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Ahmad MZ, Merdad KA, Sadaf D. An overview of systematic reviews on endotoxins in endodontic infections and the effectiveness of root canal therapy in its removal. Evid Based Dent 2022:10.1038/s41432-022-0826-x. [PMID: 36482195 DOI: 10.1038/s41432-022-0826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Background The objective of this overview was to synthesise the current evidence on the role of endotoxins in endodontics infections and to evaluate the effectiveness of endodontic procedures in its removal using information from published systematic reviews.Methods Electronic databases Medline, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar were searched for reviews published up to July 2021. Systematic reviews on endotoxins based on clinical and/or observational studies were included. The quality of systematic reviews was assessed with the AMSTAR2 tool.Results A total of five systematic reviews were selected, of which two reviews were of high quality. A significantly higher level of endotoxins were found in teeth with exudation, teeth with a previous episode of pain and pain on percussion. Chemomechanical preparation of root canals significantly reduce endotoxin levels. Calcium hydroxide intracanal medication in symptomatic teeth was significantly effective in endotoxin reduction (standardised mean difference -1.051 [95% confidence interval -2.039 to -0.063]; p <0.05; I2 = 83.3%; certainty of evidence = very low). Multiple session root canal treatment in teeth with symptomatic apical periodontitis was significantly more effective in endotoxins/lipopolysaccharides removal than single-session treatment.Conclusion Limited quality of evidence showed a significant association of endotoxins in infected teeth with clinical symptoms. Conventional chemomechanical preparation of root canals and intracanal medication were unable to eliminate endotoxins from the root canal system. Future evolution of effective disinfection therapies is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Z Ahmad
- Restorative Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry in Ar Rass, Qassim University, Alrass, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A Merdad
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Durre Sadaf
- Department of Microbial Diseases, University College London, Eastman Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom.
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Sadaf D, Ahmad MZ. CALCIUM HYDROXIDE (CA[OH] 2) AS AN INTRACANAL MEDICATION MAY SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE ENDOTOXINS LEVEL FROM INFECTED TEETH. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2021; 21:101616. [PMID: 34479677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2021.101616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
ARTICLE TITLE AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Bedran NR, Nadelman P, Magno MB, de Almeida Neves A, Ferreira DM, Braga Pintor AV, Maia LC, Primo LG. Does Calcium Hydroxide Reduce Endotoxins in Infected Root Canals? Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Endod. 2020 Aug 11:S0099-2399(20)30582-3. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2020.08.002. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32795549. SOURCE OF FUNDING This systematic review was supported in part by the Coordenaçao de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (finance code 001, 88882.424816/2019-01) and Fundaçao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (grant nos. E-26/202.334/2019, E-26/202.399/ 2017, and E-26/210.352/2019). TYPE OF STUDY/DESIGN Systematic review with meta-analysis.
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Arruda-Vasconcelos R, Louzada LM, Feres M, Tomson PL, Cooper PR, Gomes BPFA. Investigation of microbial profile, levels of endotoxin and lipoteichoic acid in teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a clinical study. Int Endod J 2020; 54:46-60. [PMID: 32892394 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the microbial profile, and levels of endotoxin (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), in infected dentine (ID) and root canals (RC) at different phases of root canal treatment in teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. METHODOLOGY Ten volunteers were included, and samples were collected from infected dentine (ID) and the root canal lumen (RC) using sterile excavators and paper points, respectively. RC samples were taken before (S1) and after (S2) chemo-mechanical canal preparation (CMP), and after intracanal medication (ICM; S3). Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization was used for microbial analysis. The levels of LPS and LTA were evaluated using the limulus amebocyte lysate assay and ELISA, respectively. Shapiro-Wilk's test was used to verify data normality. Friedman's test was used to evaluate statistical differences using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization in the ID and RC at the different phases of the RC treatment. Post hoc Dunn's multiple comparison test was used to verify significant differences recorded at the different time-points. The levels of LPS and LTA were analysed statistically by using repeated measures anova and Tukey's post hoc test to evaluate differences in both sites. The significance level was set at 5% (P < 0.05). RESULTS A total of 40 DNA probes were used for microbial investigation of ID and RC samples using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. The levels and complexity of bacteria were similar in the ID and initial RC samples. The levels of LPS and LTA in ID were significantly higher than the initial RC samples (S1; P < 0.05). Canal preparation was effective in significantly decreasing the levels of bacteria, LPS and LTA (P < 0.05). ICM did not provide additional reduction in the levels of bacteria and LPS (P > 0.05). However, a significant reduction in the levels of LTA was observed after ICM (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The microbial profile of infected dentine and root canals of teeth with irreversible pulpitis was complex, harbouring different species including Gram-positive and Gram-negative, cocci and bacilli, and facultative and strict anaerobes. Root canal preparation was effective in reducing the levels of bacteria, LPS and LTA from the root canals of teeth with pulpitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Arruda-Vasconcelos
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, Brazil.,Department of Oral Biology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The University of Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, UK
| | - L M Louzada
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - M Feres
- Dental Research Division, Department of Periodontology, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Brazil
| | - P L Tomson
- Department of Oral Biology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The University of Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, UK
| | - P R Cooper
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - B P F A Gomes
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Siddique R, Nivedhitha MS. Effectiveness of rotary and reciprocating systems on microbial reduction: A systematic review. J Conserv Dent 2019; 22:114-122. [PMID: 31142978 PMCID: PMC6519186 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_523_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The role of microorganism and their products in the initiation, propagation, and persistence of periradicular periodontitis has been established. One of the major goals of the treatment of infected root canals of teeth with apical periodontitis is to promote maximal reduction in the intracanal bacterial populations. Engine-driven nickel-titanium instruments possess the latest generation of root canal instruments. The possible benefit of rotary instrumentation over other instrumentation techniques regarding cleaning and disinfecting effects would be irrigant warming and/or turbulence caused by the mechanical rotation of instruments. Furthermore, reciprocating instrument has been introduced for root canal preparation. It has been shown that instruments subjected to reciprocation have increased resistance to fatigue and longer usual life when combined with instruments used in continuous rotation motion. The reciprocating system uses single-file instrumentation technique which can shape and clean the canal in a shorter period and together with the lesser amount of antimicrobial agent. Objective: The objective of this study is to compare and evaluate the microbial reduction of rotary and reciprocating systems on microbial reduction. Search Strategy: A search was performed in Electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, Cochrane library, Science direct, Lilac, Sigle) using following search terms alone and in combination by means of PubMed search builder from January 1985 to December 2017. Selection Criteria: Studies were selected if they met the following criteria: In vivo studies comparing rotary and reciprocating system in asymptomatic apical periodontitis patients. Main Results: The results showed that the reciprocating system exerted an almost similar antibacterial effect when compared with the rotary system. Conclusion: The present systematic review does not provide concrete evidence to show increased antibacterial efficacy of reciprocating system as compared to the rotary system. Furthermore, clinical trials are required to evaluate the efficacy of various instrumentation systems in reducing bacteria from the root canal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riluwan Siddique
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Malli Sureshbabu Nivedhitha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Rabello DG, Corazza BJ, Ferreira LL, Santamaria MP, Gomes AP, Martinho FC. Does supplemental photodynamic therapy optimize the disinfection of bacteria and endotoxins in one-visit and two-visit root canal therapy? A randomized clinical trial. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 19:205-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Martinho FC, Leite FRM, Nóbrega LMM, Endo MS, Nascimento GG, Darveau RP, Gomes BPFA. Comparison of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharides Clinically Isolated from Root Canal Infection in the Induction of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Secretion. Braz Dent J 2017; 27:202-7. [PMID: 27058385 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201600572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the biological activity of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) purified from Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis strains, both isolated from primary endodontic infection (PEI) in the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α released by macrophage cells. Moreover, LPS was purified from F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis American Type Collection (ATCC) and its biological activity was compared to respectively clinical isolates strains. F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis strains clinically isolated from PEI had their identification confirmed by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. LPS from F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis and their respective ATCC strains were extracted by using Tri-reagent method. Macrophages (Raw 264.7) were stimulated with LPS at 100 ng/mL for 4, 8 and 12 h. Secretion of IL-1 β and TNF-α was also determined. Paired t-test, repeated measures ANOVA and one-way ANOVA were employed. All LPS induced significant production of IL-1β and TNF-α, with the former being secreted at higher levels than the latter in all time-points. F. nucleatum induced a higher expression of both cytokines compared to P. gingivalis (p<0.05). No differences were observed between clinical and ATCC strains, as both presented the same potential to induce pro-inflammatory response. It was concluded that F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis LPS presented different patterns of activation against macrophages as seen by the IL-1β and TNF-α production, which may contribute to the immunopathogenesis of apical periodontitis. Moreover, clinical and ATCC strains grown under the same in vitro environment conditions presented similar biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico C Martinho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, São José dos Campos Dental School, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio R M Leite
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Dental School, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS, Brazil, Brazil
| | - Letícia M M Nóbrega
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos S Endo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo G Nascimento
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Dental School, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS, Brazil, Brazil
| | - Richard P Darveau
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brenda P F A Gomes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Marinho ACS, Polay ARO, Gomes BPFA. Accuracy of Turbidimetric Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Assay for the Recovery of Endotoxin Interacted with Commonly Used Antimicrobial Agents of Endodontic Therapy. J Endod 2015; 41:1653-9. [PMID: 26254546 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study was conducted to investigate whether the interaction between the turbidimetric limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) substrate for endotoxin measurement and the substances/antimicrobial agents used in endodontic therapy can lead to the inhibition/enhancement of endotoxin recovery. METHODS Ten microliters of a suspension of Escherichia coli endotoxin (O55:B55) was inoculated and kept in contact for 1 hour with different substances categorized as follows: group 1: auxiliary chemical substances: 5.25% and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solutions, 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) (gel and solution), 1% Natrosol gel (Drogal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil), 17% EDTA, 10% citric acid, 3% hydrogen peroxide, 5% sodium thiosulfate, and 0.5% Tween 80 associated with 0.07% soy lecithin (Drogal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Ltd) and group 2: intracanal medications: neomycin/polymyxin B/hydrocortisone (Otosporin; Glaxo Wellcome, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil); calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2); Ca(OH)2 + 2% CHX gel; Ca(OH)2 + 2% CHX gel + zinc oxide eugenol; Ca(OH)2 + camphorated paramonochlorophenol (Calen; S.S. White, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil); triple antibiotic paste; mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA); and iodoform. Positive and negative controls consisted of root canal hemorrhagic exudate and pyrogen-free sterile water, respectively. All samples were diluted up to a 10:4 dilution. Each dilution was individually examined by the turbidimetric LAL assay. Collected data were analyzed through performance characteristics of the LAL assay such as linearity, coefficient of variation percentage, and product positive control (PPC) values. RESULTS Correlation coefficient (≥0.980) and coefficient of variation percentage (<10%) of the standard curve in triplicate showed the tests' linearity. Spike recovery of auxiliary chemical substances achieved PPC values ranging from 50%-197%, showing no interferences with LAL substrate. Conversely, 3% hydrogen peroxide achieved product inhibition in which endotoxin values were underestimated even after the 10:4 dilutions. Regarding intracanal medicaments, neomycin/polymyxin B/hydrocortisone also inhibited endotoxin detection in all dilutions investigated (PPC values <50%). In contrast, Ca(OH)2 + 2% CHX gel + ZOE as well as triple antibiotic paste led to the enhancement of endotoxin detection in which endotoxin values could not be validated by the turbidimetric kinetic LAL assay (PPC value >200%). CONCLUSIONS The performance characteristics of the kinetic turbidimetric assay for endotoxin measurement, such as precision and reproducibility, are modulated by the interaction of the LAL substrate with the substances/antimicrobial agents used in endodontic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane C S Marinho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Piracicaba Dental School-State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana R O Polay
- Lonza do Brasil Especialidades Químicas, Brooklin Novo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brenda P F A Gomes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Piracicaba Dental School-State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Marinho ACS, Martinho FC, Gonçalves LM, Rabang HRC, Gomes BPFA. Does the Reciproc file remove root canal bacteria and endotoxins as effectively as multifile rotary systems? Int Endod J 2014; 48:542-8. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. C. S. Marinho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Endodontics Division; Piracicaba Dental School - State University of Campinas- UNICAMP; Piracicaba SP Brazil
| | - F. C. Martinho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Endodontics Division; Piracicaba Dental School - State University of Campinas- UNICAMP; Piracicaba SP Brazil
| | - L. M. Gonçalves
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry; Ceuma University-UniCEUMA; São Luis MA Brazil
| | - H. R. C. Rabang
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Endodontics Division; Piracicaba Dental School - State University of Campinas- UNICAMP; Piracicaba SP Brazil
| | - B. P. F. A. Gomes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Endodontics Division; Piracicaba Dental School - State University of Campinas- UNICAMP; Piracicaba SP Brazil
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Marinho ACS, Martinho FC, Zaia AA, Ferraz CCR, Gomes BPFDA. Monitoring the effectiveness of root canal procedures on endotoxin levels found in teeth with chronic apical periodontitis. J Appl Oral Sci 2014; 22:490-5. [PMID: 25075670 PMCID: PMC4307761 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720130664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to monitor the effectiveness of root canal procedures by
using different irrigants and intracanal medication on endotoxin levels found in
root canals of teeth with chronic apical periodontitis. Material and Methods: Thirty root canals of teeth with pulpal necrosis associated with periapical
lesions were selected and randomly divided into groups according to the irrigants
used: GI - 2.5% NaOCl, GII - 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel, and GIII - saline
solution (SS) (all, n=10). Samples were collected with sterile/apyrogenic paper
points before (S1) and after root canal instrumentation (S2), after use of 17%
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (S3), and after 30 days of intracanal
medication (Ca(OH)2+SS) (S4). A turbidimetric kinetic Limulus Amebocyte
Lysate assay was used for endotoxin measurement. Results: Endotoxins were detected in 100% of the root canals investigated (30/30), with a
median value of 18.70 EU/mL. After S2, significant median percentage reduction was
observed in all groups, irrespective of the irrigant tested: 2.5% NaOCl (99.65%)
(GI), 2% CHX (94.27%) (GII), and SS (96.79%) (GIII) (all p<0.05). Root canal
rinse with 17% EDTA (S3) for a 3-minute period failed to decrease endotoxin levels
in GI and a slight decrease was observed in GII (59%) and GIII (61.1%) (all
p>0.05). Intracanal medication for 30 days was able to significantly reduce
residual endotoxins: 2.5% NaOCl (90%) (GI), 2% CHX (88.8%) (GII), and SS (85.7%)
(GIII, p<0.05). No differences were found in the endotoxin reduction when
comparing s2 and s4 treatment groups. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated the effectiveness of the mechanical action of the
instruments along with the flow and backflow of irrigant enduring root canal
instrumentation for the endotoxin removal from root canals of teeth with chronic
apical periodontitis. Moreover, the use of intracanal medication for 30 days
contributed for an improvement of endotoxin reduction.
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Marinho ACS, Martinho FC, Zaia AA, Ferraz CCR, Gomes BPFDA. Influence of the apical enlargement size on the endotoxin level reduction of dental root canals. J Appl Oral Sci 2013; 20:661-6. [PMID: 23329249 PMCID: PMC3881856 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572012000600012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria play an essential role in endodontic infections because they
have virulence factors such as endotoxin. Due to its potential cytotoxic activity,
special attention has been given to the removal/neutralization of this endotoxin in
the root canal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Cassia Salustiano Marinho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Lee JC, Yu MK, Lee R, Lee YH, Jeon JG, Lee MH, Jhee EC, Yoo ID, Yi HK. Terrein reduces pulpal inflammation in human dental pulp cells. J Endod 2008; 34:433-7. [PMID: 18358890 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Terrein is a bioactive fungal metabolite whose anti-inflammatory properties are virtually unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of terrein on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in human dental pulp cells and to determine the mechanism of the observed effects. The LPS-induced expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 was inhibited by terrein in both a time- and dose-dependent manner. LPS-stimulated translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) into the nucleus, which was blocked by inhibitors of amino kinase terminal (AKT, LY294002), extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2, PD98059), p38 (SB203580), and c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK, SP600125) or terrein. In addition, these inhibitors and terrein also reduced the level of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in LPS-induced inflammation of pulp cells. Terrein suppressed NF-kappaB activation by blocking the activation of Akt. These results strongly suggest the potential role of terrein as an anti-inflammatory modulator in pulpal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Chang Lee
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk, Korea
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