1
|
Bhat R, Shetty S, Rai P, Kumar BK, Shetty P. Revolutionizing the diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis - Current strategies and future directions. J Oral Biosci 2024; 66:272-280. [PMID: 38508491 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulpitis primarily arises from the pulp space infection by oral microbiota. Vital pulp therapy is a minimally invasive approach that relies on assessing the severity of pulpal inflammation to facilitate repair. However, the current evaluation methods prescribed by the American Association of Endodontics are subjective, leading to ambiguity in assessment. Therefore, this review aims to explore molecular strategies for evaluating the severity of pulpal inflammation to accurately predict the success of pulp vitality preservation in clinical settings. METHODOLOGY This review was conducted by searching relevant keywords, such as irreversible pulpitis, pulpitis biomarkers, molecular diagnosis, inflammation, and genomic strategies, in databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus to address the subjective nature of diagnosis. The data included in this review were collected up to April 2023. The literature search revealed well-documented limitations in clinically assessing the pulp inflammatory. Molecular approaches that aid in clinical differentiation between irreversible and reversible pulpitis may potentially enhance favorable outcomes in vital pulp therapy. Non-invasive diagnostic methods for pulpal assessment would also be valuable for determining whether the inflamed pulp is reversible, irreversible, or necrotic. CONCLUSION The present review examines the various molecular diagnostic approaches that have revolutionized the medical field and are considered the most promising empirical methodologies for the proactive detection of pulpal diseases. It also provides comprehensive insights into the current diagnostic methods, associated challenges, next-generation strategies, and future directions for diagnosing the severity of pulp inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raksha Bhat
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences (ABSMIDS), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Shishir Shetty
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences (ABSMIDS), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Praveen Rai
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbial Genomics, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Ballamoole Krishna Kumar
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbial Genomics, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India.
| | - Preethesh Shetty
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences (ABSMIDS), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Takimoto K, Widbiller M, Diogenes A. Expression of Toll-like Receptors in Stem Cells of the Apical Papilla and Its Implication for Regenerative Endodontics. Cells 2023; 12:2502. [PMID: 37887345 PMCID: PMC10605481 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative therapies to replace cells and tissues damaged due to trauma and dental infections require temporal and spatial controlled recruitment and the differentiation of progenitor/stem cells. However, increasing evidence shows microbial antigens can interfere with this process. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAP) are required for normal dental development and are intimately involved in the reparative and regenerative capacity of developing teeth. We hypothesized that TLRs are expressed in SCAP and that the activation of TLR2/TLR4 or TLR3 by different ligands results in differential cellular fate, impacting their differentiation into a mineralizing phenotype. We found that most TLRs are expressed as detected by PCR except TLR7 and TLR8; exposure to heat-killed E. coli results in upregulating TLR2 and TLR4 and reducing mineralization capacity. In addition, bacterial exposure resulted in the upregulation of 11 genes, of which 9 were chemokines whose proteins were also upregulated and released, promoting in vitro macrophage migration. On the other hand, TLR3 activation resulted in increased proliferation and a dramatic inhibition of osteogenic and odontoblastic differentiation, which was reversed by inhibition or the knockdown of TLR3 expression. The profound effects of TLR activation resulting in different cell fates that are ligand and receptor-specific warrants further evaluation and represents an important therapeutic target to make regenerative approaches more predictable following dental infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koyo Takimoto
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA; (K.T.); (M.W.)
| | - Matthias Widbiller
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA; (K.T.); (M.W.)
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anibal Diogenes
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA; (K.T.); (M.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Álvarez-Vásquez JL, Castañeda-Alvarado CP. Dental pulp fibroblast: A star Cell. J Endod 2022; 48:1005-1019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
4
|
The role of complement C5a receptor in DPSC odontoblastic differentiation and in vivo reparative dentin formation. Int J Oral Sci 2022; 14:7. [PMID: 35087028 PMCID: PMC8795457 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-022-00158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic dentin regeneration remains difficult to achieve, and a majority of the attention has been given to anabolic strategies to promote dentinogenesis directly, whereas, the available literature is insufficient to understand the role of inflammation and inflammatory complement system on dentinogenesis. The aim of this study is to determine the role of complement C5a receptor (C5aR) in regulating dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) differentiation and in vivo dentin regeneration. Human DPSCs were subjected to odontogenic differentiation in osteogenic media treated with the C5aR agonist and C5aR antagonist. In vivo dentin formation was evaluated using the dentin injury/pulp-capping model of the C5a-deficient and wild-type mice. In vitro results demonstrate that C5aR inhibition caused a substantial reduction in odontogenic DPSCs differentiation markers such as DMP-1 and DSPP, while the C5aR activation increased these key odontogenic genes compared to control. A reparative dentin formation using the C5a-deficient mice shows that dentin regeneration is significantly reduced in the C5a-deficient mice. These data suggest a positive role of C5aR in the odontogenic DPSCs differentiation and tertiary/reparative dentin formation. This study addresses a novel regulatory pathway and a therapeutic approach for improving the efficiency of dentin regeneration in affected teeth.
Collapse
|
5
|
Role of Lipopolysaccharide, Derived from Various Bacterial Species, in Pulpitis—A Systematic Review. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12010138. [PMID: 35053286 PMCID: PMC8774278 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is widely used for induction of inflammation in various human tissues, including dental pulp. The purpose of this study was to summarize current medical literature focusing on (1) cell types used by researchers to simulate dental pulp inflammation, (2) LPS variants utilized in experimental settings and how these choices affect the findings. Our study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). We searched for studies reporting outcomes of lipopolysaccharide application on dental pulp cells in vitro using electronic databases: MEDLINE, Web of Science and Scopus. Having gathered data from 115 papers, we aimed to present all known effects LPS has on different cell types present in dental pulp. We focused on specific receptors and particles that are involved in molecular pathways. Our review provides an essential foundation for further research using in vitro models of pulpitis.
Collapse
|
6
|
Odlén K, Fält F, Dahl S, Aidoukovitch A, Ericson D, Nilsson BO, Hedenbjörk-Lager A. Odontoblast-like MDPC-23 cells produce pro-inflammatory IL-6 in response to lipoteichoic acid and express the antimicrobial peptide CRAMP. Acta Odontol Scand 2020; 78:210-216. [PMID: 31726911 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2019.1685679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Odontoblasts are thought to be involved in innate immunity but their precise role in this process is not fully understood. Here, we assess effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), produced by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively, on matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) expression in odontoblast-like MDPC-23 cells.Material and methods: Gene activity and protein production was determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Cellular expression of CRAMP was determined by immunocytochemistry.Results: Stimulation with LTA (5 and 25 µg/ml) but not LPS (1 and 5 µg/ml) for 24 h enhanced IL-6 mRNA expression. The LTA-induced up-regulation of IL-6 mRNA levels was associated with increased IL-6 protein levels. Stimulation with either LPS or LTA for 24 h lacked effect on both MMP-8 transcript and protein expression. Immunocytochemistry disclosed that MDPC-23 cells expressed immunoreactivity for CRAMP. MDPC-23 cells showed mRNA expression for CRAMP, but stimulation with either LPS or LTA did not modulate CRAMP transcript expression.Conclusions: We show that MDPC-23 cells possess immune-like cell properties such as LTA-induced IL-6 production and expression of the antimicrobial peptide CRAMP, suggesting that odontoblasts may modulate innate immunity via these mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Odlén
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Felicia Fält
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Dahl
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Aidoukovitch
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Folktandvården Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dan Ericson
- Department of Cariology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Bengt-Olof Nilsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liao C, Wang Y, Ou Y, Wu Y, Zhou Y, Liang S. Effects of sclerostin on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory phenotype in human odontoblasts and dental pulp cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 117:105628. [PMID: 31639458 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Previously we have demonstrated that sclerostin inhibits stress-induced odontogenic differentiation of odontoblasts and accelerates senescence of dental pulp cells (DPCs) Odontoblasts and DPCs are main functioning cells for inflammation resistance and tissue regeneration in dentine-pulp complex. Sclerostin is relevant for systemic inflammation and chronic periodontitis processes, but its effects on dental pulp inflammation remains unclear. In this study, we found that sclerostin expression of odontoblasts was elevated in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory environment, and exogenous sclerostin increased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in inflamed odontoblasts. Furthermore, sclerostin activated the NF-κB signaling pathway in inflamed odontoblasts and the NF-κB inhibitor reversed the exaggerative effects of sclerostin on the pro-inflammatory cytokines production. Additionally, sclerostin promoted adhesion and migration of inflamed DPCs, while inhibiting odontoblastic differentiation of inflamed DPCs. Sclerostin also might enhance pulpal angiogenesis. Taken together, it can therefore be inferred that sclerostin is upregulated in inflamed odontoblasts under pulpal inflammatory condition to enhance inflammatory responses in dentine-pulp complex and impair reparative dentinogenesis. This indicates that sclerostin inhibition might be a therapeutic target for anti-inflammation and pro-regeneration during dental pulp inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chufang Liao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Yining Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China; Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Yanjing Ou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Yun Wu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China; Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China; Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sun X, Meng L, Qiao W, Yang R, Gao Q, Peng Y, Bian Z. Vascular endothelial growth factor A/Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 axis promotes human dental pulp stem cell migration via the FAK/PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK signalling pathways. Int Endod J 2019; 52:1691-1703. [PMID: 31267530 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and the underlying molecular mechanisms on the migration of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). METHODOLOGY The expression of VEGFA in inflammatory pulp tissue and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated dental pulp cells was examined by immunofluorescence staining and qRT-PCR. The migration of hDPSCs was detected using transwell migration and wound healing assays. The activation of FAK, PI3K, Akt and p38 signalling was evaluated by Western blot analysis. Silence RNA (siRNA) technology was utilized to knockdown the expression of VEGFR1 (Flt-1) and VEGFR2 (Flk-1/KDR). PF573228 (inhibitor of FAK), LY294002 (inhibitor of PI3K), SB203580 (inhibitor of p38) and SU5416 (inhibitor of VEGFR2) were employed to investigate the effect of VEGFA on the migratory mechanism of hDPSCs. Data were analysed statistically using the Student's t-test or one-way ANOVA. RESULTS The expression levels of VEGFA in inflammatory pulp tissue in vivo and LPS-stimulated dental pulp cells in vitro were significantly greater than those in the control groups (P < 0.05). Vascular endothelial growth factor A promoted the migration of hDPSCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Several signalling pathways, including FAK, PI3K, Akt and p38, were activated by VEGFA in a dose- and time-dependent manner in hDPSCs. The VEGFA-induced migration of hDPSCs was significantly inhibited with drug inhibitors such as PF573228, LY294002, SB203580 or SU5416 (P < 0.05). These signalling pathways activated by VEGFA stimulation were significantly suppressed by pre-treatment with inhibitor of VEGFR2 (SU5416) or transfection with siRNA of VRGFR2 (P < 0.05) but not VEGFR1 siRNA. CONCLUSIONS Vascular endothelial growth factor A/VEGFR2 axis promoted the migration of hDPSCs via the FAK/PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK signalling pathways. These findings reveal a novel molecular mechanism for cell migration of hDPSCs, which may contribute to the remodelling of pulp tissue and dentine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - L Meng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - W Qiao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - R Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Q Gao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Y Peng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Z Bian
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yu CY, Abbott PV. Pulp microenvironment and mechanisms of pain arising from the dental pulp: From an endodontic perspective. AUST ENDOD J 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aej.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Y. Yu
- Discipline of Endodontics; UWA Dental School; Oral Health Centre of Western Australia; The University of Western Australia (M512); Crawley Western Australia Australia
| | - Paul V. Abbott
- Discipline of Endodontics; UWA Dental School; Oral Health Centre of Western Australia; The University of Western Australia (M512); Crawley Western Australia Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Diogenes A, Hargreaves KM. Microbial Modulation of Stem Cells and Future Directions in Regenerative Endodontics. J Endod 2018; 43:S95-S101. [PMID: 28844309 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) have been shown to promote the resolution of signs and symptoms of disease and increase survival compared with traditional treatment procedures. However, there is still variable predictability of continued root development and evidence that the tissues formed do not recapitulate the native pulp-dentin complex. There is growing evidence that the apical papilla is capable of surviving prolonged endodontic infection and apical periodontitis and that it represents a rich source of undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells in REPs. The survival and proper differentiation of stem cells transferred into infected root canals are fraught with challenges. Residual antigens, such as lipopolysaccharides, have been shown to be present in dentin even after adequate chemomechanical debridement. These antigens have a profound effect on stem cell fate by modulating their proliferative capacity and postdifferentiation phenotype. Thus, root canals must be detoxified in addition to disinfection. There is a strong need for translational studies that incorporate all aspects of tissue engineering in endodontics in models that include an existing infection to promote further advancement of the field. This is particularly important to make REPs more predictable when treating immature teeth in young patients. Importantly, regenerative procedures could eventually promote tooth longevity in our aging population. Lessons learned from translational studies that best mimic the clinical challenges could be evaluated in pragmatic clinical trials to determine the effectiveness of these procedures to promote desirable patient-centered outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anibal Diogenes
- Department of Endodontics at University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.
| | - Kenneth M Hargreaves
- Department of Endodontics at University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lipoxin A 4 Attenuates the Inflammatory Response in Stem Cells of the Apical Papilla via ALX/FPR2. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8921. [PMID: 29892010 PMCID: PMC5995968 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to the onset phase of inflammation, its resolution is a process that unfolds in a manner that is coordinated and regulated by a panel of mediators. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) has been implicated as an anti-inflammatory, pro-resolving mediator. We hypothesized that LXA4 attenuates or prevents an inflammatory response via the immunosuppressive activity of Stem Cells of the Apical Papilla (SCAP). Here, we report for the first time in vitro that in a SCAP population, lipoxin receptor ALX/FPR2 was constitutively expressed and upregulated after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and/or TNF-α. Moreover, LXA4 significantly enhanced proliferation, migration, and wound healing capacity of SCAP through the activation of its receptor, ALX/FPR2. Cytokine, chemokine and growth factor secretion by SCAP was inhibited in a dose dependent manner by LXA4. Finally, LXA4 enhanced immunomodulatory properties of SCAP towards Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. These findings provide the first evidence that the LXA4-ALX/FPR2 axis in SCAP regulates inflammatory mediators and enhances immunomodulatory properties. Such features of SCAP may also support the role of these cells in the resolution phase of inflammation and suggest a novel molecular target for ALX/FPR2 receptor to enhance a stem cell-mediated pro-resolving pathway.
Collapse
|
12
|
Neuberger EJ, Gupta A, Subramanian D, Korgaonkar AA, Santhakumar V. Converging early responses to brain injury pave the road to epileptogenesis. J Neurosci Res 2017; 97:1335-1344. [PMID: 29193309 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy, characterized by recurrent seizures and abnormal electrical activity in the brain, is one of the most prevalent brain disorders. Over two million people in the United States have been diagnosed with epilepsy and 3% of the general population will be diagnosed with it at some point in their lives. While most developmental epilepsies occur due to genetic predisposition, a class of "acquired" epilepsies results from a variety of brain insults. A leading etiological factor for epilepsy that is currently on the rise is traumatic brain injury (TBI), which accounts for up to 20% of all symptomatic epilepsies. Remarkably, the presence of an identified early insult that constitutes a risk for development of epilepsy provides a therapeutic window in which the pathological processes associated with brain injury can be manipulated to limit the subsequent development of recurrent seizure activity and epilepsy. Recent studies have revealed diverse pathologies, including enhanced excitability, activated immune signaling, cell death, and enhanced neurogenesis within a week after injury, suggesting a period of heightened adaptive and maladaptive plasticity. An integrated understanding of these processes and their cellular and molecular underpinnings could lead to novel targets to arrest epileptogenesis after trauma. This review attempts to highlight and relate the diverse early changes after trauma and their role in development of epilepsy and suggests potential strategies to limit neurological complications in the injured brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Neuberger
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Akshay Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Deepak Subramanian
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Akshata A Korgaonkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Vijayalakshmi Santhakumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li C, Qi WT, Jiang HW. Odontoclastogenesis of mouse papilla-derived MDPC-23 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide. Int Endod J 2017; 51 Suppl 2:e115-e124. [PMID: 28333374 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the odontoclast differentiation of MDPC-23 cells. It was hypothesized that MDPC-23 odontoblast-like cells may function as odontoclasts under the influence of LPS. METHODOLOGY MDPC-23 cells were cultured in the presence of 0.1 or 1 μg mL-1 LPS for 6 days. Cell viability was determined using the CCK8 assay. TRAP staining, dentine resorption assay and ROS detection by confocal laser scanning microscope were used to test the odontoclast-like function of the induced cells. In additional, the related protein expression was confirmed by Western blotting and ELISA. An unpaired Student's t-test and one-way anova were used in statistical analysis. RESULTS TRAP-positive cells, which are multinucleated, on the dentine slice were significantly increased in 1 μg mL-1 LPS-induced cells (P < 0.05). Osteoclast-specific proteins such as TRAP cathepsin K and Rac1 were upregulated in the 1 μg mL-1 LPS-treated cells (P < 0.05), whilst the expression of marker proteins of the RANKL-RANK signalling pathway (RANKL, RANK and TRAF6) in the induced cells was not significantly changed (P > 0.05). ROS production was observed in the 1 μg mL-1 LPS treatment group (P < 0.05), but no significant differences were observed in the level of RANKL in the cell supernatant between the LPS-treated group and the control group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A known value of 1 μg mL-1 LPS might induce odontoblast-like MDPC-23 cells to generate odontoclast-like cells or to function as odontoclasts. The data might provide a new explanation for the precursors of odontoclasts and root resorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Li
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - W T Qi
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - H W Jiang
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Aminabadi NA, Parto M, Emamverdizadeh P, Jamali Z, Shirazi S. Pulp bleeding color is an indicator of clinical and histohematologic status of primary teeth. Clin Oral Investig 2017; 21:1831-1841. [PMID: 28332168 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2098-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was carried out to investigate whether the changes in hematologic characteristic and color of pulpal bleeding is associated with clinical and histologic status of the pulp in primary teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 211 primary molars in 103 patients, 3-6 years old, were treated. One hundred eight teeth had pulpectomy, 57 teeth had pulpotomy after pulp exposure during caries excavation, and 46 teeth had pulpotomy after accidental pulp exposure in sound dentin. After pulpal exposure, pulpal blood was collected in capillary tubes for blood color and hematologic assessment. Coronal and radicular pulp tissues were amputated for histologic assessment. RESULTS Blood color was significantly darker in pulpectomy cases and samples with severe inflammation. The differences were clinically perceptible by the human eye. A significant negative correlation was detected between white blood cell (WBC) count and blood color. The counts of neutrophils and lymphocytes were significantly different between treatment groups. In addition, WBC, eosinophil, monocyte, neutrophil, and basophils counts were significantly different between degrees of inflammation in coronal pulp. Moreover, severe inflammation was higher in pulpectomy group versus pulpotomy groups. Pulp tissue calcification was also significantly higher in the pulpectomy cases. CONCLUSIONS Considering the significant difference in pulpal blood color between the pulpectomy and pulpotomy cases, and between the different levels of pulpal inflammation; blood color can be a valid clinical diagnostic criterion of pulpal status and can be used for the selection of appropriate pulp treatment strategy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study shows that pulp bleeding color can be used for selection of an appropriate pulp treatment method in primary teeth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naser Asl Aminabadi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Parto
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Parya Emamverdizadeh
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Jamali
- Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sajjad Shirazi
- Dental and Periodental Research Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rechenberg DK, Galicia JC, Peters OA. Biological Markers for Pulpal Inflammation: A Systematic Review. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167289. [PMID: 27898727 PMCID: PMC5127562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Pulpitis is mainly caused by an opportunistic infection of the pulp space with commensal oral microorganisms. Depending on the state of inflammation, different treatment regimes are currently advocated. Predictable vital pulp therapy depends on accurate determination of the pulpal status that will allow repair to occur. The role of several players of the host response in pulpitis is well documented: cytokines, proteases, inflammatory mediators, growth factors, antimicrobial peptides and others contribute to pulpal defense mechanisms; these factors may serve as biomarkers that indicate the status of the pulp. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the presence of biomarkers in pulpitis. Methods The electronic databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus and other sources were searched for English and non-English articles published through February 2015. Two independent reviewers extracted information regarding study design, tissue or analyte used, outcome measures, results and conclusions for each article. The quality of the included studies was assessed using a modification of the Newcastle-Ottawa-Scale. Results and Conclusions From the initial 847 publications evaluated, a total of 57 articles were included in this review. In general, irreversible pulpitis was associated with different expression of various biomarkers compared to normal controls. These biomarkers were significantly expressed not only in pulp tissue, but also in gingival crevicular fluid that can be collected non-invasively, and in dentin fluid that can be analyzed without extirpating the entire pulpal tissue. Such data may then be used to accurately differentiate diseased from healthy pulp tissue. The interplay of pulpal biomarkers and their potential use for a more accurate and biologically based diagnostic tool in endodontics is envisaged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Krister Rechenberg
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Johnah C. Galicia
- Department of Endodontics, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ove A. Peters
- Department of Endodontics, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bossù M, Montuori M, Casani D, Di Giorgio G, Pacifici A, Ladniak B, Polimeni A. Altered transcription of inflammation-related genes in dental pulp of coeliac children. Int J Paediatr Dent 2016; 26:351-6. [PMID: 26440733 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coeliac disease is a chronic small intestinal immune-mediated enteropathy precipitated by exposure to dietary gluten, and possible relationships between coeliac disease and dental pathogenic conditions during childhood have been poorly investigated. AIM The dental pulp plays a pivotal role in the immune defence against possible entry of pathogens from teeth, and the aim of this work was to investigate quantitative transcription levels of selected genes (IL-9, IL-11, IL-15, IL-18, IL-21, IL-27, MICA, IFN-γ) coding for pro-inflammatory immune innate activities in the pulp of primary teeth from healthy children and children with coeliac disease. DESIGN The pulp from primary teeth of 10 healthy children and 10 children with coeliac disease was used to extract RNA and prepare cDNA for quantitative PCR transcription analysis employing commercial nucleotide probes for selected genes. RESULTS In children with coeliac disease, the genes coding for pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-11, IL-18, and IL-21 were significantly overexpressed, suggesting the possible importance of these cytokines in the relationships between coeliac disease and dental disorders. CONCLUSION For the first time, we reported in dental pulp of children possible relationships between coeliac disease and modulation in transcription of cytokine-dependent inflammatory activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Bossù
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Montuori
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Casani
- Department DIBAF, Universita degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Gianni Di Giorgio
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Pacifici
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Ladniak
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Polimeni
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chmilewsky F, About I, Chung SH. Pulp Fibroblasts Control Nerve Regeneration through Complement Activation. J Dent Res 2016; 95:913-22. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034516643065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dentin-pulp regeneration is closely linked to the presence of nerve fibers in the pulp and to the healing mechanism by sprouting of the nerve fiber’s terminal branches beneath the carious injury site. However, little is known about the initial mechanisms regulating this process in carious teeth. It has been recently demonstrated that the complement system activation, which is one of the first immune responses, contributes to tissue regeneration through the local production of anaphylatoxins such as C5a. While few pulp fibroblasts in intact teeth and in untreated fibroblast cultures express the C5a receptor (C5aR), here we show that all dental pulp fibroblasts, localized beneath the carious injury site, do express this receptor. This observation is consistent with our in vitro results, which showed expression of C5aR in lipoteichoic acid–stimulated pulp fibroblasts. The interaction of C5a, produced after complement synthesis and activation from pulp fibroblasts, with the C5aR of these cells mediated the local brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) secretion. Overall, this activation guided the neuronal growth toward the lipoteichoic acid–stimulated fibroblasts. Thus, our findings highlight a new mechanism in one of the initial steps of the dentin-pulp regeneration process, linking pulp fibroblasts to the nerve sprouting through the complement system activation. This may provide a useful future therapeutic tool in targeting the fibroblasts in the dentin-pulp regeneration process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F. Chmilewsky
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - I. About
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - S.-H. Chung
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hui T, Wang C, Chen D, Zheng L, Huang D, Ye L. Epigenetic regulation in dental pulp inflammation. Oral Dis 2016; 23:22-28. [PMID: 26901577 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries, trauma, and other possible factors could lead to injury of the dental pulp. Dental infection could result in immune and inflammatory responses mediated by molecular and cellular events and tissue breakdown. The inflammatory response of dental pulp could be regulated by genetic and epigenetic events. Epigenetic modifications play a fundamental role in gene expression. The epigenetic events might play critical roles in the inflammatory process of dental pulp injury. Major epigenetic events include methylation and acetylation of histones and regulatory factors, DNA methylation, and small non-coding RNAs. Infections and other environmental factors have profound effects on epigenetic modifications and trigger diseases. Despite growing evidences of literatures addressing the role of epigenetics in the field of medicine and biology, very little is known about the epigenetic pathways involved in dental pulp inflammation. This review summarized the current knowledge about epigenetic mechanisms during dental pulp inflammation. Progress in studies of epigenetic alterations during inflammatory response would provide opportunities for the development of efficient medications of epigenetic therapy for pulpitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - C Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - L Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - D Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang J, Liu X, Yu W, Zhang Y, Shi C, Ni S, Liu Q, Li X, Sun Y, Zheng C, Sun H. Effects of human vascular endothelial growth factor on reparative dentin formation. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:705-12. [PMID: 26647730 PMCID: PMC4686068 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It is a challenge for dentists to save dental pulp in patients with pulp disease without resorting to root canal therapy. Formation of tertiary dentin to maintain pulp vitality is a key odontoblast response to dental pulp injury. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the most potent angiogenic and vasculogenic factor involved in tertiary dentin formation. It was hypothesized that VEGF may be used to treat pulp diseases such as pulpitis. To explore this hypothesis, the first step was to assess whether VEGF affects dental pulp cells to promote reparative dentin formation. In the current study, an AdCMV-hVEGF vector was constructed to deliver hVEGF into dental pulp cells of exfoliated deciduous teeth (hDPCs) in vitro and dental pulp cells in a rat model in vivo. The collected data clearly demonstrated that hVEGF increased alkaline phosphatase and mineralization by enzymatic activity. RT-qPCR data demonstrated that hVEGF significantly increased the expression levels of genes commonly involved in osteogenesis/odontogenesis. Data from the in vivo assays indicated that hVEGF enhanced pulp cell proliferation and neovascularization, and markedly increased formation of reparative dentin in dental pulp. The in vitro and in vivo data suggest that hVEGF may have potential clinical applications, thus may aid in the development of novel treatment strategies for dental pulpitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Jilin Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xia Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Jilin Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Weixian Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Jilin Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yingli Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Jilin Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Ce Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Jilin Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Shilei Ni
- The Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Jilin Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Qilin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Jilin Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xiangwei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Jilin Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yingjian Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Changyu Zheng
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hongchen Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Jilin Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Woo SM, Kim WJ, Lim HS, Choi NK, Kim SH, Kim SM, Jung JY. Combination of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and Platelet-rich Fibrin Promotes the Odontoblastic Differentiation and Mineralization of Human Dental Pulp Cells via BMP/Smad Signaling Pathway. J Endod 2015; 42:82-8. [PMID: 26364004 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent reports have shown that the combined use of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), an autologous fibrin matrix, and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as root filling material is beneficial for the endodontic management of an open apex. However, the potential of the combination of MTA and PRF as an odontogenic inducer in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) in vitro has not yet been studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the combination of MTA and PRF on odontoblastic maturation in HDPCs. METHODS HDPCs extracted from third molars were directly cultured with MTA and PRF extract (PRFe). Odontoblastic differentiation of HDPCs was evaluated by measuring the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and the expression of odontogenesis-related genes was detected using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction or Western blot. Mineralization formation was assessed by alizarin red staining. RESULTS HDPCs treated with MTA and PRFe significantly up-regulated the expression of dentin sialoprotein and dentin matrix protein-1 and enhanced ALP activity and mineralization compared with those with MTA or PRFe treatment alone. In addition, the combination of MTA and PRFe induced the activation of bone morphogenic proteins (BMP)/Smad, whereas LDN193189, the bone morphogenic protein inhibitor, attenuated dentin sialophosphoprotein and dentin matrix protein-1 expression, ALP activity, and mineralization enhanced by MTA and PRFe treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the combination of MTA and PRF has a synergistic effect on the stimulation of odontoblastic differentiation of HDPCs via the modulation of the BMP/Smad signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Mi Woo
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea; Research Center for Biomineralization Disorder, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Won-Jae Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea; Research Center for Biomineralization Disorder, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hae-Soon Lim
- Department of Dental Education, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Nam-Ki Choi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sun-Hun Kim
- Research Center for Biomineralization Disorder, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea; Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Seon-Mi Kim
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.
| | - Ji-Yeon Jung
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fransson H, Wolf E, Petersson K. Formation of a hard tissue barrier after experimental pulp capping or partial pulpotomy in humans: an updated systematic review. Int Endod J 2015; 49:533-42. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Fransson
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Odontology; Malmö University; Malmö Sweden
| | - E. Wolf
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Odontology; Malmö University; Malmö Sweden
| | - K. Petersson
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Odontology; Malmö University; Malmö Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Amyloid-beta mediates the receptor of advanced glycation end product-induced pro-inflammatory response via toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway in retinal ganglion cell line RGC-5. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 64:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
23
|
Jiang W, Lv H, Wang H, Wang D, Sun S, Jia Q, Wang P, Song B, Ni L. Activation of the NLRP3/caspase-1 inflammasome in human dental pulp tissue and human dental pulp fibroblasts. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 361:541-55. [PMID: 25684031 PMCID: PMC4529451 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The NLRP3/caspase-1 inflammasome pathway plays an important role in cellular immune defence against bacterial infection; however, its function in human dental pulp tissue and human dental pulp fibroblasts remains poorly understood. We demonstrate that NLRP3 protein expression occurs to a greater extent in pulp tissue with irreversible pulpitis than in normal pulp tissue and in tissue with reversible pulpitis. Caspase-1 is present in its active (cleaved) form only in pulp tissue with irreversible pulpitis. NLRP3 and caspase-1 are expressed in the odontoblast layers in normal human dental pulp tissue, whereas in inflamed pulp tissue, the odontoblast layers are disrupted and dental pulp cells are positive for NLRP3 and caspase-1. Additionally, we investigate the role of the NLRP3/caspase-1 inflammasome pathway in human dental pulp fibroblasts and show that ATP activates the P2X7 receptor on the cell membrane triggering K(+) efflux and inducing the gradual recruitment of the membrane pore pannexin-1. Extracellular lipopolysaccharide is able to penetrate the cytosol and activate NLRP3. Furthermore, the low intracellular K(+) concentration in the cytosol triggers reactive oxygen species generation, which also induces the NLRP3 inflammasome. Thus, the NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway has a biological role in the innate immune response mounted by human dental pulp fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haipeng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haijing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Diya Wang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shukai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peina Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Song
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XY UK
| | - Longxing Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu Y, Gao Y, Zhan X, Cui L, Xu S, Ma D, Yue J, Wu B, Gao J. TLR4 Activation by Lipopolysaccharide and Streptococcus mutans Induces Differential Regulation of Proliferation and Migration in Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells. J Endod 2014; 40:1375-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
25
|
Overexpression of receptor for advanced glycation end products and high-mobility group box 1 in human dental pulp inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:754069. [PMID: 25114379 PMCID: PMC4121219 DOI: 10.1155/2014/754069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a nonhistone DNA-binding protein, is released into the extracellular space and promotes inflammation. HMGB1 binds to related cell signaling transduction receptors, including receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), which actively participate in vascular and inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to examine whether RAGE and HMGB1 are involved in the pathogenesis of pulpitis and investigate the effect of Prevotella intermedia (P. intermedia) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on RAGE and HMGB1 expression in odontoblast-like cells (OLC-1). RAGE and HMGB1 expression levels in clinically inflamed dental pulp were higher than those in healthy dental pulp. Upregulated expression of RAGE was observed in odontoblasts, stromal pulp fibroblasts-like cells, and endothelial-like cell lining human pulpitis tissue. Strong cytoplasmic HMGB1 immunoreactivity was noted in odontoblasts, whereas nuclear HMGB1 immunoreactivity was seen in stromal pulp fibroblasts-like cells in human pulpitis tissue. LPS stimulated OLC-1 cells produced HMGB1 in a dose-dependent manner through RAGE. HMGB1 translocation towards the cytoplasm and secretion from OLC-1 in response to LPS was inhibited by TPCA-1, an inhibitor of NF-κB activation. These findings suggest that RAGE and HMGB1 play an important role in the pulpal immune response to oral bacterial infection.
Collapse
|
26
|
Cho JS, Kang JH, Park IH, Lee HM. Steroids inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor expression via TLR4/Akt/NF-κB pathway in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:913-921. [DOI: 10.1177/1535370214537742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is elevated in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Steroids have anti-inflammatory properties and are ideal candidates for treating chronic inflammatory airways. The aims of this study were to identify the inhibitory effects and mechanisms of steroids on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced VEGF expression in nasal polyps. Nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts (NPDFs) were stimulated with LPS alone or with both LPS and steroids were used to determine the expression levels of toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 ( MyD88), and VEGF by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). VEGF protein level was analyzed by immunocytochemical staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Small interfering RNA (siRNA) for TLR4 was transfected to down-regulate TLR4 expression. Activation of Akt and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway on VEGF expression was determined by Western blot analysis, immunocytochemical staining, and ELISA. Nasal polyp organ cultures were stimulated with LPS alone or in conjunction with steroids or LPS-RS (TLR4 inhibitor) and accessed the expression of VEGF. Steroids decreased the expressions of TLR4, MyD88, and VEGF mRNA and VEGF protein in LPS-stimulated NPDFs. Steroids inhibited LPS-induced VEGF expression levels in dose-dependent manner. The suppression of TLR4 transcription by siRNA treatment reduced LPS-induced expression of both TLR4 and VEGF in NPDFs. Furthermore, steroids inhibited the production of VEGF by blocking Akt and NF-κB activation and preventing with NF-κB translocation. Also, steroid and TLR4 inhibitor decreased VEGF expression in nasal polyp organ cultures. These results indicate that steroids inhibit LPS-induced VEGF expression through the TLR4/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Sun Cho
- Biomedical Science, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 152-703, Korea
- Institute for Medical Devices Clinical Trial Center, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 152-703, Korea
| | - Ju-Hyung Kang
- Biomedical Science, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 152-703, Korea
| | - Il-Ho Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 152-703, Korea
| | - Heung-Man Lee
- Biomedical Science, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 152-703, Korea
- Institute for Medical Devices Clinical Trial Center, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 152-703, Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 152-703, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Methylation pattern of the CD14 and TLR2 genes in human dental pulp. J Endod 2014; 40:384-6. [PMID: 24565657 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pattern recognition receptors, such as toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) and TLR-4, participate in the activation of immune cells by microorganisms in dental pulp. However, the expression levels of pattern recognition receptors can be modulated by epigenetic factors, especially DNA methylation. In this study, the methylation status of the TLR-2 and CD14 (TLR4 co-receptor) genes in healthy and inflamed human dental pulp was examined. METHODS The Methyl-Profiler DNA Methylation qPCR Assay was used to verify the DNA methylation patterns. RESULTS No differences in the methylation patterns were observed between the 2 groups. Most DNA was unmethylated in both groups. CONCLUSIONS The hypomethylation of TLR2 and CD14 genes is a usual feature in human dental pulp.
Collapse
|
28
|
Li K, Zhang T, Fan H, Li Q, Ito W, Torzewski J, Guo J, Liu Z. The Analysis of microRNA Expression Profiling for Coronary Artery Disease. Cardiology 2014; 127:62-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000354872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
29
|
Cho JS, Kang JH, Han IH, Um JY, Lee HM. Activation of TLR4 induces VEGF expression via Akt pathway in nasal polyps. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 43:1038-47. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - J.-H. Kang
- Biomedical Science; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul; Korea
| | - I.-H. Han
- Biomedical Science; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul; Korea
| | - J.-Y. Um
- Biomedical Science; Korea University College of Medicine; Seoul; Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Increase of Grb2 and Ras Proteins and Expression of Growth Factors in LPS Stimulated Odontoblast-like Dental Pulp Cells. Appl Microsc 2013. [DOI: 10.9729/am.2013.43.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
31
|
Simon S, Smith AJ, Lumley PJ, Cooper PR, Berdal A. The pulp healing process: from generation to regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/etp.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
32
|
He W, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Yu Q, Wang P, Wang Z, Smith AJ. Cytidine-Phosphate-Guanosine Oligonucleotides Induce Interleukin-8 Production through Activation of TLR9, MyD88, NF-κB, and ERK Pathways in Odontoblast Cells. J Endod 2012; 38:780-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
33
|
Wei W, Qi YP, Nikonov SY, Niu LN, Messer RLW, Mao J, Primus CM, Pashley DH, Tay FR. Effects of an experimental calcium aluminosilicate cement on the viability of murine odontoblast-like cells. J Endod 2012; 38:936-42. [PMID: 22703657 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Quick-setting calcium aluminosilicate cement with improved washout resistance is a potential substitute for calcium silicate cements in endodontics. This study examined the effect of an experimental calcium aluminosilicate cement (Quick-Set; Primus Consulting, Bradenton, FL) on the viability of odontoblast-like cells. METHODS The biocompatibility of Quick-Set and white ProRoot MTA (WMTA; Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, OK) cements and their eluents was evaluated using a murine dental papilla-derived odontoblast-like cell line (MDPC-23); 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to examine the effects of the 2 hydraulic cements on mitochondrial metabolic activity. Flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to identify the effects of the 2 cements on cell death-induced plasma membrane permeability to fluorescent dyes and DNA stains. RESULTS After the first week of immersion in culture medium, Quick-Set and WMTA were more cytotoxic than the Teflon-negative control (P < .05), and the cells exhibited more apoptosis/necrosis than Teflon (P < .05). After the second week of immersion, the 2 cements were as biocompatible as Teflon (P > .05), with cells exhibiting minimal apoptosis/necrosis. Eluents from the set cements at 1:1 dilution were significantly more cytotoxic that eluents at 1:10 or 1:100 dilution (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Quick-Set and WMTA exhibited similar cytotoxicity profiles. They possess negligible in vitro toxicologic risks after time-dependent elution of toxic components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lipopolysaccharide-induced Stem Cell Factor Messenger RNA Expression and Production in Odontoblast-like Cells. J Endod 2012; 38:623-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
35
|
He W, Qu T, Yu Q, Wang Z, Wang H, Zhang J, Smith AJ. Lipopolysaccharide enhances decorin expression through the Toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiating factor 88, nuclear factor-kappa B, and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in odontoblast cells. J Endod 2012; 38:464-9. [PMID: 22414830 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been shown to regulate the function of odontoblasts. However, the molecular mechanisms of the effect of LPS on odontoblasts are poorly understood. Decorin (DCN), one of the major matrix proteoglycans, is known to affect the mineralization of teeth. In this study, we investigated whether LPS can regulate the expression of DCN in odontoblasts and determined the intracellular signaling pathways triggered by LPS. METHODS The DCN messenger RNA and protein expression changes in mouse odontoblast-lineage cells (OLCs) were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Whether TLR4, myeloid differentiating factor 88 (MyD88), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), or mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways were involved in the LPS-induced DCN expression was determined by examined real-time PCR, ELISA, and luciferase activity assay. The activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and JNK in OLCs was measured by Western blot analysis. RESULTS We found that the mouse OLCs expressed DCN. DCN messenger RNA was rapidly induced by LPS in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with a MyD88 inhibitory peptide, a TLR4 antibody, or a specific inhibitor for NF-κB or I Kappa B alpha (IκBα) significantly inhibited LPS-induced DCN expression. Moreover, the LPS-mediated increase in κB-luciferase activity in OLCs was suppressed by the overexpression of dominant negative mutants of TLR4, MyD88, and IκBα but not by a dominant negative mutant of TLR2. In addition, LPS stimulation activated the ERK, p38, and JNK MAPK pathways. The pretreatment of OLCs with specific inhibitors of the ERK, p38, and JNK MAPK pathways markedly offset the LPS-induced up-regulation of DCN expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that LPS stimulation can up-regulate the gene expression of DCN via the TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, and MAPK pathways in odontoblast cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxi He
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kobayashi T, Watanabe H, Morinaga K, Matsunaga K, Sekine T, Yanagisawa T, Nakagawa KI. Changes in Expression of VEGF-A, -C and VEGFR-3 in Dental Pulp after Tooth Replantation in Rats. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.21.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
37
|
Qin W, Yang F, Deng R, Li D, Song Z, Tian Y, Wang R, Ling J, Lin Z. Smad 1/5 Is Involved in Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2–induced Odontoblastic Differentiation in Human Dental Pulp Cells. J Endod 2012; 38:66-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
38
|
Rosa V, Botero TM, Nör JE. Regenerative endodontics in light of the stem cell paradigm. Int Dent J 2011; 61 Suppl 1:23-8. [PMID: 21726222 DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.2011.00026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells play a critical role in development and in tissue regeneration. The dental pulp contains a small sub-population of stem cells that are involved in the response of the pulp to caries progression. Specifically, stem cells replace odontoblasts that have undergone cell death as a consequence of the cariogenic challenge. Stem cells also secrete factors that have the potential to enhance pulp vascularisation and provide the oxygen and nutrients required for the dentinogenic response that is typically observed in teeth with deep caries. However, the same angiogenic factors that are required for dentine regeneration may ultimately contribute to the demise of the pulp by enhancing vascular permeability and interstitial pressure. Recent studies focused on the biology of dental pulp stem cells revealed that the multipotency and angiogenic capacity of these cells could be exploited therapeutically in dental pulp tissue engineering. Collectively, these findings suggest new treatment paradigms in the field of endodontics. The goal of this review is to discuss the potential impact of dental pulp stem cells to regenerative endodontics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Rosa
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Oliveira SH, Santos VA. Studies on the Expression of Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 from Odontoblast-like Cells. J Endod 2011; 37:1520-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
40
|
Carroll TY, Mulla MJ, Han CS, Brosens JJ, Chamley LW, Giles I, Pericleous C, Rahman A, Sfakianaki AK, Paidas MJ, Abrahams VM. Modulation of Trophoblast Angiogenic Factor Secretion by Antiphospholipid Antibodies is Not Reversed by Heparin. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66:286-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|
41
|
Ferraz CCR, Henry MA, Hargreaves KM, Diogenes A. Lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis sensitizes capsaicin-sensitive nociceptors. J Endod 2011; 37:45-8. [PMID: 21146075 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although odontogenic infections are often accompanied by pain, little is known about the potential mechanisms mediating this effect. In this study we tested the hypothesis that trigeminal nociceptive neurons are directly sensitized by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from an endodontic pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis. In vitro studies conducted with cultures of rat trigeminal neurons demonstrated that pretreatment with LPS produced a significant increase in the capsaicin-evoked release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) when compared with vehicle pretreatment, thus showing sensitization of the capsaicin receptor, TRPV1, by LPS. Furthermore, confocal microscopic examination of human tooth pulp samples showed the colocalization of the LPS receptor (toll-like receptor 4, TLR4) with CGRP-containing nerve fibers. Collectively, these results suggest the direct sensitization of nociceptors by LPS at concentrations found in infected canal systems as one mechanism responsible for the pain associated with bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caio Cezar Randi Ferraz
- Department of Endodontics, Piracicaba School of Dentistry, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
A DNA microarray-based analysis of the host response to a nonviral gene carrier: a strategy for improving the immune response. Mol Ther 2011; 19:1487-98. [PMID: 21386823 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the host response to systemically administered lipid nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulating plasmid DNA (pDNA) in the spleen using a DNA microarray. As a model for NPs, we used a multifunctional envelope-type nano device (MEND). Microarray analysis revealed that 1,581 of the differentially expressed genes could be identified by polyethylene glycol (PEG)-unmodified NP using a threefold change relative to the control. As the result of PEGylation, the NP treatment resulted in the reduction in the expression of most of the genes. However, the expression of type I interferon (IFN) was specifically increased by PEGylation. Based on the microarray and a pathway analysis, we hypothesize that PEGylation inhibited the endosomal escape of NP, and extended the interaction of toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) with CpG-DNA accompanied by the production of type I IFN. This hypothesis was tested by introducing a pH-sensitive fusogenic peptide, GALA, which enhances the endosomal escape of PEGylated NP. As expected, type I IFN was reduced and interleukin-6 (IL-6) remained at the baseline. These findings indicate that a carrier design based on microarray analysis and the manipulation of intracellular trafficking constitutes a rational strategy for reducing the host immune response to NPs.
Collapse
|
43
|
Horst OV, Horst JA, Samudrala R, Dale BA. Caries induced cytokine network in the odontoblast layer of human teeth. BMC Immunol 2011; 12:9. [PMID: 21261944 PMCID: PMC3036664 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-12-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunologic responses of the tooth to caries begin with odontoblasts recognizing carious bacteria. Inflammatory propagation eventually leads to tooth pulp necrosis and danger to health. The present study aims to determine cytokine gene expression profiles generated within human teeth in response to dental caries in vivo and to build a mechanistic model of these responses and the downstream signaling network. RESULTS We demonstrate profound differential up-regulation of inflammatory genes in the odontoblast layer (ODL) in human teeth with caries in vivo, while the pulp remains largely unchanged. Interleukins, chemokines, and all tested receptors thereof were differentially up-regulated in ODL of carious teeth, well over one hundred-fold for 35 of 84 genes. By interrogating reconstructed protein interaction networks corresponding to the differentially up-regulated genes, we develop the hypothesis that pro-inflammatory cytokines highly expressed in ODL of carious teeth, IL-1β, IL-1α, and TNF-α, carry the converged inflammatory signal. We show that IL1β amplifies antimicrobial peptide production in odontoblasts in vitro 100-fold more than lipopolysaccharide, in a manner matching subsequent in vivo measurements. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that ODL amplifies bacterial signals dramatically by self-feedback cytokine-chemokine signal-receptor cycling, and signal convergence through IL1R1 and possibly others, to increase defensive capacity including antimicrobial peptide production to protect the tooth and contain the battle against carious bacteria within the dentin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orapin V Horst
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Street, San Francisco, CA 94143, Box 0422, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yang H, Zhu YT, Cheng R, Shao MY, Fu ZS, Cheng L, Wang FM, Hu T. Lipopolysaccharide-induced dental pulp cell apoptosis and the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 in vitro. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010; 43:1027-33. [PMID: 20945038 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2010007500102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide exerts many effects on many cell lines, including cytokine secretion, and cell apoptosis and necrosis. We investigated the in vitro effects of lipopolysaccharide on apoptosis of cultured human dental pulp cells and the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax. Dental pulp cells showed morphologies typical of apoptosis after exposure to lipopolysaccharide. Flow cytometry showed that the rate of apoptosis of human dental pulp cells increased with increasing lipopolysaccharide concentration. Compared with controls, lipopolysaccharide promoted pulp cell apoptosis (P < 0.05) from 0.1 to 100 μg/mL but not at 0.01 μg/mL. Cell apoptosis was statistically higher after exposure to lipopolysaccharide for 3 days compared with 1 day, but no difference was observed between 3 and 5 days. Immunohistochemistry showed that expression of Bax and Bcl-2 was enhanced by lipopolysaccharide at high concentrations, but no evident expression was observed at low concentrations (0.01 and 0.1 μg/mL) or in the control groups. In conclusion, lipopolysaccharide induced dental pulp cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, but apoptosis did not increase with treatment duration. The expression of the apoptosis regulatory proteins Bax and Bcl-2 was also up-regulated in pulp cells after exposure to a high concentration of lipopolysaccharide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chokechanachaisakul U, Kaneko T, Okiji T, Kaneko R, Kaneko M, Kawamura J, Sunakawa M, Suda H. Increased Gene Expression of Toll-like Receptors and Antigen-Presenting Cell–related Molecules in the Onset of Experimentally Induced Furcation Lesions of Endodontic Origin in Rat Molars. J Endod 2010; 36:251-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
46
|
Botero T, Son J, Vodopyanov D, Hasegawa M, Shelburne C, Nör J. MAPK Signaling Is Required for LPS-induced VEGF in Pulp Stem Cells. J Dent Res 2010; 89:264-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034509357556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Caries-induced pulpitis is typically accompanied by an increase in dental pulp microvascular density. However, the mechanisms by which dental pulp cells recognize lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) remain unclear. We hypothesized that Porphyromonas endodontalis and Escherichia coli LPSs induce vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) and human dental pulp fibroblasts (HDPF) through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. ELISA, semi-quantitative RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, and Western blots were used. Here, we observed that LPSs induced VEGF expression in DPSC and HDPF cells, and both cell types express Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR- 4). Notably, LPS-induced VEGF is associated with phosphorylation of protein kinase C (PKC ζ) and extracellular signal-regulator kinase (ERK1/2) and is dependent upon MAPK activation. Analysis of these data, collectively, unveils a signaling pathway responsible for synthesis of VEGF by pulp cells and suggests a novel therapeutic target for the management of vascular responses in teeth with pulpitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T.M. Botero
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University, Rm. 1376 D, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School,
- Department of Biology and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry,
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering,
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - J.S. Son
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University, Rm. 1376 D, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School,
- Department of Biology and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry,
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering,
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - D. Vodopyanov
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University, Rm. 1376 D, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School,
- Department of Biology and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry,
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering,
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - M. Hasegawa
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University, Rm. 1376 D, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School,
- Department of Biology and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry,
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering,
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - C.E. Shelburne
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University, Rm. 1376 D, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School,
- Department of Biology and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry,
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering,
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - J.E. Nör
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University, Rm. 1376 D, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School,
- Department of Biology and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry,
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering,
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Soden RI, Botero TM, Hanks CT, Nör JE. Angiogenic signaling triggered by cariogenic bacteria in pulp cells. J Dent Res 2009; 88:835-40. [PMID: 19767581 DOI: 10.1177/0022034509341946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammation observed in the dental pulp of teeth with deep caries lesions is characterized by a significant increase in blood vessel density. It is known that lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Gram-positive cariogenic bacteria induces expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in dental pulp cells. The hypothesis underlying this study was that LTA induces VEGF expression in dental pulp cells through TLR2 and PI3k/Akt signaling. Odontoblast-like cells (MDPC-23) and undifferentiated pulp cells (OD-21) were exposed to LTA from Streptococcus sanguis, and the role of TLR2, PI3K/Akt, and IKK signaling in LTA-induced VEGF expression was evaluated. These studies demonstrated that TLR2 signaling through the PI3K-Akt pathway is necessary for LTA-induced VEGF expression in pulp cells. In contrast, inhibition of IKK signaling did not prevent VEGF up-regulation in response to LTA. Understanding signaling pathways triggered by cariogenic bacteria may reveal novel therapeutic targets for the clinical management of pulpitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R I Soden
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University, Rm. 2309, Ann Arbor, MI 48103-1078, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Mutoh N, Watabe H, Chieda K, Tani-Ishii N. Expression of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 in inflamed pulp in severe combined immunodeficiency mice. J Endod 2009; 35:975-80. [PMID: 19567318 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2008] [Revised: 04/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important receptors mediating innate immune responses because they detect factors released from bacterial cell wall components during inflammatory reactions. However, the role of TLRs in dental pulp, which is bounded by hard tissues, is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the innate immune system and the defense of pulp tissue by using immunodeficient mice that lack an adaptive immune response METHODS Mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) were used as a model because they lack an adaptive immune response. The expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 in experimentally inflamed pulps in SCID mice was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Total RNA was isolated from pulp tissues at 0 to 24 hours after bacterial dentinal infection. Anti-TLR-2, anti-TLR-4 cells, anti-CD64, and antinestin cells were detected with labeled streptavidin-biotin methods. RESULTS TLR-2 messenger RNA was detected at 3 hours after bacterial infection and then gradually increased from 9 to 24 hours. Numerous TLR-2- and CD64-positive cells detected on macrophages and dendritic-like cells, and TLR-4- and CD64-positive macrophages were detected in the early stage of pulpitis. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 may be triggered by bacterial infection in irreversible pulpitis without a need for an adaptive immune response. Those signals may relate to pulpal responses to bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Mutoh
- Department of Oral Medicine, Division of Endodontics, Kanagawa Dental College, Yokosuka, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Horst OV, Tompkins KA, Coats SR, Braham PH, Darveau RP, Dale BA. TGF-beta1 Inhibits TLR-mediated odontoblast responses to oral bacteria. J Dent Res 2009; 88:333-8. [PMID: 19407153 DOI: 10.1177/0022034509334846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-beta1 exerts diverse functions in tooth development and tissue repair, but its role in microbial defenses of the tooth is not well-understood. Odontoblasts extending their cellular processes into the dentin are the first cells to recognize signals from TGF-beta1 and bacteria in carious dentin. This study aimed to determine the role of TGF-beta1 in modulating odontoblast responses to oral bacteria. We show that these responses depend upon the expression levels of microbial recognition receptors TLR2 and TLR4 on the cell surface. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Fusobacterium nucleatum activated both TLRs, but TLR4 played a greater role. Lack of cell-surface TLR2 was associated with poor response to Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Lactobacillus casei. TGF-beta1 inhibited TLR2 and TLR4 expression and attenuated odontoblast responses. Our findings suggest that the balance between TLR-mediated inflammation and TGF-beta1 anti-inflammatory activity plays an important role in pulpal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O V Horst
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7132, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Noguchi F, Kitamura C, Nagayoshi M, Chen KK, Terashita M, Nishihara T. Ozonated Water Improves Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Responses of an Odontoblast-like Cell Line. J Endod 2009; 35:668-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|