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Tax CM, Genc S, MacIver CL, Nilsson M, Wardle M, Szczepankiewicz F, Jones DK, Peall KJ. Ultra-strong diffusion-weighted MRI reveals cerebellar grey matter abnormalities in movement disorders. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 38:103419. [PMID: 37192563 PMCID: PMC10199248 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Structural brain MRI has proven invaluable in understanding movement disorder pathophysiology. However, most work has focused on grey/white matter volumetric (macrostructural) and white matter microstructural effects, limiting understanding of frequently implicated grey matter microstructural differences. Using ultra-strong spherical tensor encoding diffusion-weighted MRI, a persistent MRI signal was seen in healthy cerebellar grey matter even at high diffusion-weightings (b ≥ 10,000 s/mm2). Quantifying the proportion of this signal (denoted fs), previously ascertained to originate from inside small spherical spaces, provides a potential proxy for cell body density. In this work, this approach was applied for the first time to a clinical cohort, including patients with diagnosed movement disorders in which the cerebellum has been implicated in symptom pathophysiology. Five control participants (control group 1, median age 24.5 years (20-39 years), imaged at two timepoints, demonstrated consistency in measurement of all three measures - MD (Mean Diffusivity) fs, and Ds (dot diffusivity)- with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of 0.98, 0.86 and 0.76, respectively. Comparison with an older control group (control group 2 (n = 5), median age 51 years (43-58 years)) found no significant differences, neither with morphometric nor microstructural (MD (p = 0.36), fs (p = 0.17) and Ds (p = 0.22)) measures. The movement disorder cohort (Parkinson's Disease, n = 5, dystonia, n = 5. Spinocerebellar Ataxia 6, n = 5) when compared to the age-matched control cohort (Control Group 2) identified significantly lower MD (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001) and higher fs values (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001) in SCA6 and dystonia cohorts respectively. Lobar division of the cerebellum found these same differences in the superior and inferior posterior lobes, while no differences were seen in either the anterior lobes or with Ds measurements. In contrast to more conventional measures from diffusion tensor imaging, this framework provides enhanced specificity to differences in restricted spherical spaces in grey matter (including small cells) by eliminating signals from cerebrospinal fluid and axons. In the context of human and animal histopathology studies, these findings potentially implicate the cerebellar Purkinje and granule cells as contributors to the observed signal differences, with both cell types having been implicated in several neurological disorders through both postmortem and animal model studies. This novel microstructural imaging approach shows promise for improving movement disorder diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal M.W. Tax
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sila Genc
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Neuroscience Advanced Clinical Imaging Service (NACIS), Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claire L MacIver
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Markus Nilsson
- Diagnostic Radiology, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mark Wardle
- Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales Cardiff, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Filip Szczepankiewicz
- Diagnostic Radiology, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Medical Radiation Physics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Derek K. Jones
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kathryn J. Peall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Jäschke D, Steiner KM, Chang DI, Claaßen J, Uslar E, Thieme A, Gerwig M, Pfaffenrot V, Hulst T, Gussew A, Maderwald S, Göricke SL, Minnerop M, Ladd ME, Reichenbach JR, Timmann D, Deistung A. Age-related differences of cerebellar cortex and nuclei: MRI findings in healthy controls and its application to spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA6) patients. Neuroimage 2023; 270:119950. [PMID: 36822250 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding cerebellar alterations due to healthy aging provides a reference point against which pathological findings in late-onset disease, for example spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6), can be contrasted. In the present study, we investigated the impact of aging on the cerebellar nuclei and cerebellar cortex in 109 healthy controls (age range: 16 - 78 years) using 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Findings were compared with 25 SCA6 patients (age range: 38 - 78 years). A subset of 16 SCA6 (included: 14) patients and 50 controls (included: 45) received an additional MRI scan at 7 Tesla and were re-scanned after one year. MRI included T1-weighted, T2-weighted FLAIR, and multi-echo T2*-weighted imaging. The T2*-weighted phase images were converted to quantitative susceptibility maps (QSM). Since the cerebellar nuclei are characterized by elevated iron content with respect to their surroundings, two independent raters manually outlined them on the susceptibility maps. T1-weighted images acquired at 3T were utilized to automatically identify the cerebellar gray matter (GM) volume. Linear correlations revealed significant atrophy of the cerebellum due to tissue loss of cerebellar cortical GM in healthy controls with increasing age. Reduction of the cerebellar GM was substantially stronger in SCA6 patients. The volume of the dentate nuclei did not exhibit a significant relationship with age, at least in the age range between 18 and 78 years, whereas mean susceptibilities of the dentate nuclei increased with age. As previously shown, the dentate nuclei volumes were smaller and magnetic susceptibilities were lower in SCA6 patients compared to age- and sex-matched controls. The significant dentate volume loss in SCA6 patients could also be confirmed with 7T MRI. Linear mixed effects models and individual paired t-tests accounting for multiple comparisons revealed no statistical significant change in volume and susceptibility of the dentate nuclei after one year in neither patients nor controls. Importantly, dentate volumes were more sensitive to differentiate between SCA6 (Cohen's d = 3.02) and matched controls than the cerebellar cortex volume (d = 2.04). In addition to age-related decline of the cerebellar cortex and atrophy in SCA6 patients, age-related increase of susceptibility of the dentate nuclei was found in controls, whereas dentate volume and susceptibility was significantly decreased in SCA6 patients. Because no significant changes of any of these parameters was found at follow-up, these measures do not allow to monitor disease progression at short intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Jäschke
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Katharina M Steiner
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany; LVR-Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Dae-In Chang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany; Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL-University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44791, Germany
| | - Jens Claaßen
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany; Fachklinik für Neurologie, MEDICLIN Klinik Reichshof, Reichshof-Eckenhagen 51580, Germany
| | - Ellen Uslar
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Andreas Thieme
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Marcus Gerwig
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Viktor Pfaffenrot
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Thomas Hulst
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany; Erasmus University College, Rotterdam 3011 HP, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Gussew
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Radiology, Department for Radiation Medicine, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Stefan Maderwald
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Sophia L Göricke
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Martina Minnerop
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich 52425, Germany; Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Mark E Ladd
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45141, Germany; Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Faculty of Physics and Astronomy and Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Jürgen R Reichenbach
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Andreas Deistung
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany; University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Radiology, Department for Radiation Medicine, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany; Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07743, Germany.
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Wu QW, Kapfhammer JP. The Emerging Key Role of the mGluR1-PKCγ Signaling Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Spinocerebellar Ataxias: A Neurodevelopmental Viewpoint. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169169. [PMID: 36012439 PMCID: PMC9409119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a heterogeneous group of autosomal dominantly inherited progressive disorders with degeneration and dysfunction of the cerebellum. Although different subtypes of SCAs are classified according to the disease-associated causative genes, the clinical syndrome of the ataxia is shared, pointing towards a possible convergent pathogenic pathway among SCAs. In this review, we summarize the role of SCA-associated gene function during cerebellar Purkinje cell development and discuss the relationship between SCA pathogenesis and neurodevelopment. We will summarize recent studies on molecules involved in SCA pathogenesis and will focus on the mGluR1-PKCγ signaling pathway evaluating the possibility that this might be a common pathway which contributes to these diseases.
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Guo S, Zhong H, Zhao B, Yang D, Meng Z, Ying B, Wang M. Chinese abnormal compound heterozygote spinocerebellar ataxia type 8: a case report. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:1435-1439. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05769-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Deistung A, Jäschke D, Draganova R, Pfaffenrot V, Hulst T, Steiner KM, Thieme A, Giordano IA, Klockgether T, Tunc S, Münchau A, Minnerop M, Göricke SL, Reichenbach JR, Timmann D. Quantitative susceptibility mapping reveals alterations of dentate nuclei in common types of degenerative cerebellar ataxias. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcab306. [PMID: 35291442 PMCID: PMC8914888 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellar nuclei are a brain region with high iron content. Surprisingly,
little is known about iron content in the cerebellar nuclei and its possible
contribution to pathology in cerebellar ataxias, with the only exception of
Friedreich’s ataxia. In the present exploratory cross-sectional study,
quantitative susceptibility mapping was used to investigate volume, iron
concentration and total iron content of the dentate nuclei in common types of
hereditary and non-hereditary degenerative ataxias. Seventy-nine patients with
spinocerebellar ataxias of types 1, 2, 3 and 6; 15 patients with
Friedreich’s ataxia; 18 patients with multiple system atrophy, cerebellar
type and 111 healthy controls were also included. All underwent 3 T MRI
and clinical assessments. For each specific ataxia subtype, voxel-based and
volumes-of-interest-based group analyses were performed in comparison with a
corresponding age- and sex-matched control group, both for volume, magnetic
susceptiblity (indicating iron concentration) and susceptibility mass
(indicating total iron content) of the dentate nuclei. Spinocerebellar ataxia of
type 1 and multiple system atrophy, cerebellar type patients showed higher
susceptibilities in large parts of the dentate nucleus but unaltered
susceptibility masses compared with controls. Friedreich’s ataxia
patients and, only on a trend level, spinocerebellar ataxia of type 2 patients
showed higher susceptibilities in more circumscribed parts of the dentate. In
contrast, spinocerebellar ataxia of type 6 patients revealed lower
susceptibilities and susceptibility masses compared with controls throughout the
dentate nucleus. Spinocerebellar ataxia of type 3 patients showed no significant
changes in susceptibility and susceptibility mass. Lower volume of the dentate
nuclei was found to varying degrees in all ataxia types. It was most pronounced
in spinocerebellar ataxia of type 6 patients and least prominent in
spinocerebellar ataxia of type 3 patients. The findings show that alterations in
susceptibility revealed by quantitative susceptibility mapping are common in the
dentate nuclei in different types of cerebellar ataxias. The most striking
changes in susceptibility were found in spinocerebellar ataxia of type 1,
multiple system atrophy, cerebellar type and spinocerebellar ataxia of type 6.
Because iron content is known to be high in glial cells but not in neurons of
the cerebellar nuclei, the higher susceptibility in spinocerebellar ataxia of
type 1 and multiple system atrophy, cerebellar type may be explained by a
reduction of neurons (increase in iron concentration) and/or an increase in
iron-rich glial cells, e.g. microgliosis. Hypomyelination also leads to higher
susceptibility and could also contribute. The lower susceptibility in SCA6
suggests a loss of iron-rich glial cells. Quantitative susceptibility maps
warrant future studies of iron content and iron-rich cells in ataxias to gain a
more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Deistung
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Radiology, Department for Radiation Medicine, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Halle (Saale), Germany
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Dominik Jäschke
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Rossitza Draganova
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Viktor Pfaffenrot
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hulst
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
- Erasmus University College, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina M. Steiner
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Thieme
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Ilaria A. Giordano
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Klockgether
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Sinem Tunc
- Institute of Systems Motor Science, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexander Münchau
- Institute of Systems Motor Science, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Martina Minnerop
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sophia L. Göricke
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Jürgen R. Reichenbach
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
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Świtońska-Kurkowska K, Krist B, Delimata J, Figiel M. Juvenile Huntington's Disease and Other PolyQ Diseases, Update on Neurodevelopmental Character and Comparative Bioinformatic Review of Transcriptomic and Proteomic Data. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:642773. [PMID: 34277598 PMCID: PMC8281051 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.642773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine (PolyQ) diseases are neurodegenerative disorders caused by the CAG repeat expansion mutation in affected genes resulting in toxic proteins containing a long chain of glutamines. There are nine PolyQ diseases: Huntington’s disease (HD), spinocerebellar ataxias (types 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 17), dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), and spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA). In general, longer CAG expansions and longer glutamine tracts lead to earlier disease presentations in PolyQ patients. Rarely, cases of extremely long expansions are identified for PolyQ diseases, and they consistently lead to juvenile or sometimes very severe infantile-onset polyQ syndromes. In apparent contrast to the very long CAG tracts, shorter CAGs and PolyQs in proteins seems to be the evolutionary factor enhancing human cognition. Therefore, polyQ tracts in proteins can be modifiers of brain development and disease drivers, which contribute neurodevelopmental phenotypes in juvenile- and adult-onset PolyQ diseases. Therefore we performed a bioinformatics review of published RNAseq polyQ expression data resulting from the presence of polyQ genes in search of neurodevelopmental expression patterns and comparison between diseases. The expression data were collected from cell types reflecting stages of development such as iPSC, neuronal stem cell, neurons, but also the adult patients and models for PolyQ disease. In addition, we extended our bioinformatic transcriptomic analysis by proteomics data. We identified a group of 13 commonly downregulated genes and proteins in HD mouse models. Our comparative bioinformatic review highlighted several (neuro)developmental pathways and genes identified within PolyQ diseases and mouse models responsible for neural growth, synaptogenesis, and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bart Krist
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Delimata
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Figiel
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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The Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 6. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 19:459-464. [PMID: 32125675 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) constitute of a group of degenerative and progressive disorders that can be identified on a molecular and cellular basis. Along with histological changes, the clinical presentation of SCA differs between subtypes. In addition to basic cerebellar dysfunction symptoms, patients with SCA develop gait ataxia, dysphagia, dysarthria, oculomotor disturbances, pyramidal and extrapyramidal disease signs, rigidity, bradycardia, sensory deficits, and mild cognitive and executive function decline. MRI scans have confirmed reduction in mass of frontal, temporal, and parietal portions of the brain along with the cerebellar peduncles, brainstem, and cranial nerve III. Clinically, these damages manifest as decline in cognition and problems with speech, contemplation, and vision. This review article compares the most prevalent subtypes of SCA based on genetic background, pathogenesis, neurological manifestations, other presenting symptoms, and diagnostic workup. Further goals of research in this field should be directed towards a cure for SCA, which currently does not exist.
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Sugiyama A, Sato N, Kimura Y, Fujii H, Maikusa N, Shigemoto Y, Suzuki F, Morimoto E, Koide K, Takahashi Y, Matsuda H, Kuwabara S. Quantifying iron deposition in the cerebellar subtype of multiple system atrophy and spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 by quantitative susceptibility mapping. J Neurol Sci 2019; 407:116525. [PMID: 31639532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.116525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We used quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) to assess the brain iron deposition in 28 patients with the cerebellar subtype of multiple system atrophy (MSA-C), nine patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6), and 23 healthy controls. Two reviewers independently measured the mean QSM values in brain structures including the putamen, globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, red nucleus, substantia nigra, and cerebellar dentate nucleus. A receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was performed to assess the diagnostic usefulness of the QSM measurements. The QSM values in the substantia nigra were significantly higher in the MSA-C group compared to the HC group (p = .007). The QSM values in the cerebellar dentate nucleus were significantly higher in MSA-C than those in the SCA6 and HC groups (p < .001), and significantly lower in the SCA6 patients compared to the HCs (p = .027). The QSM values in the cerebellar dentate nucleus were correlated with disease duration in MSA-C, but inversely correlated with disease duration in SCA6. In the ROC analysis, the QSM values in the cerebellar dentate nucleus showed excellent accuracy for differentiating MSA-C from SCA6 (area under curve [AUC], 0.925), and good accuracy for differentiating MSA-C from healthy controls (AUC 0.834). QSM can identify increased susceptibility of the substantia nigra and cerebellar dentate nucleus in MSA-C patients. These results suggest that an increase in iron accumulation in the cerebellar dentate nucleus may be secondary to the neurodegeneration associated with MSA-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiko Sugiyama
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Sato
- Department of Radiology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yukio Kimura
- Department of Radiology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fujii
- Department of Radiology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihide Maikusa
- Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Shigemoto
- Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Radiology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumio Suzuki
- Department of Radiology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emiko Morimoto
- Department of Radiology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Koide
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuwabara
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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9
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Soga K, Ishikawa K, Furuya T, Iida T, Yamada T, Ando N, Ota K, Kanno-Okada H, Tanaka S, Shintaku M, Eishi Y, Mizusawa H, Yokota T. Gene dosage effect in spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 homozygotes: A clinical and neuropathological study. J Neurol Sci 2016; 373:321-328. [PMID: 28131213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder. However, it remains unclear whether SCA6 shows a gene dosage effect, defined by earlier age-of-onset in homozygotes than heterozygotes. Herein, we retrospectively analyzed four homozygous SCA6 subjects from our single institution cohort of 120 SCA6 subjects. We also performed a neuropathological investigation into an SCA6 individual with compound heterozygous expansions. In the 116 heterozygotes, there was an inverse correlation of age-of-onset with the number of CAG repeats in the expanded allele, and with the total number of CAG repeats, in both normal and expanded alleles. The age-of-onset in the four homozygotes was within the 95% confidence interval of the age-of-onset versus the repeat-lengths correlations determined in the 116 heterozygotes. Nevertheless, all homozygotes had earlier onset than their parents, and showed rapid disease progression. Neuropathology revealed neuronal loss, as well as α1A-calcium channel protein aggregates in Purkinje cells, a few α1A-calcium channel protein aggregates in the neocortex and basal ganglia, and neuronal loss in Clarke's column and the globus pallidus not seen in heterozygotes. These data suggest a mild clinical and neuropathological gene dosage effect in SCA6 subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Soga
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kinya Ishikawa
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; The Center for Personalized Medicine for Healthy Aging, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
| | - Tokuro Furuya
- Department of Neurology, Kawaguchi Kogyo General Hospital, 1-18-15 Aoki, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0031, Japan
| | - Tadatsune Iida
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamada
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Bunkyo Gakuin University Graduate School of Health Care Science, 2-4-1 Mukogaoka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0023, Japan
| | - Noboru Ando
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kiyobumi Ota
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kanno-Okada
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan; Department of Surgical Pathology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Hokkaido University, North 14, West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8648, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shintaku
- Department of Pathology, Shiga Medical Center for Adults, 5-4-30 Moriyama, Moriyama, Shiga 524-8524, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Eishi
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Mizusawa
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; The National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Takanori Yokota
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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Sinha S, Tyagi C, Goyal S, Jamal S, Somvanshi P, Grover A. Fragment based G-QSAR and molecular dynamics based mechanistic simulations into hydroxamic-based HDAC inhibitors against spinocerebellar ataxia. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 34:2281-95. [PMID: 26510381 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1113386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Expansion of polyglutamine (CAG) triplets within the coding gene ataxin 2 results in transcriptional repression, forming the molecular basis of the neurodegenerative disorder named spinocerebellar ataxia type-2 (SCA2). HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have been elements of great interest in polyglutamine disorders such as Huntington's and Ataxia's. In this study, we have selected hydroxamic acid derivatives as HDACi and performed fragment-based G-QSAR, molecular docking studies and molecular dynamics simulations for elucidating the dynamic mode of action of HDACi with His-Asp catalytic dyad of HDAC4. The model was statistically validated to establish its predictive robustness. The model was statistically significant with r(2) value of .6297, cross-validated co-relation coefficient q(2) value of .5905 and pred_r(2) (predicted square co-relation coefficient) value of .85. An F-test value of 56.11 confirms absolute robustness of the model. Two combinatorial libraries comprising of 3180 compounds were created with hydroxamate moiety as the template and their pIC50 activities were predicted based on the G-QSAR model. The combinatorial library created was screened on the basis of predicted activity (pIC50), with two resultant top scoring compounds, HIC and DHC. The interaction of the compounds with His-Asp dyad in terms of H-bond interactions with His802, Asp840, Pro942, and Gly975 residues of HDAC4 was evaluated by docking and 20 ns long molecular dynamics simulations. This study provides valuable leads for structural substitutions required for hydroxamate moiety to exhibit enhanced inhibitory activity against HDAC4. The reported compounds demonstrated good binding and thus can be considered as potent therapeutic leads against ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Sinha
- a Department of Biotechnology , TERI University , 10 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070 , India
| | - Chetna Tyagi
- b Indian Agricultural Research Institute , PUSA Road, New Delhi 110012 , India
| | - Sukriti Goyal
- c Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Banasthali University , Tonk , Rajasthan 304022 , India
| | - Salma Jamal
- c Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Banasthali University , Tonk , Rajasthan 304022 , India
| | - Pallavi Somvanshi
- a Department of Biotechnology , TERI University , 10 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070 , India
| | - Abhinav Grover
- d School of Biotechnology , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi 110067 , India
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Ulatowski LM, Manor D. Vitamin E and neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 84:78-83. [PMID: 25913028 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) is a plant-derived antioxidant that is essential for human health. Studies with humans and with animal models of vitamin E deficiency established the critical roles of the vitamin in protecting the central nervous system, and especially the cerebellum, from oxidative damage and motor coordination deficits. We review here the established roles of vitamin E in protecting cerebellar functions, as well as emerging data demonstrating the critical roles of alpha-tocopherol in preserving learning, memory and emotive responses. We also discuss the importance of vitamin E adequacy in seemingly unrelated neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Ulatowski
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Danny Manor
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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12
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Stefanescu MR, Dohnalek M, Maderwald S, Thürling M, Minnerop M, Beck A, Schlamann M, Diedrichsen J, Ladd ME, Timmann D. Structural and functional MRI abnormalities of cerebellar cortex and nuclei in SCA3, SCA6 and Friedreich's ataxia. Brain 2015; 138:1182-97. [PMID: 25818870 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 and Friedreich's ataxia are common hereditary ataxias. Different patterns of atrophy of the cerebellar cortex are well known. Data on cerebellar nuclei are sparse. Whereas cerebellar nuclei have long been thought to be preserved in spinocerebellar ataxia type 6, histology shows marked atrophy of the nuclei in Friedreich's ataxia and spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. In the present study susceptibility weighted imaging was used to assess atrophy of the cerebellar nuclei in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (n = 12, age range 41-76 years, five female), Friedreich's ataxia (n = 12, age range 21-55 years, seven female), spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (n = 10, age range 34-67 years, three female), and age- and gender-matched controls (total n = 23, age range 22-75 years, 10 female). T1-weighted magnetic resonance images were used to calculate the volume of the cerebellum. In addition, ultra-high field functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed with optimized normalization methods to assess function of the cerebellar cortex and nuclei during simple hand movements. As expected, the volume of the cerebellum was markedly reduced in spinocerebellar ataxia type 6, preserved in Friedreich's ataxia, and mildy reduced in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. The volume of the cerebellar nuclei was reduced in the three patient groups compared to matched controls (P-values < 0.05; two-sample t-tests). Atrophy of the cerebellar nuclei was most pronounced in spinocerebellar ataxia type 6. On a functional level, hand-movement-related cerebellar activation was altered in all three disorders. Within the cerebellar cortex, functional magnetic resonance imaging signal was significantly reduced in spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 and Friedreich's ataxia compared to matched controls (P-values < 0.001, bootstrap-corrected cluster-size threshold; two-sample t-tests). The difference missed significance in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. Within the cerebellar nuclei, reductions were significant when comparing spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 and Friedreich's ataxia to matched controls (P < 0.01, bootstrap-corrected cluster-size threshold; two-sample t-tests). Susceptibility weighted imaging allowed depiction of atrophy of the cerebellar nuclei in patients with Friedreich's ataxia and spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. In spinocerebellar ataxia type 6, pathology was not restricted to the cerebellar cortex but also involved the cerebellar nuclei. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data, on the other hand, revealed that pathology in Friedreich's ataxia and spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 is not restricted to the cerebellar nuclei. There was functional involvement of the cerebellar cortex despite no or little structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Stefanescu
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany 2 Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Moritz Dohnalek
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Maderwald
- 2 Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Thürling
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany 2 Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martina Minnerop
- 3 Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany 4 Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Beck
- 5 Department of Computer Sciences, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc Schlamann
- 6 Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Joern Diedrichsen
- 7 Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark E Ladd
- 2 Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany 6 Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany 8 Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Reyngoudt H, Achten E, Paemeleire K. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in migraine: what have we learned so far? Cephalalgia 2012; 32:845-59. [PMID: 22763498 DOI: 10.1177/0333102412452048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize and evaluate proton ((1)H) and phosphorus ((31)P) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) findings in migraine. METHODS A thorough review of (1)H and/or (31)P-MRS studies in any form of migraine published up to September 2011. RESULTS Some findings were consistent in all studies, such as a lack of ictal/interictal brain pH change and a disturbed energy metabolism, the latter of which is reflected in a drop in phosphocreatine content, both in the resting brain and in muscle following exercise. In a recent interictal study ATP was found to be significantly decreased in the occipital lobe of migraine with aura patients, reinforcing the concept of a mitochondrial component to the migraine threshold, at least in a subgroup of patients. In several studies a correlation between the extent of the energy disturbance and the clinical phenotype severity was apparent. Less consistent but still congruent with a disturbed energy metabolism is an observed lactate increase in the occipital cortex of several migraine subtypes (MwA, migraine with prolonged aura). No increases in brain glutamate levels were found. CONCLUSION The combined abnormalities found in MRS studies imply a mitochondrial component in migraine neurobiology. This could be due to a primary mitochondrial dysfunction or be secondary to, for example, alterations in brain excitability. The extent of variation in the data can be attributed to both the variable clinical inclusion criteria used and the variation in applied methodology. Therefore it is necessary to continue to optimize MRS methodology to gain further insights, especially concerning lactate and glutamate.
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Tateno F, Sakakibara R, Sugiyama M, Kishi M, Ogawa E, Takahashi O, Yano M, Uchiyama T, Yamamoto T, Tsuyuzaki Y. Lower Urinary Tract Function in Spinocerebellar Ataxia 6. Low Urin Tract Symptoms 2011; 4:41-4. [PMID: 26676458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1757-5672.2011.00111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate lower urinary tract function in spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6). METHODS We recruited, without bias, nine SCA6 patients with a mean cytosine-adenine-guanine repeat length of 24.3 (21-26, normal <18). They were four men, five women; mean age 58.6 years; mean disease duration 8.2 years. We performed a urinary symptom questionnaire and a urodynamics. RESULTS Urinary symptoms were observed in five of nine patients (56%) and urinary frequency in three of nine patients (33%), and none had urinary retention. Urodynamic abnormalities included detrusor overactivity in one (11%) and weak detrusor on voiding in two, but none had postvoid residual urine. Sphincter electromyography revealed, while mild in degree, neurogenic change in five of the eight patients (63%) on whom the test was performed. CONCLUSION We observed urinary frequency in 33%; detrusor overactivity in only 11%; and neurogenic change in the sphincter electromyography in 63% of our nine SCA6 patients. These findings might be relevant to the cerebellar and spinal cord pathologies of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuki Tateno
- Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University, Sakura, JapanClinical Physiology Unit, Sakura Medical Center, Toho University, Sakura, JapanDepartment of Urology, Toho University, Sakura, JapanDepartment of Neurology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryuji Sakakibara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University, Sakura, JapanClinical Physiology Unit, Sakura Medical Center, Toho University, Sakura, JapanDepartment of Urology, Toho University, Sakura, JapanDepartment of Neurology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Megumi Sugiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University, Sakura, JapanClinical Physiology Unit, Sakura Medical Center, Toho University, Sakura, JapanDepartment of Urology, Toho University, Sakura, JapanDepartment of Neurology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kishi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University, Sakura, JapanClinical Physiology Unit, Sakura Medical Center, Toho University, Sakura, JapanDepartment of Urology, Toho University, Sakura, JapanDepartment of Neurology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Emina Ogawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University, Sakura, JapanClinical Physiology Unit, Sakura Medical Center, Toho University, Sakura, JapanDepartment of Urology, Toho University, Sakura, JapanDepartment of Neurology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Osamu Takahashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University, Sakura, JapanClinical Physiology Unit, Sakura Medical Center, Toho University, Sakura, JapanDepartment of Urology, Toho University, Sakura, JapanDepartment of Neurology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masashi Yano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University, Sakura, JapanClinical Physiology Unit, Sakura Medical Center, Toho University, Sakura, JapanDepartment of Urology, Toho University, Sakura, JapanDepartment of Neurology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Uchiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University, Sakura, JapanClinical Physiology Unit, Sakura Medical Center, Toho University, Sakura, JapanDepartment of Urology, Toho University, Sakura, JapanDepartment of Neurology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University, Sakura, JapanClinical Physiology Unit, Sakura Medical Center, Toho University, Sakura, JapanDepartment of Urology, Toho University, Sakura, JapanDepartment of Neurology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yohei Tsuyuzaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University, Sakura, JapanClinical Physiology Unit, Sakura Medical Center, Toho University, Sakura, JapanDepartment of Urology, Toho University, Sakura, JapanDepartment of Neurology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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