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Dhani S, Zhao Y, Zhivotovsky B. A long way to go: caspase inhibitors in clinical use. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:949. [PMID: 34654807 PMCID: PMC8519909 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Caspases are an evolutionary conserved family of cysteine-dependent proteases that are involved in many vital cellular processes including apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation and inflammatory response. Dysregulation of caspase-mediated apoptosis and inflammation has been linked to the pathogenesis of various diseases such as inflammatory diseases, neurological disorders, metabolic diseases, and cancer. Multiple caspase inhibitors have been designed and synthesized as a potential therapeutic tool for the treatment of cell death-related pathologies. However, only a few have progressed to clinical trials because of the consistent challenges faced amongst the different types of caspase inhibitors used for the treatment of the various pathologies, namely an inadequate efficacy, poor target specificity, or adverse side effects. Importantly, a large proportion of this failure lies in the lack of understanding various caspase functions. To overcome the current challenges, further studies on understanding caspase function in a disease model is a fundamental requirement to effectively develop their inhibitors as a treatment for the different pathologies. Therefore, the present review focuses on the descriptive properties and characteristics of caspase inhibitors known to date, and their therapeutic application in animal and clinical studies. In addition, a brief discussion on the achievements, and current challenges faced, are presented in support to providing more perspectives for further development of successful therapeutic caspase inhibitors for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanel Dhani
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yun Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
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Lee H, Shin EA, Lee JH, Ahn D, Kim CG, Kim JH, Kim SH. Caspase inhibitors: a review of recently patented compounds (2013-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 28:47-59. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1378426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Lee
- Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Ah Shin
- Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Hee Lee
- Department of East West Medical Science, Graduate School of East West Medical Science Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Deoksoo Ahn
- Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang Geun Kim
- Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ju-Ha Kim
- Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Xu Y, Wang J, Song X, Qu L, Wei R, He F, Wang K, Luo B. RIP3 induces ischemic neuronal DNA degradation and programmed necrosis in rat via AIF. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29362. [PMID: 27377128 PMCID: PMC4932529 DOI: 10.1038/srep29362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have reported that nuclear translocation of Receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3) involves in neuronal programmed necrosis after 20-min global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Herein, the underlying mechanisms and the nuclear role of RIP3 were investigated further. The necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA), and the caspase-3 inhibitor acetyl-L-aspartyl-L-methionyl-L-glutaminyl-L-aspart-1-al (Ac-DMQD-CHO) were administered intracerebroventricularly 1 h before ischemia. Protein expression, location and interaction was determined by western blot, immunofluorescence or immunoprecipitation. Most CA1 neuronal death induced by 20-min global cerebral I/R injury was TUNEL-positive. Neuronal death and rat mortality rates were greatly inhibited by Nec-1 and 3-MA pre-treatment, but not by Ac-DMQD-CHO. And no activation of caspase-3 was detected after I/R injury. Caspase-8 was expressed richly in GFAP-positive astrocytes and Iba-1-positive microglia, but was not detected in Neun-positive neurons. The nuclear translocation and co-localization of RIP3 and AIF, and their interaction were detected after I/R injury. These processes were inhibited by Nec-1 and 3-MA pre-treatment, but not by Ac-DMQD-CHO. The formation of an RIP3-AIF complex and its nuclear translocation are critical to ischemic neuronal DNA degradation and programmed necrosis. Neurons are more likely to enter the programmed necrosis signal pathway for the loss of caspase-8 suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Neurology, Brain Medical Centre, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 89 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jingye Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Xinghui Song
- Facility for Biochemistry and Molecular medicine Core Facilities, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lindi Qu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Ruili Wei
- Department of Neurology, Brain Medical Centre, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 89 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Fangping He
- Department of Neurology, Brain Medical Centre, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 89 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Benyan Luo
- Department of Neurology, Brain Medical Centre, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 89 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Li X, Du J, Xu S, Lin X, Ling Z. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist rosiglitazone reduces secondary damage in experimental spinal cord injury. J Int Med Res 2013; 41:153-61. [PMID: 23569141 DOI: 10.1177/0300060513476601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the neuroprotective effects of rosiglitazone in a rat traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) model. METHODS Adult Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 12/group) underwent laminectomy (sham), SCI, SCI and rosiglitazone treatment (2 mg/kg twice daily for 7 days), or SCI and saline injection (vehicle). SCI was induced via dural application of an aneurysm clip. Spinal cord apoptosis and levels of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-1β, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and the apoptosis-associated proteins B-cell leukaemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) were examined 24 h after SCI. Locomotor function was evaluated 3, 7, 10, 14 and 21 days after SCI. RESULTS At 24 h after SCI, apoptosis and TNFα, IL-1β and MPO concentrations were significantly lower in the rosiglitazone group than in the vehicle and SCI groups. SCI resulted in an increase in Bax and a decrease in Bcl-2, which was reversed by rosiglitazone treatment. Rats in the rosiglitazone group had significantly better functional recovery than those in the vehicle and SCI groups. CONCLUSION Rosiglitazone significantly improved functional recovery, probably via attenuation of the local inflammatory reaction and reduced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xigong Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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CIBZ, a novel BTB domain-containing protein, is involved in mouse spinal cord injury via mitochondrial pathway independent of p53 gene. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33156. [PMID: 22427977 PMCID: PMC3299754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces both primary uncontrollable mechanical injury and secondary controllable degeneration, which further results in the activation of cell death cascades that mediate delayed tissue damage. To alleviate its impairments and seek for an effective remedy, mRNA differential display was used to investigate gene mRNA expression profiling in mice following SCI. A specific Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein, CIBZ, was discovered to implicate in the SCI process for the first time. Further researches indicated that CIBZ was extensively distributed in various tissues, and the expression level was highest in muscle, followed by spinal cord, large intestine, kidney, spleen, thymus, lung, cerebrum, stomach, ovary and heart, respectively. After injury, the CIBZ expression decreased dramatically and reached the lowest level at 8 h, but it gradually increased to the maximal level at 7 d. Caspase-3 and C-terminal-binding protein (CtBP), two CIBZ-related proteins, showed similar tendency. Interestingly, p53 expression remained constant in all groups. Via flow cytometry (FCM) analysis, it was found that the cell death rate in SCI group markedly increased and reached the highest value 1 d after surgery and the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) at 1 d was the lowest in all groups. Taken together, it is suggested that: (i) in the presence of CtBP, CIBZ gene is involved in secondary injury process and trigger the activation of apoptotic caspase-3 and bax genes independent of p53; (ii) abrupt down-regulation of CtBP at 8 h is a sign of mitochondria dysfunction and the onset of cell death; (iii) it could be used as an inhibitor or target drug of caspase-3 gene to improve spinal cord function.
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David S, López-Vales R, Wee Yong V. Harmful and beneficial effects of inflammation after spinal cord injury: potential therapeutic implications. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 109:485-502. [PMID: 23098732 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52137-8.00030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in immediate damage followed by a secondary phase of tissue damage that occurs over a period of several weeks. The mechanisms underlying this secondary damage are multiple and not fully understood. A number of studies suggest that the local inflammatory response in the spinal cord that occurs after SCI contributes importantly to secondary damage. This response is mediated by cells normally found in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as infiltrating leukocytes. While the inflammatory response mediated by these cells is required for efficient clearance of tissue debris, and promotes wound healing and tissue repair, they also release various factors that can be detrimental to neurons, glia, axons, and myelin. In this chapter we provide an overview of the inflammatory response at the cell and molecular level after SCI, and review the current state of knowledge about its contribution to tissue damage and repair. Additionally, we discuss how some of this work is leading to the development and testing of drugs that modulate inflammation to treat acute SCI in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel David
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.
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Dolgun H, Sekerci Z, Turkoglu E, Kertmen H, Yilmaz ER, Anlar M, Erguder IB, Tuna H. Neuroprotective effect of mesna (2-mercaptoethane sulfonate) against spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury in rabbits. J Clin Neurosci 2010; 17:486-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2009.07.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wang X, Chen W, Liu W, Wu J, Shao Y, Zhang X. The role of thrombospondin-1 and transforming growth factor-beta after spinal cord injury in the rat. J Clin Neurosci 2009; 16:818-21. [PMID: 19342245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2008.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) continues to result in high morbidity and mortality throughout the world. An effective neuroprotective agent is still not available to counteract secondary damage caused by traumatic injury. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) have a role in angiogenesis, scar deposition, inflammation and may affect astrocyte phenotype and mobility. We investigated the role of TSP-1 and TGF-beta in a model of spinal cord injury in rats. Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two equal groups: the experimental group was subject to SCI using an impactor and the sham-operated group was not subject to SCI. These animals were sacrificed at 12 h and 24 h after SCI for immunochemistry and Western blot analysis of the injured spinal segment for the expression of the TSP-1 and TGF-beta proteins. We found that TSP-1 and TGF-beta expression increased immediately after SCI in the injured segment. After 12 h, TSP-1 concentrations increased more rapidly and dramatically than TGF-beta in the injured segment of the spinal cord. Elevations in TSP-1 and TGF-beta concentrations persisted for 24 h after injury. These results show that elevated expression of TSP-1 and TGF-beta can be detected in the injured segment of the spinal cord 12 and 24 h after injury. Thus, TSP-1 and TGF-beta may have a role in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghua Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Vaquero J. Comment to the article Q-VD-OPh, a pancaspase inhibitor, reduces trauma-induced apoptosis and improves the recovery of hind-limb function in rats after spinal cord injury by Çolak et al. Neurocirugia (Astur) 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1130-1473(09)70131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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