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Zhou Z, Liu J, Xiong T, Liu Y, Tuan RS, Li ZA. Engineering Innervated Musculoskeletal Tissues for Regenerative Orthopedics and Disease Modeling. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310614. [PMID: 38200684 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders significantly burden patients and society, resulting in high healthcare costs and productivity loss. These disorders are the leading cause of physical disability, and their prevalence is expected to increase as sedentary lifestyles become common and the global population of the elderly increases. Proper innervation is critical to maintaining MSK function, and nerve damage or dysfunction underlies various MSK disorders, underscoring the potential of restoring nerve function in MSK disorder treatment. However, most MSK tissue engineering strategies have overlooked the significance of innervation. This review first expounds upon innervation in the MSK system and its importance in maintaining MSK homeostasis and functions. This will be followed by strategies for engineering MSK tissues that induce post-implantation in situ innervation or are pre-innervated. Subsequently, research progress in modeling MSK disorders using innervated MSK organoids and organs-on-chips (OoCs) is analyzed. Finally, the future development of engineering innervated MSK tissues to treat MSK disorders and recapitulate disease mechanisms is discussed. This review provides valuable insights into the underlying principles, engineering methods, and applications of innervated MSK tissues, paving the way for the development of targeted, efficacious therapies for various MSK conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Tiandi Xiong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Alan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, P. R. China
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Bodenstein DF, Siebiger G, Zhao Y, Clasky AJ, Mukkala AN, Beroncal EL, Banh L, Aslostovar L, Brijbassi S, Hogan SE, McCully JD, Mehrabian M, Petersen TH, Robinson LA, Walker M, Zachos C, Viswanathan S, Gu FX, Rotstein OD, Cypel M, Radisic M, Andreazza AC. Bridging the gap between in vitro and in vivo models: a way forward to clinical translation of mitochondrial transplantation in acute disease states. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:157. [PMID: 38816774 PMCID: PMC11140916 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03771-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial transplantation and transfer are being explored as therapeutic options in acute and chronic diseases to restore cellular function in injured tissues. To limit potential immune responses and rejection of donor mitochondria, current clinical applications have focused on delivery of autologous mitochondria. We recently convened a Mitochondrial Transplant Convergent Working Group (CWG), to explore three key issues that limit clinical translation: (1) storage of mitochondria, (2) biomaterials to enhance mitochondrial uptake, and (3) dynamic models to mimic the complex recipient tissue environment. In this review, we present a summary of CWG conclusions related to these three issues and provide an overview of pre-clinical studies aimed at building a more robust toolkit for translational trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Bodenstein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, Room 4211, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative (MITO2i), Toronto, Canada
| | - Gabriel Siebiger
- Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative (MITO2i), Toronto, Canada
| | - Yimu Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
- Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative (MITO2i), Toronto, Canada
| | - Aaron J Clasky
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative (MITO2i), Toronto, Canada
| | - Avinash N Mukkala
- Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative (MITO2i), Toronto, Canada
| | - Erika L Beroncal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, Room 4211, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative (MITO2i), Toronto, Canada
| | - Lauren Banh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lili Aslostovar
- Centre for Commercialization of Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sonya Brijbassi
- Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative (MITO2i), Toronto, Canada
| | - Sarah E Hogan
- Regenerative Medicine Department, United Therapeutics Corporation, Silver Spring, USA
| | - James D McCully
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | | | - Thomas H Petersen
- Regenerative Medicine Department, United Therapeutics Corporation, Silver Spring, USA
| | - Lisa A Robinson
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Melanie Walker
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | - Sowmya Viswanathan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative (MITO2i), Toronto, Canada
| | - Frank X Gu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative (MITO2i), Toronto, Canada
- Acceleration Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ori D Rotstein
- Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative (MITO2i), Toronto, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marcelo Cypel
- Latner Thoracic Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative (MITO2i), Toronto, Canada
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative (MITO2i), Toronto, Canada
- Acceleration Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
- Terence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Ana C Andreazza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, Room 4211, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative (MITO2i), Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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3
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Jeyaraman M, Jeyaraman N, Nallakumarasamy A, Ramasubramanian S, Muthu S. Beginning of the era of Organ-on-Chip models in osteoarthritis research. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2024; 52:102422. [PMID: 38708089 PMCID: PMC11067495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2024.102422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent degenerative joint disease characterized by the progressive breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone, affecting millions globally. Traditional research models, including in-vitro cell cultures and in-vivo animal studies, have provided valuable insights but exhibit limitations in replicating the complex human joint environment. This review article focuses on the transformative role of Organ-on-Chip (OoC) and Joint-on-Chip (JoC) technologies in OA research. OoC and JoC models, rooted in microfluidics, integrate cellular biology with engineered environments to create dynamic, physiologically relevant models that closely resemble human tissues and organs. These models enable an accurate depiction of pathogenesis, offering deeper insights into molecular and cellular mechanisms driving the disease. This review explores the evolution of OoC technology in OA research, highlighting its contributions to disease modeling, therapeutic discovery, and personalized medicine. It delves into the design concepts, fabrication techniques, and integration strategies of joint components in JoC models, emphasizing their role in accurately mimicking joint tissues and facilitating the study of intricate cellular interactions. The article also discusses the significant advancements made in OA research through published JoC models and projects the future scope of these technologies, including their potential in personalized medicine and high-throughput drug screening. The evolution of JoC models signifies a paradigm shift in OA research, offering a promising path toward more effective and targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhan Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopaedics, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Naveen Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopaedics, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arulkumar Nallakumarasamy
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Karaikal, 609602, Puducherry, India
| | - Swaminathan Ramasubramanian
- Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College, Omandurar Government Estate, Chennai, 600002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sathish Muthu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College and Hospital, Karur, 639004, Tamil Nadu, India
- Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, 641045, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, 641021, Tamil Nadu, India
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Mohan MD, Latifi N, Flick R, Simmons CA, Young EWK. Interrogating Matrix Stiffness and Metabolomics in Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma Using an Openable Microfluidic Tumor-on-a-Chip. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38606850 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by a dense fibrotic stroma that contributes to aggressive tumor biology and therapeutic resistance. Current in vitro PDAC models lack sufficient optical and physical access for fibrous network visualization, in situ mechanical stiffness measurement, and metabolomic profiling. Here, we describe an openable multilayer microfluidic PDAC-on-a-chip platform that consists of pancreatic tumor cells (PTCs) and pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) embedded in a 3D collagen matrix that mimics the stroma. Our system allows fibrous network visualization via reflected light confocal (RLC) microscopy, in situ mechanical stiffness testing using atomic force microscopy (AFM), and compartmentalized hydrogel extraction for PSC metabolomic profiling via mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. In comparing cocultures of gel-embedded PSCs and PTCs with PSC-only monocultures, RLC microscopy identified a significant decrease in pore size and corresponding increase in fiber density. In situ AFM indicated significant increases in stiffness, and hallmark characteristics of PSC activation were observed using fluorescence microscopy. PSCs in coculture also demonstrated localized fiber alignment and densification as well as increased collagen production. Finally, an untargeted MS study putatively identified metabolic contributions consistent with in vivo PDAC studies. Taken together, this platform can potentially advance our understanding of tumor-stromal interactions toward the discovery of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Mohan
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Neda Latifi
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, 661 University Avenue, 14th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, ENG 030, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Robert Flick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Craig A Simmons
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, 661 University Avenue, 14th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Edmond W K Young
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
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5
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McKinley JP, O'Connell GD. Review of state-of-the-art micro and macro-bioreactors for the intervertebral disc. J Biomech 2024; 165:111964. [PMID: 38412621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.111964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Lower back pain continues to be a global epidemic, limiting quality of life and ability to work, due in large part to symptomatic disc degeneration. Development of more effective and less invasive biological strategies are needed to treat disc degeneration. In vitro models such as macro- or micro-bioreactors or mechanically active organ-chips hold great promise in reducing the need for animal studies that may have limited clinical translatability, due to harsher and more complex mechanical loading environments in human discs than in most animal models. This review highlights the complex loading conditions of the disc in situ, evaluates state-of-the-art designs for applying such complex loads across multiple length scales, from macro-bioreactors that load whole discs to organ-chips that aim to replicate cellular or engineered tissue loading. Emphasis was placed on the rapidly evolving more customizable organ-chips, given their greater potential for studying the progression and treatment of symptomatic disc degeneration. Lastly, this review identifies new trends and challenges for using organ-chips to assess therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P McKinley
- Berkeley BioMechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA.
| | - Grace D O'Connell
- Berkeley BioMechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley 94720, CA, USA.
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Miyazaki K, Sasaki A, Mizuuchi H. Advances in the Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Absorption Considering the Mucus Layer. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2714. [PMID: 38140055 PMCID: PMC10747107 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the increasing sophistication of formulation technology and the increasing polymerization of compounds directed toward undruggable drug targets, the influence of the mucus layer on gastrointestinal drug absorption has received renewed attention. Therefore, understanding the complex structure of the mucus layer containing highly glycosylated glycoprotein mucins, lipids bound to the mucins, and water held by glycans interacting with each other is critical. Recent advances in cell culture and engineering techniques have led to the development of evaluation systems that closely mimic the ecological environment and have been applied to the evaluation of gastrointestinal drug absorption while considering the mucus layer. This review provides a better understanding of the mucus layer components and the gastrointestinal tract's biological defense barrier, selects an assessment system for drug absorption in the mucus layer based on evaluation objectives, and discusses the overview and features of each assessment system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Miyazaki
- DMPK Research Laboratories, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan; (A.S.); (H.M.)
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Webster A, Pezzanite L, Hendrickson D, Griffenhagen G. Review of intra-articular local anaesthetic administration in horses: Clinical indications, cytotoxicity, and outcomes. Equine Vet J 2023. [PMID: 37940372 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Equine practitioners frequently inject local anaesthetics (LA) intra-articularly in both diagnosis of lameness and for pain management intra- or post-operatively with synovial endoscopy. Recent reviews of the human and veterinary literature support the concept that chondrotoxicity of LA on joint tissues depends on the type of drug, dose administered, and duration of exposure. The purpose of this review is to summarise the current literature describing intra-articular local anaesthetic use, including both in vitro and in vivo studies, and to draw some comparisons to literature from other species where potential toxicity and duration of effect have been evaluated with the goal of advancing the field's understanding of intra-articular local anaesthetic use in horses, and indicating future directions for the field. The aggregate data available from all species, while generally sparse for horses, indicate that LA are rapidly cleared from the synovial fluid after injection, often within 30 min. In vitro data strongly suggest that lidocaine and bupivacaine are likely more chondrotoxic than other LA, although to what extent is still unknown, and cytotoxicity of LA may be mitigated through concurrent injection with HA, PRP, and drug combinations including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories and opioids. The current body of in vitro research is not reflective of the in vivo environment, and further in vitro work, if performed, should focus on mimicking the native joint environment, utilising PK data and joint/injection volumes to replicate the native environment more accurately within the joint and the expected exposures to LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Webster
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Lynn Pezzanite
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Dean Hendrickson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Gregg Griffenhagen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Kheiri S, Chen Z, Yakavets I, Rakhshani F, Young EWK, Kumacheva E. Integrating spheroid-on-a-chip with tubeless rocker platform: A high-throughput biological screening platform. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2200621. [PMID: 37436706 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Spheroid-on-a-chip platforms are emerging as promising in vitro models that enable screening of the efficacy of biologically active ingredients. Generally, the supply of liquids to spheroids occurs in the steady flow mode with the use of syringe pumps; however, the utilization of tubing and connections, especially for multiplexing and high-throughput screening applications, makes spheroid-on-a-chip platforms labor- and cost-intensive. Gravity-induced flow using rocker platforms overcomes these challenges. Here, a robust gravity-driven technique was developed to culture arrays of cancer cell spheroids and dermal fibroblast spheroids in a high-throughput manner using a rocker platform. The efficiency of the developed rocker-based platform was benchmarked to syringe pumps for generating multicellular spheroids and their use for screening biologically active ingredients. Cell viability, internal spheroid structure as well as the effect of vitamin C on spheroids' protein synthesis was studied. The rocker-based platform not only offers comparable or enhanced performance in terms of cell viability, spheroids formation, and protein production by dermal fibroblast spheroids but also, from a practical perspective, offers a smaller footprint, requires a lower cost, and offers an easier method for handling. These results support the application of rocker-based microfluidic spheroid-on-a-chip platforms for in vitro screening in a high-throughput manner with industrial scaling-up opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Kheiri
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhengkun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ilya Yakavets
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faeze Rakhshani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edmond W K Young
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Chen R, Pye JS, Li J, Little CB, Li JJ. Multiphasic scaffolds for the repair of osteochondral defects: Outcomes of preclinical studies. Bioact Mater 2023; 27:505-545. [PMID: 37180643 PMCID: PMC10173014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteochondral defects are caused by injury to both the articular cartilage and subchondral bone within skeletal joints. They can lead to irreversible joint damage and increase the risk of progression to osteoarthritis. Current treatments for osteochondral injuries are not curative and only target symptoms, highlighting the need for a tissue engineering solution. Scaffold-based approaches can be used to assist osteochondral tissue regeneration, where biomaterials tailored to the properties of cartilage and bone are used to restore the defect and minimise the risk of further joint degeneration. This review captures original research studies published since 2015, on multiphasic scaffolds used to treat osteochondral defects in animal models. These studies used an extensive range of biomaterials for scaffold fabrication, consisting mainly of natural and synthetic polymers. Different methods were used to create multiphasic scaffold designs, including by integrating or fabricating multiple layers, creating gradients, or through the addition of factors such as minerals, growth factors, and cells. The studies used a variety of animals to model osteochondral defects, where rabbits were the most commonly chosen and the vast majority of studies reported small rather than large animal models. The few available clinical studies reporting cell-free scaffolds have shown promising early-stage results in osteochondral repair, but long-term follow-up is necessary to demonstrate consistency in defect restoration. Overall, preclinical studies of multiphasic scaffolds show favourable results in simultaneously regenerating cartilage and bone in animal models of osteochondral defects, suggesting that biomaterials-based tissue engineering strategies may be a promising solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouyan Chen
- Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Technology, The University of Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Jasmine Sarah Pye
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Jiarong Li
- Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Christopher B. Little
- Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- Corresponding author. Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Lab, Kolling Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.
| | - Jiao Jiao Li
- Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Corresponding author. School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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10
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Park S, Newton J, Hidjir T, Young EWK. Bidirectional airflow in lung airway-on-a-chip with matrix-derived membrane elicits epithelial glycocalyx formation. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:3671-3682. [PMID: 37462986 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00259d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip systems are rapidly advancing as a viable alternative to existing experimental models in respiratory research. To date, however, epithelial cell cultures within lung airway-on-a-chip devices have yet to demonstrate the presence of an epithelial glycocalyx, a thin layer of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids known to play an important role in regulating epithelial function. Here, we demonstrate that an airway-on-a-chip device that incorporates bidirectional flow mimicking breathing cycles in combination with an ultra-thin matrix-derived membrane (UMM) layer can generate a glycocalyx layer comprised of heparan sulfate. Results with this device and airflow system showed dramatic differences of airway epithelial cell viability and expression of tight junctions, cilia, and mucus over a wide range of flow rates when cultured under oscillatory flow. More importantly, for the first time in a microfluidic organ-on-a-chip setting, we achieved the visualization of an airflow-induced epithelial glycocalyx layer. Our experiments highlight the importance of physiological mimicry in developing in vitro models, as bidirectional airflow showed more representative mucociliary differentiation compared to continuous unidirectional airflow. Thus, the lung airway-on-a-chip platform demonstrated in this study holds great potential as a lung epithelial barrier model for studying the mechanisms of various respiratory diseases and for testing the efficacy of therapeutic candidates in the presence of bidirectional airflow and the glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwan Park
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada.
| | - Jeremy Newton
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Tesnime Hidjir
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Edmond W K Young
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada.
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
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Hu Y, Zhang H, Wang S, Cao L, Zhou F, Jing Y, Su J. Bone/cartilage organoid on-chip: Construction strategy and application. Bioact Mater 2023; 25:29-41. [PMID: 37056252 PMCID: PMC10087111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The necessity of disease models for bone/cartilage related disorders is well-recognized, but the barrier between ex-vivo cell culture, animal models and the real human body has been pending for decades. The organoid-on-a-chip technique showed opportunity to revolutionize basic research and drug screening for diseases like osteoporosis and arthritis. The bone/cartilage organoid on-chip (BCoC) system is a novel platform of multi-tissue which faithfully emulate the essential elements, biologic functions and pathophysiological response under real circumstances. In this review, we propose the concept of BCoC platform, summarize the basic modules and current efforts to orchestrate them on a single microfluidic system. Current disease models, unsolved problems and future challenging are also discussed, the aim should be a deeper understanding of diseases, and ultimate realization of generic ex-vivo tools for further therapeutic strategies of pathological conditions.
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12
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Copp G, Robb KP, Viswanathan S. Culture-expanded mesenchymal stromal cell therapy: does it work in knee osteoarthritis? A pathway to clinical success. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:626-650. [PMID: 37095295 PMCID: PMC10229578 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative multifactorial disease with concomitant structural, inflammatory, and metabolic changes that fluctuate in a temporal and patient-specific manner. This complexity has contributed to refractory responses to various treatments. MSCs have shown promise as multimodal therapeutics in mitigating OA symptoms and disease progression. Here, we evaluated 15 randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) and 11 nonrandomized RCTs using culture-expanded MSCs in the treatment of knee OA, and we found net positive effects of MSCs on mitigating pain and symptoms (improving function in 12/15 RCTs relative to baseline and in 11/15 RCTs relative to control groups at study endpoints) and on cartilage protection and/or repair (18/21 clinical studies). We examined MSC dose, tissue of origin, and autologous vs. allogeneic origins as well as patient clinical phenotype, endotype, age, sex and level of OA severity as key parameters in parsing MSC clinical effectiveness. The relatively small sample size of 610 patients limited the drawing of definitive conclusions. Nonetheless, we noted trends toward moderate to higher doses of MSCs in select OA patient clinical phenotypes mitigating pain and leading to structural improvements or cartilage preservation. Evidence from preclinical studies is supportive of MSC anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, but additional investigations on immunomodulatory, chondroprotective and other clinical mechanisms of action are needed. We hypothesize that MSC basal immunomodulatory "fitness" correlates with OA treatment efficacy, but this hypothesis needs to be validated in future studies. We conclude with a roadmap articulating the need to match an OA patient subset defined by molecular endotype and clinical phenotype with basally immunomodulatory "fit" or engineered-to-be-fit-for-OA MSCs in well-designed, data-intensive clinical trials to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griffin Copp
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin P Robb
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sowmya Viswanathan
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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13
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Makarczyk MJ, Hines S, Yagi H, Li ZA, Aguglia AM, Zbikowski J, Padget AM, Gao Q, Bunnell BA, Goodman SB, Lin H. Using Microphysiological System for the Development of Treatments for Joint Inflammation and Associated Cartilage Loss-A Pilot Study. Biomolecules 2023; 13:384. [PMID: 36830751 PMCID: PMC9952916 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a painful and disabling joint disease affecting millions worldwide. The lack of clinically relevant models limits our ability to predict therapeutic outcomes prior to clinical trials, where most drugs fail. Therefore, there is a need for a model that accurately recapitulates the whole-joint disease nature of OA in humans. Emerging microphysiological systems provide a new opportunity. We recently established a miniature knee joint system, known as the miniJoint, in which human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) were used to create an osteochondral complex, synovial-like fibrous tissue, and adipose tissue analogs. In this study, we explored the potential of the miniJoint in developing novel treatments for OA by testing the hypothesis that co-treatment with anti-inflammation and chondroinducing agents can suppress joint inflammation and associated cartilage degradation. Specifically, we created a "synovitis"-relevant OA model in the miniJoint by treating synovial-like tissues with interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and then a combined treatment of oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) suppressing the nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) genetic pathway and bone morphogenic protein-7 (BMP-7) was introduced. The combined treatment with BMP-7 and ODNs reduced inflammation in the synovial-like fibrous tissue and showed an increase in glycosaminoglycan formation in the cartilage portion of the osteochondral complex. For the first time, this study demonstrated the potential of the miniJoint in developing disease-modifying OA drugs. The therapeutic efficacy of co-treatment with NF-κB ODNs and BMP-7 can be further validated in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan J. Makarczyk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Rm 217, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, 450 Technology Drive, Rm 217, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Sophie Hines
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Rm 217, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Haruyo Yagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Rm 217, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Zhong Alan Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Rm 217, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Alyssa M. Aguglia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Rm 217, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, 450 Technology Drive, Rm 217, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Justin Zbikowski
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Rm 217, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, 450 Technology Drive, Rm 217, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Padget
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Rm 217, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Qi Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94350, USA
| | - Bruce A. Bunnell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Stuart B. Goodman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94350, USA
| | - Hang Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Rm 217, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94350, USA
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14
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Ong LJY, Fan X, Rujia Sun A, Mei L, Toh YC, Prasadam I. Controlling Microenvironments with Organs-on-Chips for Osteoarthritis Modelling. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040579. [PMID: 36831245 PMCID: PMC9954502 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) remains a prevalent disease affecting more than 20% of the global population, resulting in morbidity and lower quality of life for patients. The study of OA pathophysiology remains predominantly in animal models due to the complexities of mimicking the physiological environment surrounding the joint tissue. Recent development in microfluidic organ-on-chip (OoC) systems have demonstrated various techniques to mimic and modulate tissue physiological environments. Adaptations of these techniques have demonstrated success in capturing a joint tissue's tissue physiology for studying the mechanism of OA. Adapting these techniques and strategies can help create human-specific in vitro models that recapitulate the cellular processes involved in OA. This review aims to comprehensively summarise various demonstrations of microfluidic platforms in mimicking joint microenvironments for future platform design iterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Jun Ye Ong
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, QLD 4000, Australia
- Center for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
- Max Planck Queensland Centre (MPQC) for the Materials Science of Extracellular Matrices, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, QLD 4000, Australia
- Correspondence: (L.J.Y.O.); (I.P.)
| | - Xiwei Fan
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, QLD 4000, Australia
- Center for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Antonia Rujia Sun
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, QLD 4000, Australia
- Center for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Lin Mei
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, QLD 4000, Australia
- Center for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Yi-Chin Toh
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, QLD 4000, Australia
- Center for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
- Max Planck Queensland Centre (MPQC) for the Materials Science of Extracellular Matrices, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Microbiome Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Indira Prasadam
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane City, QLD 4000, Australia
- Center for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
- Correspondence: (L.J.Y.O.); (I.P.)
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15
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Pietryga K, Reczyńska-Kolman K, Reseland JE, Haugen H, Larreta-Garde V, Pamuła E. Biphasic monolithic osteochondral scaffolds obtained by diffusion-limited enzymatic mineralization of gellan gum hydrogel. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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16
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Bednarczyk E. Chondrocytes In Vitro Systems Allowing Study of OA. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810308. [PMID: 36142224 PMCID: PMC9499487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an extremely complex disease, as it combines both biological-chemical and mechanical aspects, and it also involves the entire joint consisting of various types of tissues, including cartilage and bone. This paper describes the methods of conducting cell cultures aimed at searching for the mechanical causes of OA development, therapeutic solutions, and methods of preventing the disease. It presents the systems for the cultivation of cartilage cells depending on the level of their structural complexity, and taking into account the most common solutions aimed at recreating the most important factors contributing to the development of OA, that is mechanical loads. In-vitro systems used in tissue engineering to investigate the phenomena associated with OA were specified depending on the complexity and purposefulness of conducting cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Bednarczyk
- Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 85, 02-524 Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Bayareh M. Active cell capturing for organ-on-a-chip systems: a review. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2022; 67:443-459. [PMID: 36062551 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2022-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip (OOC) is an emerging technology that has been proposed as a new powerful cell-based tool to imitate the pathophysiological environment of human organs. For most OOC systems, a pivotal step is to culture cells in microfluidic devices. In active cell capturing techniques, external actuators, such as electrokinetic, magnetic, acoustic, and optical forces, or a combination of these forces, can be applied to trap cells after ejecting cell suspension into the microchannel inlet. This review paper distinguishes the characteristics of biomaterials and evaluates microfluidic technology. Besides, various types of OOC and their fabrication techniques are reported and various active cell capture microstructures are analyzed. Furthermore, their constraints, challenges, and future perspectives are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Bayareh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
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