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Abstract
Lactotroph adenomas, also called prolactinomas and prolactin-secreting adenomas, constitute nearly 80% of functioning pituitary tumors and about 30-50% of all adenomas in the clinical practice. Lactotroph adenomas occur in the general population at a prevalence of 45/100,000, are more common in women, but also involve men and children of both sexes. Most lactotroph adenomas are microadenomas occurring in reproductive-age women who present with oligo/amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and infertility. In men and elderly women, lactotroph adenomas are usually macroadenomas and are most commonly associated with symptoms of a tumoral mass, including headaches, neurologic defects, and visual loss. Although clinical and laboratory features may differ depending on patient's gender and age, the histopathology of the tumors is similar. Lactotroph adenomas are histologically classified into three subtypes: the common sparsely granulated lactotroph adenoma, and the rare densely granulated lactotroph adenoma and acidophilic stem cell adenoma. We will review the main pathological features of the lactotroph adenomas and some of their characteristics that may predict biological behavior and responsiveness to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Beatriz S Lopes
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 1215 Lee Street, HEP-Room 3060, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-0214, USA.
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Liu W, Zahr RS, McCartney S, Cetas JS, Dogan A, Fleseriu M. Clinical outcomes in male patients with lactotroph adenomas who required pituitary surgery: a retrospective single center study. Pituitary 2018; 21:454-462. [PMID: 29936681 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-018-0898-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lactotroph adenomas (LA) are the most frequently encountered pituitary tumors. Although more frequently observed in women, LAs in men were recently included in a more aggressive category regardless of histological grading, by the WHO. We aimed to perform a rigorous retrospective review of a single center's pre-operative evaluation, patient characteristics and outcomes of male LAs patients requiring pituitary surgery. METHODS A retrospective review, over 11 years, of patients who underwent resection of a pituitary adenoma at a single center was conducted. Predictors of persistent disease in male LAs patients along with a comparison to predictors of silent corticotroph adenomas (SCAs) patients who also underwent surgery at the center was also conducted. RESULTS Thirty-one male patients with LAs were identified. When compared to SCAs patients, LAs male patients were younger (41 vs. 50 years of age, p = 0.01). Men with LAs had more invasive tumors (75% vs. 44.7% p = 0.02). More LAs in men had residual tumor after surgery than patients with SCA (92.6% vs. 42.1%, p < 0.001). Male patients with LAs and patients with SCA had similar rates of requiring additional surgery (28.9% vs. 24.1%, p = NS) and radiation therapy (18.4% vs. 19.4%, p = NS). CONCLUSIONS High rates of DA resistance, invasive tumors and postoperative residual disease in male patients with LA who required surgery are shown. Surgery improved optic chiasm compression, PRL level and central hypogonadism but, not surprisingly, failed to normalize other pituitary hormones and/or eliminate need for DA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Clinical Nutrition, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Roula Shraiky Zahr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Clinical Nutrition, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Shirley McCartney
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Northwest Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Justin S Cetas
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Northwest Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Aclan Dogan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Northwest Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Maria Fleseriu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Clinical Nutrition, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Northwest Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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Yedinak CG, Cetas I, Ozpinar A, McCartney S, Dogan A, Fleseriu M. Dopamine agonist therapy induces significant recovery of HPA axis function in prolactinomas independent of tumor size: a large single center experience. Endocrine 2016; 54:191-197. [PMID: 27460005 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to compare prevalence and rates of recovery of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction in prolactinoma patients before and after dopamine agonist therapy with nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma patients pre-transsphenoidal and post-transsphenoidal surgery. We retrospectively compared hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in patients with prolactinomas naïve to dopamine agonist therapy with a cohort of nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma patients matched for gender and tumor size by classification (n = 57; 30 male/27 female; 27 microadenoma/30 macroadenoma). Patients with <52 weeks follow up, previous medical therapy, surgery, or radiation therapy were excluded. At baseline, there was no difference between groups for age, mean tumor size, or prevalence of adrenal insufficiency. Recovery from baseline adrenal insufficiency was demonstrated in patients with microprolactinomas and macroprolactinomas at a 52 week follow up (p = 0.003 and p = 0.004). These rates were similar to nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma patients after surgery. We show, in a large uniform study, that adrenal insufficiency significantly recovered after dopamine agonist treatment, independent of tumor size and gender in patients with prolactinomas naïve to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine G Yedinak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Northwest Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Isabelle Cetas
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Alp Ozpinar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Shirley McCartney
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Aclan Dogan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Northwest Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Maria Fleseriu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
- Northwest Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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Chabot JD, Chakraborty S, Imbarrato G, Dehdashti AR. Evaluation of Outcomes After Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery for Large and Giant Pituitary Macroadenoma: A Retrospective Review of 39 Consecutive Patients. World Neurosurg 2015; 84:978-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Di Ieva A, Davidson JM, Syro LV, Rotondo F, Montoya JF, Horvath E, Cusimano MD, Kovacs K. Crooke's cell tumors of the pituitary. Neurosurgery 2015; 76:616-22. [PMID: 25635886 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Crooke's cell adenomas are a rare type of pituitary neoplasm. They produce adrenocorticotropic hormone causing Cushing's disease or may be endocrinologically silent. These tumors are usually invasive, may exhibit aggressive clinical behavior, and often recur with a low success of cure after reoperation and/or radiotherapy. Due to their rarity, they present great difficulties in assessing prognosis, treatment, and clinical management. Neurosurgeons and physicians dealing with pituitary adenomas diagnosed as Crooke's cell adenomas have to be aware of their potential clinical aggressiveness to plan strict follow-up of patients and eventual multimodality treatment. We review here the published cases of Crooke's cell tumors, as well as the clinical and histopathological characteristics of these unusual neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Ieva
- ‡Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; §Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Pablo Tobon Uribe and Clinica Medellin, Medellin, Colombia; ¶Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ‖Division of Endocrinology, Hospital Pablo Tobon Uribe and Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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Samarasinghe S, Emanuele MA, Mazhari A. Neurology of the pituitary. NEUROLOGIC ASPECTS OF SYSTEMIC DISEASE PART II 2014; 120:685-701. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-4087-0.00047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Salehi F, Scheithauer BW, Kovacs K, Horvath E, Syro LV, Sharma S, Manoranjan B, Cusimano M. O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) immunohistochemical expression in pituitary corticotroph adenomas. Neurosurgery 2012; 70:491-6; discussion 496. [PMID: 21822153 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e318230ac63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is a DNA repair enzyme that counteracts chemotherapeutic cytotoxicity of alkylating agents such as temozolomide. Low levels of MGMT expression have been shown to correlate with longer survival in glioma patients treated with temozolomide. The same is true in pituitary adenomas. OBJECTIVE We investigated the immunohistochemical expression of MGMT in a variety of corticotroph adenoma subtypes to determine the potential utility of temozolomide as a therapeutic agent. METHODS The tumors consisted of 40 cases of adrenocorticotropin-secreting pituitary tumors in Cushing disease, 12 Crooke cell adenomas, and 7 subtype I silent corticotroph adenomas. Staining for MGMT was assessed by light microscopy; nuclear reactivity was estimated semiquantitatively as present in < 10%, 10% to 25%, 25% to 50%, 50% to 75%, and > 75% of cells. RESULTS Immunoexpression showed no correlation with patient age, sex, tumor size, invasiveness, or recurrence in patients with Cushing disease. Among adrenocorticotropin-secreting adenomas associated with Cushing disease, most invasive (60%) and recurrent (86%) tumors showed low MGMT immunopositivity, defined as < 25%. Most (75%) Crooke cell adenomas exhibited an MGMT immunoreactivity of ≤ 50%. All subtype I silent corticotroph adenomas showed < 10% MGMT staining. CONCLUSION Our descriptive findings of low MGMT expression in adrenocorticotropin-producing pituitary adenomas, particularly aggressive tumors, suggest that they may be suitable candidates for temozolomide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Salehi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Taussky P, Kalra R, Coppens J, Mohebali J, Jensen R, Couldwell WT. Endocrinological outcome after pituitary transposition (hypophysopexy) and adjuvant radiotherapy for tumors involving the cavernous sinus. J Neurosurg 2011; 115:55-62. [DOI: 10.3171/2011.2.jns10566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
Stereotactic radiosurgery and fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy are commonly used in the treatment of residual or recurrent benign tumors of the skull base and cavernous sinus. A major risk associated with radiosurgical or radiotherapy treatment of residual or recurrent tumors adjacent to normal functional pituitary gland is radiation of the pituitary, which frequently leads to the development of hypopituitarism. The authors have used a technique of pituitary transposition to reduce the radiation dose to the normal pituitary gland in cases of planned radiosurgical treatment of residual tumor within the cavernous sinus. Here, the authors analyze the long-term endocrinological outcomes in patients with residual and recurrent tumors who undergo hypophysopexy and adjuvant radiosurgical or conformal fractionated radiotherapy treatment.
Methods
Pituitary transposition involves placement of a fat graft between the normal pituitary gland and residual tumor in the cavernous sinus. A sellar exploration for tumor resection is performed, the pituitary gland is transposed from the region of the cavernous sinus, and the graft is interposed between the pituitary gland and the residual tumor. The residual tumor may then be treated with stereotactic radiosurgery or conformal fractionated radiation therapy. The authors evaluated endocrinological outcome, safety of the procedure, and postoperative complications in patients who underwent this procedure during a 7-year period.
Results
Hypophysopexy has been used in 34 patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (19), functional pituitary adenomas (8), chordomas (2), meningiomas (2), chondrosarcoma (1), hemangiopericytoma (1), or hemangioma (1) involving the sella and cavernous sinus. Follow-up (radiographic and endocrinological) has been performed yearly in all patients. Two patients experienced postoperative endocrine deficits before radiosurgery (1 transient), but none of the patients developed new hypopituitarism during the median 4-year follow-up (range 1–8 years) after radiosurgery or fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy.
Conclusions
The increased distance between the normal pituitary gland and the residual tumor facilitates treatment of the tumor with radiosurgery or radiotherapy and effectively reduces the incidence of radiation injury to the normal pituitary gland when compared with historical controls.
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Abstract
The high morbidity and mortality associated with acromegaly can be addressed with multiple treatment modalities, including surgery, medicines, and radiation therapy. Radiation was initially delivered through conventional fractionated radiotherapy, which targets a wide area over many treatment sessions and has been shown to induce remission in 50%–60% of patients with acromegaly. However, conventional fractionated radiotherapy takes several years to achieve remission in patients with acromegaly and carries a risk of hypopituitarism that may limit its use. Stereotactic radiosurgery, of which there are several forms, including Gamma Knife surgery, CyberKnife therapy, and proton beam therapy, offers slightly attenuated efficacy but achieves remission in less time and provides more precise targeting of the adenoma with better control of the dose of radiation received by adjacent structures such as the pituitary stalk, pituitary gland, optic chiasm, and cranial nerves in the cavernous sinus. Of the forms of stereotactic radiosurgery, Gamma Knife surgery is the most widely used and, because of its long-term follow-up in clinical studies, is the most likely to compete with medical therapy for first-line adjuvant use after resection. In this review, the authors outline the major modes of radiation therapies in clinical use today, and they critically assess the feasibility of these modalities for acromegaly treatment. Acromegaly is a multisystem disorder that demands highly specialized treatment protocols including neurosurgical and endocrinological intervention. As more efficient forms of pituitary radiation develop, acromegaly treatment options may continue to change with radiation therapies playing a more prominent role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Rowland
- Department of Neurological Surgery, California Center for Pituitary Disorders, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0112, USA
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Yang I, Kim W, De Salles A, Bergsneider M. A systematic analysis of disease control in acromegaly treated with radiosurgery. Neurosurg Focus 2010; 29:E13. [DOI: 10.3171/2010.7.focus10170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has emerged as an adjuvant radiation-based therapy for pituitary adenomas. Here, the authors present a systematic analysis of SRS for growth hormone–secreting adenomas to characterize the efficacy of SRS in the treatment of acromegaly.
Methods
A comprehensive search of the English language literature revealed 970 patients with new, recurrent, or persistent acromegaly that had been treated using SRS along with assessable and quantifiable outcome data. Articles published between June 1998 and September 2009 were included in the analysis. Patient outcome data were aggregated and investigated based on tumor size, radiosurgery dose, and clinical outcomes both with and without medication.
Results
The overall disease control rate without medication was 48%–53%, and the overall disease control rate with or without medication was 73%. The overall mean duration of the reported follow-up was 48.5 ± 25.8 months. The mean overall tumor volume in this analysis was 2.11 ± 1.16 cm3. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient for tumor volume and cure rate was not significant (r = 0.0668, p = 0.8546).
Conclusions
Data from this analysis suggest that tumor size may not be a significant prognostic factor in disease control after radiosurgery for acromegaly. The overall disease control rate was approximately 48% without suppressive medications after radiosurgery for acromegaly. With the advancement of increasingly sophisticated stereotactic planning and tumor targeting, the precision of radiosurgery may continue to improve in the treatment of acromegaly.
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Dobson M, Del Porto L, Maartens NF. Comment on "Non-surgical treatment of hormone-secreting pituitary tumors". J Clin Neurosci 2010; 17:1220-1. [PMID: 20570519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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