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Andersen HB, Andersen M, Bennedsgaard K, Kerrn-Jespersen S, Kyng KJ, Holm IE, Henriksen TB. No Differences in Cerebral Immunohistochemical Markers following Remote Ischemic Postconditioning in Newborn Piglets with Hypoxia-Ischemia. Neuropediatrics 2022; 53:423-431. [PMID: 35777661 PMCID: PMC9643070 DOI: 10.1055/a-1889-8544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite therapeutic hypothermia, neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy still develop neurological disabilities. We have previously investigated neuroprotection by remote ischemic postconditioning (RIPC) in newborn piglets following hypoxia-ischemia (HI). The aim of this study was to further investigate potential effects of RIPC on cerebral immunohistochemical markers related to edema, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. METHODS Brain expression of aquaporin 4, caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma 2, and vascular endothelial growth factor was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 23 piglets, randomly selected from a larger study of RIPC after HI. Twenty animals were subjected to 45 minutes of HI and randomized to treatment with and without RIPC, while three animals were randomized to sham procedures. RIPC was conducted by four conditioning cycles of 5-minute ischemia and reperfusion. Piglets were euthanized 72 hours after the HI insult. RESULTS Piglets subjected to HI treated with and without RIPC were similar at baseline and following the HI insult. However, piglets randomized to HI alone had longer duration of low blood pressure during the insult. We found no differences in the brain expression of the immunohistochemical markers in any regions of interest or the whole brain between the two HI groups. CONCLUSION RIPC did not influence brain expression of markers related to edema, apoptosis, or angiogenesis in newborn piglets at 72 hours after HI. These results support previous findings of limited neuroprotective effect by this RIPC protocol. Our results may have been affected by the time of assessment, use of fentanyl as anesthetic, or limitations related to our immunohistochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah B. Andersen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mads Andersen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristine Bennedsgaard
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sigrid Kerrn-Jespersen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kasper J. Kyng
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ida E. Holm
- Department of Pathology, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
| | - Tine B. Henriksen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Huang D, Liu H, Qu Y, Wang P. Non-invasive remote ischemic postconditioning stimulates neurogenesis during the recovery phase after cerebral ischemia. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1805-1818. [PMID: 28707040 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic postconditioning (IPostC) has been reported to have neuroprotection against ischemic diseases, and one cycle of IPostC induces neurogenesis when treated nearby. To expanding these effects, we explored the effects of repetitively remote IPostC (NRIPostC) on neurogenesis in the subgranular zone (SGZ) and subentricular zone (SVZ) during stroke recovery. Animals underwent transient cerebral ischemia were treated with vehicle or NRIPostC immediately after reperfusion. Neurological severity scores, infarct size, neurogenesis, and protein expression levels of nestin and GFAP were quantified at 3d, 7d, 14d, 21d and 28d post-ischemia. Results showed that NRIPostC significantly reduced acute infarction and improved neurological outcomes during the recovery phase. Meanwhile, NRIPostC significantly increased the number of BrdU+/nestin+ cells in SGZ on day 14 and in the SVZ on days 3, 7 and 14 respectively, and the number of DCX+ cells from days 3 to 14. There were significant increments in the number of BrdU+/NeuN+ and BrdU+/GFAP+ cells in the SGZ and SVZ during the stroke recovery. The changing tendency of the protein expression of nestin and GFAP in DG was consistent with the result mentioned above. In conclusion, NRIPostC reduced acute infarction and improved functional outcomes up to 28d, and it induced neurogenesis both in the SGZ and SVZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghong Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Qu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pu Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University School, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
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Gao X, Liu Y, Xie Y, Wang Y, Qi S. Remote ischemic postconditioning confers neuroprotective effects via inhibition of the BID-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:515-522. [PMID: 28560462 PMCID: PMC5482128 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic postconditioning has been demonstrated to alleviate brain ischemia/reperfusion-induced neuronal apoptosis; however, the protective mechanisms underlying the improved and more convenient method of remote ischemic postconditioning (RIPostC) are only recently beginning to be elucidated. Mitochondria are important in the regulation of cell apoptosis, and the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) homology 3 interacting-domain death agonist (BID) promotes the insertion/oligomerization of Bcl-2-associated X protein into the mitochondrial outer membrane, leading to the release of proapoptotic proteins from the mitochondria. The present study hypothesized that RIPostC targets the BID-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway to exert neuroprotective effects, and the optimal time window for RIPostC application was investigated. RIPostC was conducted as follows: Three 10-min cycles of bilateral femoral artery occlusion with intervals of 10 min reperfusion after 0, 10 or 30 min of brain reperfusion. The results revealed that reperfusion induced significant activation of BID, via proteolytic cleavage and translocation to the mitochondria, as determined using western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining. Mitochondrial release of cytochrome c was additionally detected during BID activation, all of which were inhibited by the application of RIPostC. When RIPostC was applied during reperfusion, it demonstrated a significant protective effect. Furthermore, the infarct volume, neurological function and the degree of neuronal apoptosis were improved with application of RIPostC. These results suggested that the protective mechanisms of RIPostC may be associated with inhibition of the BID-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, which may act as a potential molecular target for therapeutic intervention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yuying Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Sihua Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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Leandra C, Tasca CI, Boeck CR. The Role of NMDA Receptors in the Development of Brain Resistance through Pre- and Postconditioning. Aging Dis 2014; 5:430-41. [PMID: 25489494 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.0500430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tolerance or resistance can be achieved by interventions before and after injury through potential toxic agents used in low stimulus or dose. For brain diseases, the neuroprotection paradigm desires an attenuation of the resulting motor, cognitive, emotional, or memory deficits following the insult. Preconditioning is a well-established experimental and clinical translational strategy with great beneficial effects, but limited applications. NMDA receptors have been reported as protagonists in the adjacent cellular mechanisms contributing to the development of brain tolerance. Postconditioning has recently emerged as a new neuroprotective strategy, which has shown interesting results when applied immediately, i.e. several hours to days, after a stroke event. Investigations using chemical postconditioning are still incipient, but nevertheless represent an interesting and promising clinical strategy. In the present review pre- and postconditioning are discussed as neuroprotective paradigms and the focus of our attention lies on the participation of NMDA receptors proteins in the processes related to neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla Inês Tasca
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC, Campus Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Carina Rodrigues Boeck
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Programa de Pós-graduação Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense-UNESC, Criciúma, 88806-000, SC, Brazil
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Biological networks in ischemic tolerance - rethinking the approach to clinical conditioning. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 4:114-29. [PMID: 24223074 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive response (conditioning) to environmental stressors evokes evolutionarily conserved programs in uni- and multicellular organisms that result in increased fitness and resistance to stressor induced injury. Although the concept of conditioning has been around for a while, its translation into clinical therapies targeting neurovascular diseases has only recently begun. The slow pace of clinical adoption might be partially explained by our poor understanding of underpinning mechanisms and of the complex responses of the organism to the stressor. At the 2(nd) Translational Preconditioning Meeting participants engaged in an intense discussion addressing whether the time has come to more aggressively implement clinical conditioning protocols in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases or whether it would be better to wait until preclinical data would help to minimize clinical empiricism. This review addresses the complex involvement of biological networks in establishing ischemic tolerance at the organism level using two clinically promising conditioning modalities, namely remote ischemic preconditioning, and per- or post-conditioning, as examples.
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Ma XD, Song JN, Zhang M, An JY, Zhao YL, Zhang BF. Advances in research of the neuroprotective mechanisms of cerebral ischemic postconditioning. Int J Neurosci 2014; 125:161-9. [PMID: 24754439 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2014.917413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic postconditioning refers to controlling reperfusion blood flow during reperfusion after ischemia, which can induce an endogenous neuroprotective effect and reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury. Activation of endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms plays a key role in protecting against brain ischemia-reperfusion injury. The mechanisms of cerebral ischemic postconditioning are not completely clear, and the following aspects may be involved: downregulation of oxidative stress, attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction, attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress, accelerating the elimination of glutamate, increasing rCBF, inhibiting apoptosis, inhibiting autophagy, and regulating signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Stetler RA, Leak RK, Gan Y, Li P, Zhang F, Hu X, Jing Z, Chen J, Zigmond MJ, Gao Y. Preconditioning provides neuroprotection in models of CNS disease: paradigms and clinical significance. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 114:58-83. [PMID: 24389580 PMCID: PMC3937258 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Preconditioning is a phenomenon in which brief episodes of a sublethal insult induce robust protection against subsequent lethal injuries. Preconditioning has been observed in multiple organisms and can occur in the brain as well as other tissues. Extensive animal studies suggest that the brain can be preconditioned to resist acute injuries, such as ischemic stroke, neonatal hypoxia/ischemia, surgical brain injury, trauma, and agents that are used in models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Effective preconditioning stimuli are numerous and diverse, ranging from transient ischemia, hypoxia, hyperbaric oxygen, hypothermia and hyperthermia, to exposure to neurotoxins and pharmacological agents. The phenomenon of "cross-tolerance," in which a sublethal stress protects against a different type of injury, suggests that different preconditioning stimuli may confer protection against a wide range of injuries. Research conducted over the past few decades indicates that brain preconditioning is complex, involving multiple effectors such as metabolic inhibition, activation of extra- and intracellular defense mechanisms, a shift in the neuronal excitatory/inhibitory balance, and reduction in inflammatory sequelae. An improved understanding of brain preconditioning should help us identify innovative therapeutic strategies that prevent or at least reduce neuronal damage in susceptible patients. In this review, we focus on the experimental evidence of preconditioning in the brain and systematically survey the models used to develop paradigms for neuroprotection, and then discuss the clinical potential of brain preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Anne Stetler
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Neurology and Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Yu Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Neurology and Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Peiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Neurology and Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Neurology and Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Department of Neurology and Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Zheng Jing
- Department of Neurology and Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Neurology and Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Michael J Zigmond
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Neurology and Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Inhibition of microRNA-181 reduces forebrain ischemia-induced neuronal loss. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1976-82. [PMID: 24002437 PMCID: PMC3851907 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA), miR-181a, is enriched in the brain, and inhibition of miR-181a reduced astrocyte death in vitro and infarct volume after stroke in vivo. This study investigated the role of miR-181a in neuronal injury in vitro and hippocampal neuronal loss in vivo after forebrain ischemia. miR-181a levels were altered by transfection with mimic or antagomir. N2a cells subjected to serum deprivation and oxidative stress showed less cell death when miR-181a was reduced and increased death when miR-181a increased; protection was associated with increased Bcl-2 protein. In contrast, transfected primary neurons did not show altered levels of cell death when miR-181a levels changed. Naive male rats and rats stereotactically infused with miR-181a antagomir or control were subjected to forebrain ischemia and cornus ammonis (CA)1 neuronal survival and protein levels were assessed. Forebrain ischemia increased miR-181a expression and decreased Bcl-2 protein in the hippocampal CA1 region. miR-181a antagomir reduced miR-181a levels, reduced CA1 neuronal loss, increased Bcl-2 protein, and significantly prevented the decrease of glutamate transporter 1. Thus, miR-181a antagomir reduced evidence of astrocyte dysfunction and increased CA1 neuronal survival. miR-181a inhibition is thus a potential target in the setting of forebrain or global cerebral ischemia as well as focal ischemia.
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Liang J, Yao J, Wang G, Wang Y, Wang B, Ge P. Ischemic postconditioning protects neuronal death caused by cerebral ischemia and reperfusion via attenuating protein aggregation. Int J Med Sci 2012; 9:923-32. [PMID: 23236262 PMCID: PMC3520018 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.4878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of ischemic postconditioning on protein aggregation caused by transient ischemia and reperfusion and to clarify its underlying mechanism. METHODS Two-vessel-occluded transient global ischemia rat model was used. The rats in ischemic postconditioning group were subjected to three cycles of 30-s/30-s reperfusion/clamping after 15 min of ischemia. Neuronal death in the CA1 region was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, and number of live neurons was assessed by cell counting under a light microscope. Succinyl-LLVY-AMC was used as substrate to assay proteasome activity in vitro. Protein carbonyl content was spectrophotometrically measured to analyze protein oxidization. Immunochemistry and laser scanning confocal microscopy were used to observe the distribution of ubiquitin in the CA1 neurons. Western blotting was used to analyze the quantitative alterations of protein aggregates, proteasome, hsp70 and hsp40 in cellular fractions under different ischemic conditions. RESULTS Histological examination showed that the percentage of live neurons in the CA1 region was elevated from 5.21% ± 1.21% to 55.32% ± 5.34% after administration of ischemic postconditioning (P = 0.0087). Western blotting analysis showed that the protein aggregates in the ischemia group was 32.12 ± 4.87, 41.86 ± 4.71 and 34.51 ± 5.18 times higher than that in the sham group at reperfusion 12h, 24h and 48h, respectively. However, protein aggregates were alleviated significantly by ischemic postconditioning to 2.84 ± 0.97, 13.72 ± 2.13 and 14.37 ± 2.42 times at each indicated time point (P = 0.000032, 0.0000051 and 0.0000082). Laser scanning confocal images showed ubiquitin labeled protein aggregates could not be discerned in the ischemic postconditioning group. Further study showed that ischemic postconditioning suppressed the production of carbonyl derivatives, elevated proteasome activity that was damaged by ischemia and reperfusion, increased the expression of chaperone hsp70, and maintained the quantity of chaperone hsp40. CONCLUSION Ischemic postconditioning could rescue significantly neuronal death in the CA1 region caused by transient ischemia and reperfusion, which is closely associated with suppressing the formation of protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, PR China
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