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Yazdi SAM, Miri S, Vesali B, Nazar E. Collision tumor of squamous cell carcinoma of the scalp and meningioma: A case report. Radiol Case Rep 2023; 18:4012-4015. [PMID: 37691759 PMCID: PMC10491647 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2023.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Finding 2 different histological tumor types at the same site is extremely unusual, especially in patients with no history of radiation exposure or a family history of cancer. We describe a rare case of co-occurrence of meningioma and squamous cell carcinoma at the same site. A 67-year-old woman with a 6-month headache and a verrucous ulcerative mass on her frontoparietal region is the subject of this case study. Her medical history and her family's medical history are both blank. Her bilateral frontoparietal regions were found to have large heterogeneous lesions with areas of necrosis and superficial ulceration on radiological examination. An extensive heterogeneous extra-axial lesion was discovered during further radiological analysis in the left parasagittal region. Histopathologic examination revealed an impinging tumor consisting of a meningioma and squamous cell carcinoma at the same site. It is extremely uncommon to have multiple primary scalp cancers of different cell types present at the same time. To identify these cancers and choose the best treatments, clinicians will benefit from the information in our case reports.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeedeh Miri
- Department of Pathology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnoud Vesali
- Department of Pathology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Nazar
- Department of Pathology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Han YP, Lin HW, Li H. Cancer Stem Cells in Tumours of the Central Nervous System in Children: A Comprehensive Review. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3154. [PMID: 37370764 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subgroup of cells found in various kinds of tumours with stem cell characteristics, such as self-renewal, induced differentiation, and tumourigenicity. The existence of CSCs is regarded as a major source of tumour recurrence, metastasis, and resistance to conventional chemotherapy and radiation treatment. Tumours of the central nervous system (CNS) are the most common solid tumours in children, which have many different types including highly malignant embryonal tumours and midline gliomas, and low-grade gliomas with favourable prognoses. Stem cells from the CNS tumours have been largely found and reported by researchers in the last decade and their roles in tumour biology have been deeply studied. However, the cross-talk of CSCs among different CNS tumour types and their clinical impacts have been rarely discussed. This article comprehensively reviews the achievements in research on CSCs in paediatric CNS tumours. Biological functions, diagnostic values, and therapeutic perspectives are reviewed in detail. Further investigations into CSCs are warranted to improve the clinical practice in treating children with CNS tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Peng Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Hou-Wei Lin
- Department of Paediatric Urology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Jiaxing Women and Children Hospital Affiliated to Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai 201102, China
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3
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Tang H, Shen Z, Eisenstat DD, Dunn IF. Editorial: Meningioma: From basic research to clinical translational study, volume II. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1150514. [PMID: 37051539 PMCID: PMC10083494 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1150514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China
- Neurosugical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhewei Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China
- Neurosugical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - David D. Eisenstat
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Ian F. Dunn, ; David D. Eisenstat,
| | - Ian F. Dunn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- *Correspondence: Ian F. Dunn, ; David D. Eisenstat,
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Dissecting Stemness in Aggressive Intracranial Meningiomas: Prognostic Role of SOX2 Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911690. [PMID: 36232992 PMCID: PMC9570252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningiomas are mostly benign tumors that, at times, can behave aggressively, displaying recurrence despite gross-total resection (GTR) and progression to overt malignancy. Such cases represent a clinical challenge, particularly because they are difficult to recognize at first diagnosis. SOX2 (Sex-determining region Y-box2) is a transcription factor with a key role in stem cell maintenance and has been associated with tumorigenesis in a variety of cancers. The purpose of the present work was to dissect the role of SOX2 in predicting the aggressiveness of meningioma. We analyzed progressive/recurrent WHO grade 1−2 meningiomas and WHO grade 3 meningiomas; as controls, non-recurring WHO grade 1 and grade 2 meningioma patients were enrolled. SOX2 expression was evaluated using both immunohistochemistry (IHC) and RT-PCR. The final analysis included 87 patients. IHC was able to reliably assess SOX2 expression, as shown by the good correlation with mRNA levels (Spearman R = 0.0398, p = 0.001, AUC 0.87). SOX2 expression was an intrinsic characteristic of any single tumor and did not change following recurrence or progression. Importantly, SOX2 expression at first surgery was strongly related to meningioma clinical behavior, histological grade and risk of recurrence. Finally, survival data suggest a prognostic role of SOX2 expression in the whole series, both for overall and for recurrence-free survival (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0001, respectively). Thus, SOX2 assessment could be of great help to clinicians in informing adjuvant treatments during follow-up.
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Bahmad HF, Daher D, Aljamal AA, Elajami MK, Oh KS, Alvarez Moreno JC, Delgado R, Suarez R, Zaldivar A, Azimi R, Castellano A, Sackstein R, Poppiti RJ. Repurposing of Anticancer Stem Cell Drugs in Brain Tumors. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:749-773. [PMID: 34165342 PMCID: PMC8647630 DOI: 10.1369/00221554211025482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors in adults may be infrequent when compared with other cancer etiologies, but they remain one of the deadliest with bleak survival rates. Current treatment modalities encompass surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. However, increasing resistance rates are being witnessed, and this has been attributed, in part, to cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are a subpopulation of cancer cells that reside within the tumor bulk and have the capacity for self-renewal and can differentiate and proliferate into multiple cell lineages. Studying those CSCs enables an increasing understanding of carcinogenesis, and targeting CSCs may overcome existing treatment resistance. One approach to weaponize new drugs is to target these CSCs through drug repurposing which entails using drugs, which are Food and Drug Administration-approved and safe for one defined disease, for a new indication. This approach serves to save both time and money that would otherwise be spent in designing a totally new therapy. In this review, we will illustrate drug repurposing strategies that have been used in brain tumors and then further elaborate on how these approaches, specifically those that target the resident CSCs, can help take the field of drug repurposing to a new level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham F. Bahmad
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach,
Florida
| | - Darine Daher
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of
Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abed A. Aljamal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai
Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida
| | - Mohamad K. Elajami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai
Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida
| | - Kei Shing Oh
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach,
Florida
| | - Juan Carlos Alvarez Moreno
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach,
Florida
| | - Ruben Delgado
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach,
Florida
| | - Richard Suarez
- Department of Pathology, Herbert Wertheim
College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Ana Zaldivar
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach,
Florida
| | - Roshanak Azimi
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach,
Florida
| | - Amilcar Castellano
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach,
Florida
- Department of Pathology, Herbert Wertheim
College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Department of Translational Medicine,
Translational Glycobiology Institute, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine,
Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Robert J. Poppiti
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach,
Florida
- Department of Pathology, Herbert Wertheim
College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
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6
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Receptor Tyrosine Kinases as Candidate Prognostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Meningioma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111352. [PMID: 34768783 PMCID: PMC8583503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningioma (MGM) is the most common type of intracranial tumor in adults. The validation of novel prognostic biomarkers to better inform tumor stratification and clinical prognosis is urgently needed. Many molecular and cellular alterations have been described in MGM tumors over the past few years, providing a rational basis for the identification of biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The role of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) as oncogenes, including those of the ErbB family of receptors, has been well established in several cancer types. Here, we review histological, molecular, and clinical evidence suggesting that RTKs, including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, ErbB1), as well as other members of the ErbB family, may be useful as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in MGM.
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8
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Embryonic stem cell-like subpopulations are present within Schwannoma. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 81:201-209. [PMID: 33222917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is accumulating evidence of the presence of embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like cells in benign tumors. AIM This study aimed to identify ESC-like cells in Schwannoma using the induced-pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) markers OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, KLF4 and c-MYC. METHODS Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining (n = 20) and RT-qPCR (n = 6) were performed on Schwannoma tissue samples (STS) to investigate protein and mRNA expression of these iPSC markers, respectively. Immunofluorescence (IF) staining was performed to investigate co-localization of the iPSC markers with CD34, α-SMA and CD133. RESULTS IHC staining and RT-qPCR demonstrated protein and mRNA expression of all five iPSC markers, respectively. IF staining showed expression of SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC on the tumor cells and the endothelium of the tumor microvessels which also expressed OCT4, while NANOG was exclusively expressed on the endothelium of the tumor microvessels. The OCT4+/CD34+ endothelium expressed CD133. CONCLUSION We have identified a putative OCT4+/SOX2+/NANOG+/KLF4+/c-MYC+/CD133+ ESC-like subpopulation on the endothelium of tumor microvessels and an OCT4-/SOX2+/NANOG-/KLF4+/c-MYC+/CD133+ ESC-like subpopulation, within Schwannoma.
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Kim E, Kim M, So K, Park YS, Woo CG, Hyun SH. Characterization and comparison of genomic profiles between primary cancer cell lines and parent atypical meningioma tumors. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:345. [PMID: 32742192 PMCID: PMC7388534 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Meningiomas are the second most common primary tumors of the central nervous system. However, there is a paucity of data on meningioma biology due to the lack of suitable preclinical in vitro and in vivo models. In this study, we report the establishment and characterization of patient-derived, spontaneously immortalized cancer cell lines derived from World Health Organization (WHO) grade I and atypical WHO grade II meningiomas. Methods We evaluated high-resolution 3T MRI neuroimaging findings in meningioma patients which were followed by histological analysis. RT-qPCR and immunostaining analyses were performed to determine the expression levels of meningioma-related factors. Additionally, flow cytometry and sorting assays were conducted to investigate and isolate the CD133 and CD44 positive cells from primary atypical meningioma cells. Further, we compared the gene expression profiles of meningiomas and cell lines derived from them by performing whole-exome sequencing of the blood and tumor samples from the patients, and the primary cancer cell lines established from the meningioma tumor. Results Our results were consistent with earlier studies that reported mutations in NF2, SMO, and AKT1 genes in atypical meningiomas, and we also observed mutations in MYBL2, a gene that was recently discovered. Significantly, the genomic signature was consistent between the atypical meningioma cancer cell lines and the tumor and blood samples from the patient. Conclusion Our results lead us to conclude that established meningioma cell lines with a genomic signature identical to tumors might be a valuable tool for understanding meningioma tumor biology, and for screening therapeutic agents to treat recurrent meningiomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 28644 Republic of Korea.,Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Mirae Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 28644 Republic of Korea.,Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungha So
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 28644 Republic of Korea.,Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seok Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine, Cheongju, 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Gok Woo
- Department of Pathology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine, Cheongju, 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hwan Hyun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 28644 Republic of Korea.,Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 28644 Republic of Korea
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10
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Murase M, Tamura R, Kuranari Y, Sato M, Ohara K, Morimoto Y, Yoshida K, Toda M. Novel histopathological classification of meningiomas based on dural invasion. J Clin Pathol 2020; 74:238-243. [PMID: 32546547 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Histological invasion into the adjacent brain parenchyma is frequently investigated in meningioma because it is an important morphological criterion for grade II meningioma according to the 2016 WHO classification. However, few studies have focused on dural invasion of meningiomas. Herein, we propose a novel histopathological classification based on dural invasion of meningiomas. METHODS Forty-nine cases with WHO grade I meningiomas who underwent Simpson grade I removal were collected. After the meningeal layer (ML) and periosteal layer (PL) of dura mater were visualised by Masson's trichrome stain, we evaluated the depth (to the ML and PL) and the patterns (1, expanding; 2, infiltrating) of dural invasion of meningiomas using serial paraffin sections. Invasion-associated markers, including Ki-67, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-9 and MMP-13, aquaporin 1 and Na-K-2Cl cotransporter, were quantitatively analysed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Thirty-five cases (71.4%) showed the dural invasion. In 27 of these 35 cases (77.1%), dural invasion was localised in ML. Type 1 (expanding type) and type 2 (infiltrating type) invasions were observed in 23 and 12 cases, respectively. The recurrence rate in cases with type 2 invasion was significantly higher than that in cases with type 1 invasion. The percentage of MMP-1-positive tumour cells was also significantly higher in cases with dural invasion than those without, suggesting involvement of MMP-1 in dural invasion. CONCLUSIONS We quantitatively evaluated the depth and patterns of dural invasion in meningiomas. The patterns of dural invasion were associated with meningioma recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murase
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Tamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kuranari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizuto Sato
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ohara
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukina Morimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Toda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Shivapathasundram G, Wickremesekera AC, Brasch HD, van Schaijik B, Marsh RW, Tan ST, Itinteang T. Expression of Components of the Renin-Angiotensin System by the Putative Stem Cell Population Within WHO Grade I Meningioma. Front Surg 2019; 6:23. [PMID: 31157231 PMCID: PMC6532688 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2019.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: We have recently demonstrated a putative stem cell population within WHO grade I meningioma (MG) that expressed embryonic stem cell (ESC) markers OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC, localized to the endothelial and pericyte layers of the microvessels. There is increasing recognition that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a critical role in stem cell biology and tumorigenesis. This study investigated the expression of components of the RAS: pro-renin receptor (PRR), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II receptor 1 (ATIIR1), and angiotensin II receptor 2 (ATIIR2) on the putative stem cell population on the microvessels of WHO grade I MG. Methods: 3,3-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed on WHO grade I MG tissue samples from 11 patients for PRR, ACE, ATIIR1, and ATIIR2. Two of the MG samples subjected to DAB IHC staining underwent immunofluorescence (IF) IHC staining to investigate co-expression of each of these components of the RAS in using combinations of CD34 and ESC marker SOX2 or OCT4. NanoString mRNA expression analysis and Western blotting (WB), were performed on six snap-frozen MG tissue samples to confirm mRNA and protein expression of these proteins, respectively. Results: DAB IHC staining demonstrated expression of PRR, ACE, ATIIR1, and ATIIR2 within all 11 MG tissue samples. WB and NanoString mRNA analyses, confirmed protein and mRNA expression of these proteins, respectively. IF IHC staining showed PRR, ATIIR1 and ATIIR2 were localized to the OCT4+ and SOX2+ endothelium and the pericyte layer of MG while ACE was localized to the OCT4+ endothelium of the microvesels. Conclusion: The novel finding of the expression of PRR, ACE, ATIIR1, and ATIIR2 on the putative stem cell population on the microvessels of WHO grade I MG, suggests that these stem cells may be a potential therapeutic target by manipulation of the RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganeshwaran Shivapathasundram
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Agadha C Wickremesekera
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Helen D Brasch
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Reginald W Marsh
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Faculty of Medicine, Auckland University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Swee T Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
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12
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Schulten HJ, Hussein D. Array expression meta-analysis of cancer stem cell genes identifies upregulation of PODXL especially in DCC low expression meningiomas. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215452. [PMID: 31083655 PMCID: PMC6513070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meningiomas are the most common intracranial tumors, with a subset of cases bearing a progressive phenotype. The DCC netrin 1 receptor (DCC) is a candidate gene for early meningioma progression. Cancer stem cell (CSC) genes are emerging as cancer therapeutic targets, as their expression is frequently associated with aggressive tumor phenotypes. The main objective of the study was to identify deregulated CSC genes in meningiomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS Interrogating two expression data repositories, significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were determined using DCC low vs. DCC high expression groups and WHO grade I (GI) vs. grade II + grade III (GII + GIII) comparison groups. Human stem cell (SC) genes were compiled from two published data sets and were extracted from the DEG lists. Biofunctional analysis was performed to assess associations between genes or molecules. RESULTS In the DCC low vs. DCC high expression groups, we assessed seven studies representing each between seven and 58 samples. The type I transmembrane protein podocalyxin like (PODXL) was markedly upregulated in DCC low expression meningiomas in six studies. Other CSC genes repeatedly deregulated included, e.g., BMP/retinoic acid inducible neural specific 1 (BRINP1), prominin 1 (PROM1), solute carrier family 24 member 3 (SLC24A3), rRho GTPase activating protein 28 (ARHGAP28), Kruppel like factor 5 (KLF5), and leucine rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 4 (LGR4). In the GI vs. GII + GIII comparison groups, we assessed six studies representing each between nine and 68 samples. DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha (TOP2A) was markedly upregulated in GII + GIII meningiomas in four studies. Other CSC genes repeatedly deregulated included, e.g., ARHGAP28 and PODXL. Network analysis revealed associations of molecules with, e.g., cellular development and movement; nervous system development and function; and cancer. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis on meningiomas identified a comprehensive list of deregulated CSC genes across different array expression studies. Especially, PODXL is of interest for functional assessment in progressive meningiomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Juergen Schulten
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
| | - Deema Hussein
- King Fahad Medical Research Center, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Rahman RMA, van Schaijik B, Brasch HD, Marsh RW, Wickremesekera AC, Johnson R, Woon K, Tan ST, Itinteang T. Expression of Cathepsins B, D, and G in WHO Grade I Meningioma. Front Surg 2019; 6:6. [PMID: 30949483 PMCID: PMC6436525 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2019.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We have recently demonstrated the presence of putative tumor stem cells (TSCs) in World Health Organization (WHO) grade I meningioma (MG) localized to the microvessels, which expresses components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The RAS is known to be dysregulated and promotes tumorigenesis in many cancer types, including glioblastoma. Cathepsins B, D, and G are isoenzymes that catalyze the production of angiotensin peptides, hence providing bypass loops for the RAS. This study investigated the expression of cathepsins B, D, and G in WHO grade I MG in relation to the putative TSC population we have previously demonstrated. Methods: 3,3-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) immunohistochemical (IHC) staining with antibodies for cathepsins B, D, and G was performed on WHO grade I MG tissue samples from 10 patients. Three of the MG samples subjected to DAB IHC staining underwent immunofluorescence (IF) IHC staining to investigate co-expression of each of these cathepsins using combinations of smooth muscle actin (SMA) and embryonic stem cell marker OCT4. NanoString mRNA expression (n = 6) and Western blotting (WB; n = 5) analyses, and enzyme activity assays (EAAs; n = 3), were performed on snap-frozen WHO grade I MG tissue samples to confirm transcriptional activation, protein expression, and functional activity of these proteins, respectively. Results: DAB IHC staining demonstrated expression of cathepsins B, D, and G in all 10 MG samples. NanoString mRNA expression and WB analyses showed transcriptional activation and protein expression of all three cathepsins, although cathepsin G was expressed at low levels. EAAs demonstrated that cathepsin B and cathepsin D were functionally active. IF IHC staining illustrated localization of cathepsin B and cathepsin D to the endothelium and SMA+ pericyte layer of the microvessels, while cathepsin G was localized to cells scattered within the interstitium, away from the microvessels. Conclusion: Cathepsin B and cathepsin D, and to a lesser extent cathepsin G, are expressed in WHO grade I MG. Cathepsin B and cathepsin D are enzymatically active and are localized to the putative TSC population on the microvessels, whereas cathepsin G was localized to cells scattered within the interstitium, These results suggest the presence of bypass loops for the RAS, within WHO grade I MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna M. A. Rahman
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Reginald W. Marsh
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
- Faculty of Medicine, Auckland University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Agadha C. Wickremesekera
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Reuben Johnson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Kelvin Woon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Swee T. Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
- Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
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Cutfield SW, Wickremesekera AC, Mantamadiotis T, Kaye AH, Tan ST, Stylli SS, Itineang T. Tumour stem cells in schwannoma: A review. J Clin Neurosci 2019; 62:21-26. [PMID: 30626543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Schwannoma is a peripheral nerve tumour, accounting for 5% of benign soft tissue tumours, with vestibular schwannoma comprising 6% of all intracranial tumours. The tumour stem cell concept is rapidly gaining traction underscoring the understanding of tumourigenesis. It proposes a small subpopulation of primitive cells as the origin of the tumour and these cells account for treatment resistance, local recurrence and distant metastasis in malignant tumours. This review outlines the stem cell markers used to identify and characterise stem cells and progenitor cells in tumours and examines current evidence of the presence of tumour stem cells in schwannoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Cutfield
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Agadha C Wickremesekera
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Theo Mantamadiotis
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew H Kaye
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Swee T Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand; Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial & Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Stanley S Stylli
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Tinte Itineang
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
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15
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Kamamoto D, Saga I, Ohara K, Yoshida K, Sasaki H. Association Between CD133, CD44, and Nestin Expression and Prognostic Factors in High-Grade Meningioma. World Neurosurg 2018; 124:S1878-8750(18)32890-0. [PMID: 30593958 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meningioma is the most common primary brain tumor. It is graded as I, II, or III based on the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system tumors. Meningiomas, especially those classified as grade II-III, have an aggressive history and a high recurrence rate. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a small subset of tumor cells and are considered to be involved in tumor initiation, growth, and/or recurrence. To date, the CSCs of meningioma have not been well established. METHODS We assessed 51 grade II/III meningiomas using immunohistochemistry to determine if a correlation exists with the prognosis by investigating CD133, CD44, and nestin expression as possible CSC markers and age, gender, initial WHO tumor grade, Simpson grade, and the use of adjuvant radiation therapy. RESULTS The median overall survival was 7.1 years, and the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 1.8 years. Univariate analysis using Cox proportional hazards regression revealed a negative correlation between CD133 and nestin expression and PFS (P = 0.0176 and P = 0.0138, respectively), and high expression of CD44 demonstrated a tendency toward a shorter PFS (P = 0.0563), as did the initial WHO grade and Simpson grade found at the initial operation (P = 0.0166 and P 0.0333, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed relevance between CD133 and nestin expression and PFS. CONCLUSIONS CD133 and nestin expression, initial WHO grade and Simpson grade were associated with PFS in patients with grade II/III meningioma. These findings might suggest that these molecules are representative of CSCs in meningioma regarding the aspect of clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Kamamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Isako Saga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ohara
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Shivapathasundram G, Wickremesekera AC, Brasch HD, Marsh R, Tan ST, Itinteang T. Expression of Embryonic Stem Cell Markers on the Microvessels of WHO Grade I Meningioma. Front Surg 2018; 5:65. [PMID: 30417000 PMCID: PMC6212465 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2018.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The presence of cells within meningioma (MG) that express embryonic stem cell (ESC) markers has been previously reported. However, the precise location of these cells has yet to be determined. Methods: 3,3-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed on 11 WHO grade I MG tissue samples for the expression of the ESC markers OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC. Immunofluorescence (IF) IHC staining was performed to investigate the localization of each of these ESC markers. NanoString and colorimetric in situ hybridization (CISH) mRNA expression analyses were performed on six snap-frozen MG tissue samples to confirm transcriptional activation of these proteins, respectively. Results: DAB IHC staining demonstrated expression of OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC within all 11 MG tissue samples. IF IHC staining demonstrated the expression of the ESC markers OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC on both the endothelial and pericyte layers of the microvessels. NanoString and CISH mRNA analyses confirmed transcription activation of these ESC markers. Conclusion: This novel finding of the expression of all aforementioned ESC markers in WHO grade I MG infers the presence of a putative stem cells population which may give rise to MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganeshwaran Shivapathasundram
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Agadha C Wickremesekera
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Helen D Brasch
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Reginald Marsh
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Department of Psychological Medicine, Auckland University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Swee T Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
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Baeesa SS, Hussein D, Altalhy A, Bakhaidar MG, Alghamdi FA, Bangash M, Abuzenadah A. Malignant Transformation and Spine Metastasis of an Intracranial Grade I Meningioma: In Situ Immunofluorescence Analysis of Cancer Stem Cells Case Report and Literature Review. World Neurosurg 2018; 120:274-289. [PMID: 30205223 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant meningiomas are rare neoplasms of the central nervous system that occur de novo or rarely as a result of transformation. They have a higher rate of recurrence and metastasis accompanied by a significantly shorter survivorship compared with benign variants. Meningioma cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been previously shown to be associated with resistance and aggressiveness. However, the role they play in meningioma progression is still being investigated. CASE DESCRIPTION We report a 29-year-old man who underwent a resection of a grade I meningioma in 2011. The patient had multiple local recurrences of the tumor that showed an aggressive change in behavior and transformation to grade III meningioma, and developed extracranial metastasis to the cervical spine. He underwent multiple operations and received radiotherapy. Analysis of the tissues indicated the presence of CSC markers before metastasis, and showed increased expressions of associated markers in the metastasized tissue. In addition, similar to the patient's profile, the pharmacological testing of a primary cell line retrieved from the metastasized tissues showed a high level of drug tolerance and a diminished ability to initiate apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Malignant progression of grade I meningioma can occur, and its eventuality may be anticipated by detecting CSCs. We performed a comprehensive literature review of relevant cases and discussed the clinical, diagnostic, and management characteristics of the reported cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh S Baeesa
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Deema Hussein
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Altalhy
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad G Bakhaidar
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Alghamdi
- Department of Pathology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Bangash
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Abuzenadah
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Center for Innovation for Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Alamir H, Alomari M, Salwati AAA, Saka M, Bangash M, Baeesa S, Alghamdi F, Carracedo A, Schulten HJ, Chaudhary A, Abuzenadah A, Hussein D. In situ characterization of stem cells-like biomarkers in meningiomas. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:77. [PMID: 29849507 PMCID: PMC5970464 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Meningioma cancer stem cells (MCSCs) contribute to tumor aggressiveness and drug resistance. Successful therapies developed for inoperable, recurrent, or metastatic tumors must target these cells and restrict their contribution to tumor progression. Unfortunately, the identity of MCSCs remains elusive, and MSCSs’ in situ spatial distribution, heterogeneity, and relationship with tumor grade, remain unclear. Methods Seven tumors classified as grade II or grade III, including one case of metastatic grade III, and eight grade I meningioma tumors, were analyzed for combinations of ten stem cell (SC)-related markers using immunofluorescence of consecutive sections. The correlation of expression for all markers were investigated. Three dimensional spatial distribution of markers were qualitatively analyzed using a grid, designed as a repository of information for positive staining. All statistical analyses were completed using Statistical Analysis Software Package. Results The patterns of expression for SC-related markers were determined in the context of two dimensional distribution and cellular features. All markers could be detected in all tumors, however, Frizzled 9 and GFAP had differential expression in grade II/III compared with grade I meningioma tissues. Correlation analysis showed significant relationships between the expression of GFAP and CD133 as well as SSEA4 and Vimentin. Data from three dimensional analysis showed a complex distribution of SC markers, with increased gene hetero-expression being associated with grade II/III tumors. Sub regions that showed multiple co-staining of markers including CD133, Frizzled 9, GFAP, Vimentin, and SSEA4, but not necessarily the proliferation marker Ki67, were highly associated with grade II/III meningiomas. Conclusion The distribution and level of expression of CSCs markers in meningiomas are variable and show hetero-expression patterns that have a complex spatial nature, particularly in grade II/III meningiomas. Thus, results strongly support the notion of heterogeneous populations of CSCs, even in grade I meningiomas, and call for the use of multiple markers for the accurate identification of individual CSC subgroups. Such identification will lead to practical clinical diagnostic protocols that can quantitate CSCs, predict tumor recurrence, assist in guiding treatment selection for inoperable tumors, and improve follow up of therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-018-0571-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanin Alamir
- 1Centre of Innovation for Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Alomari
- 2King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulla Ahmed A Salwati
- 2King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad Saka
- 2King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Bangash
- 3Division of Neurosurgery, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Baeesa
- 3Division of Neurosurgery, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Alghamdi
- 4Pathology Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Angel Carracedo
- 5Galician Foundation of Genomic Medicine-SERGAS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,6Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hans-Juergen Schulten
- 6Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Adeel Chaudhary
- 1Centre of Innovation for Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia.,6Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia.,7Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Abuzenadah
- 1Centre of Innovation for Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia.,2King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia.,7Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Deema Hussein
- 2King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80216, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
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19
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Turgut M. Tumour stem cells in meningioma: A review. J Clin Neurosci 2018; 53:280-281. [PMID: 29680442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Turgut
- Department of Neurosurgery, Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Aydın, Turkey.
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