual collagen fibers and networks of these fibers advances understanding of biological tissues in health and disease. The mechanics of type I collagen are well-studied and quantified. Yet no data exist on the tensile mechanical responses of individual type II collagen fibers nor of isolated networks comprised of type II collagen. We aimed to establish methods to facilitate studies of networked and individual type II collagen fibers within the native networked structure, specifically to establish best practices for isolating and mechanically testing type II collagen networks in tension. We systematically investigated mechanical tests of networks of type II collagen undergoing uniaxial extension, and quantified ranges for each of the important variables to help ensure that the experiment itself does not affect the measured mechanical parameters. Specifically we determined both the specimen (establishing networks of isolated collagen, the footprint and thickness of the specimen) and the mechanical test (both the device and the strain rate) to establish a repeatable and practical protocol. Mechanical testing of isolated networks of type II collagen fibers leveraging this protocol will lead to better understanding of the mechanics both of these networks and of the individual fibers. Such understanding may aid in developing and testing therapeutics, understanding inter-constituent interactions (and their roles in bulk-tissue biomechanics), investigating mechanical/biochemical modifications to networked type II collagen, and proposing, calibrating, and validating constitutive models for finite element analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Szarek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America
| | - David M Pierce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America.
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