Spinal cord infarct as the initial clinical presentation of intravascular malignant lymphomatosis

Cancer-associated spinal cord infarction: A systematic review and analysis of survival predictors

OBJECTIVE

The association between spinal cord infarction (SCI) and cancer is an infrequent condition but requires an accurate diagnosis to establish the appropriate treatment. Clinical features and prognosis of cancer-associated SCI have never been assessed. The aim of this systematic review is to describe the characteristics and outcomes of patients with cancer-associated SCI. Illustratively, a case of ovarian cancer-related SCI is presented.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Two authors independently analysed three different bibliographic databases looking for cancer-associated SCI case reports and case series. Data regarding age, sex, cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF), history of known cancer, infarction localization, spinal cord syndrome, Zalewski criteria classification, mechanism of ischemia, diagnostic tests, treatment and functional outcome were registered. A statistical analysis was carried out to identify factors related to mortality and survival time.

RESULTS

A total of 48 articles met the inclusion criteria and 52 patients were identified. The median age was 62 years. The most frequent neoplasm was intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. The median survival time was 17.4 weeks and the cumulative probability of survival at 12 months was 16.3%. In the group of deceased patients there was a higher proportion of malignant neoplasms than in those who survived (94.7% vs. 5.3%, p < 0.01). There were no statistically significant differences in terms of mortality or survival time depending on age, previously known cancer or CVRF.

CONCLUSION

Cancer-associated SCI entails a poor outcome. Mortality is increased in patients with malignant neoplasm. No other prognosis factors could be identified.

Long Spinal Cord Lesions Caused by Venous Congestive Myelopathy Associated with Intravascular Large B-cell Lymphoma

Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is a subtype of B-cell lymphoma, characterized by lymphoma cell proliferation within small blood vessels. We herein describe a rare case with long spinal cord lesions caused by venous congestive myelopathy associated with IVLBCL. An 81-year-old man presented with paraplegia of the lower limbs and sensory disturbances. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed intramedullary longitudinal T2-hyperintensity lesions in the thoracic cords. The patient died three months after disease onset, and a neuropathological analysis revealed predominantly atypical B-lymphocytes located sparsely in the veins of the spinal cord. IVLBCL should be considered in the differential diagnoses of long spinal cord lesions.

Spinal cord ischemia: aetiology, clinical syndromes and imaging features

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this study was to analyse MR imaging features and lesion patterns as defined by compromised vascular territories, correlating them to different clinical syndromes and aetiological aspects.

METHODS

In a 19.8-year period, clinical records and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of 55 consecutive patients suffering from spinal cord ischemia were evaluated.

RESULTS

Aetiologies of infarcts were arteriosclerosis of the aorta and vertebral arteries (23.6%), aortic surgery or interventional aneurysm repair (11%) and aortic and vertebral artery dissection (11%), and in 23.6%, aetiology remained unclear. Infarcts occurred in 38.2% at the cervical and thoracic level, respectively, and 49% of patients suffered from centromedullar syndrome caused by anterior spinal artery ischemia. MRI disclosed hyperintense pencil-like lesion pattern on T2WI in 98.2%, cord swelling in 40%, enhancement on post-contrast T1WI in 42.9% and always hyperintense signal on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) when acquired.

CONCLUSION

The most common clinical feature in spinal cord ischemia is a centromedullar syndrome, and in contrast to anterior spinal artery ischemia, infarcts in the posterior spinal artery territory are rare. The exclusively cervical location of the spinal sulcal artery syndrome seems to be a likely consequence of anterior spinal artery duplication which is observed preferentially here.

Mielomalácia hemorrágica progressiva em 14 cães

A mielomalácia hemorrágica progressiva (MHP) é uma afecção rara e fatal, em que ocorre necrose aguda isquêmica e progressiva do parênquima da medula espinhal, levando à liquefação da mesma. Pode ocorrer após extrusão do disco intervertebral, trauma medular ou embolismo fibrocartilaginoso. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar casos de mielomalácia hemorrágica progressiva em cães atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Estadual de Londrina entre os anos 2000 e 2011, realizando-se a análise dos prontuários de atendimento e acompanhamento dos casos. Os animais do presente estudo atendiam a alguns critérios de inclusão, como histórico de paraplegia com sinais de neurônio motor superior, piora dos sinais progredindo para tetraplegia flácida, alterações clínicas progressivas e/ou alterações nos exames complementares. Foram analisados os aspectos epidemiológicos (raça, idade e sexo), clínicos (evolução dos sinais clínicos e neurológicos), laboratoriais (análise do líquido cefalorraquidiano), radiográficos (radiografias simples e contrastadas) e o tempo decorrido desde o início dos sinais clínicos até óbito ou eutanásia. A raça Teckel foi a mais acometida (43%), a média de idade foi de 5,04 anos e no atendimento inicial a síndrome toracolombar grau V foi a alteração mais encontrada, além de hiperpatia e progressão cranial da diminuição do reflexo cutâneo do tronco. Em sete cães a causa da MHP foi a doença do disco intervertebral toracolombar, em um cão a causa foi o trauma medular, em dois cães a MHP foi decorrente de linfoma e em quatro cães a causa provável foi doença de disco intervertebral. Alterações na análise do líquido cerebroespinhal, na mielografia e na evolução dos sinais clínicos e neurológicos foram extremamente importantes para diagnosticar a MHP. Seis animais progrediram para tetraplegia e quatro cães já apresentavam tetraplegia flácida no atendimento inicial. Em outros quatro pacientes, a identificação de sinais sugestivos de MHP antes desta progressão levou à indicação de eutanásia. Como o prognóstico é ruim e ocasiona sofrimento ao animal, o clínico deve estar atento ao histórico de paraplegia com posterior mudança da síndrome de neurônio motor superior para neurônio motor inferior, diminuição do reflexo cutâneo do tronco cranialmente e presença de respiração abdominal, sendo que algumas alterações em exames complementares encontradas neste trabalho também podem auxiliar no diagnóstico precoce da MHP, como o líquido cerebroespinhal xantocrômico com aumento de proteínas, hemácias e pleocitose. Na mielografia o edema medular e a presença de contraste no interior do tecido nervoso, frente às alterações clínicas e liquóricas, são sugestivas de MHP.