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Porphyromonas gingivalis Tyrosine Kinase Is a Fitness Determinant in Polymicrobial Infections. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0017022. [PMID: 35575504 PMCID: PMC9202411 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00170-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathogenic microbial ecosystems are polymicrobial, and community function can be shaped by interbacterial interactions. Little is known, however, regarding the genetic determinants required for fitness in heterotypic community environments. In periodontal diseases, Porphyromonas gingivalis is a primary pathogen, but only within polymicrobial communities. Here, we used a transposon sequencing (Tn-Seq) library of P. gingivalis to screen for genes that influence fitness of the organism in a coinfection murine abscess model with the oral partner species Streptococcus gordonii and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Genes impacting fitness with either organism were involved in diverse processes, including metabolism and energy production, along with cell wall and membrane biogenesis. Despite the overall similarity of function, the majority of identified genes were specific to the partner species, indicating that synergistic mechanisms of P. gingivalis vary to a large extent according to community composition. Only two genes were identified as essential for P. gingivalis fitness in abscess development with both S. gordonii and F. nucleatum: ptk1, encoding a tyrosine kinase, and inlJ, encoding an internalin family surface protein. Ptk1, but not InlJ, is required for community development with S. gordonii, and we found that the action of this kinase is similarly required for P. gingivalis to accumulate in a community with F. nucleatum. A limited number of P. gingivalis genes are therefore required for species-independent synergy, and the Ptk1 tyrosine kinase network may integrate and coordinate input from multiple organisms.
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Varon-Shahar E, Shusterman A, Piattelli A, Iezzi G, Weiss EI, Houri-Haddad Y. Peri-implant alveolar bone resorption in an innovative peri-implantitis murine model: Effect of implant surface and onset of infection. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2019; 21:723-733. [PMID: 31219661 DOI: 10.1111/cid.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the difference in alveolar bone resorption around implants after immediate placement in a bacterial induced experimental periimplantitis murine model. The various conditions that were examined were: Effect of implant surface characteristics and the onset of the induced infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Screw-shaped titanium implants, smooth-surface or sand-blasted large-grit acid-etched (SLA) coated, were inserted immediately after extraction of the first upper left molar, in 90 5-6-week-old BALB/c mice. The mice were infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum 21 (early infection) or 42 days (delayed infection) after implantation. Six weeks post infection, bone volume around inserted implants was measured using micro-CT, and was compared to alveolar bone level around teeth. Histological analysis was also performed. RESULTS The level of bone loss was significantly higher around the implants compared to the teeth, for smooth surface implants the bone loss was higher than of the SLA surface in both control and infected groups with no statistical significance. The survival rate of the implants in immediate infection was 75% compared of the 100% survival of the delayed infection and control mice. There is no significant difference between the early and the delayed infection in alveolar bone loss level around the implants. CONCLUSIONS This model can assist in studying the differences in alveolar bone resorption in different implants and their effect on the development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Varon-Shahar
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariel Shusterman
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The Hebrew University - Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adriano Piattelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giovanna Iezzi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Ervin I Weiss
- Dental School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Yael Houri-Haddad
- Acting Head, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
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Irankhah S, Abdi Ali A, Mallavarapu M, Soudi MR, Subashchandrabose S, Gharavi S, Ayati B. Ecological role of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus GSN3 in natural biofilm formation and its advantages in bioremediation. BIOFOULING 2019; 35:377-391. [PMID: 31119950 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1597061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the role of a new Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain, GSN3, with biofilm-forming and phenol-degrading abilities. Three biofilm reactors were spiked with activated sludge (R1), green fluorescent plasmid (GFP) tagged GSN3 (R2), and their combination (R3). More than 99% phenol removal was achieved during four weeks in R3 while this efficiency was reached after two and four further operational weeks in R2 and R1, respectively. Confocal scanning electron microscopy revealed that GSN3-gfp strains appeared mostly in the deeper layers of the biofilm in R3. After four weeks, almost 7.07 × 107 more attached sludge cells were counted per carrier in R3 in comparison to R1. Additionally, the higher numbers of GSN3-gfp in R2 were unable to increase the efficiency as much as measured in R3. The presence of GSN3-gfp in R3 conveyed advantages, including enhancement of cell immobilization, population diversity, metabolic cooperation and ultimately treatment efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Irankhah
- a Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences , Alzahra University , Tehran , Iran
- b Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science and Information Technology , University of Newcastle , Callaghan , NSW , Australia
| | - Ahya Abdi Ali
- a Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences , Alzahra University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Megharaj Mallavarapu
- b Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science and Information Technology , University of Newcastle , Callaghan , NSW , Australia
- c CRC CARE, Newcastle University LPO , Callaghan , NSW , Australia
| | - Mohammad Reza Soudi
- a Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences , Alzahra University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Suresh Subashchandrabose
- b Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science and Information Technology , University of Newcastle , Callaghan , NSW , Australia
- c CRC CARE, Newcastle University LPO , Callaghan , NSW , Australia
| | - Sara Gharavi
- d Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences , Alzahra University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Bita Ayati
- e Environmental Engineering Division, Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
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Galactose Impacts the Size and Intracellular Composition of the Asaccharolytic Oral Pathobiont Porphyromonas gingivalis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.02268-18. [PMID: 30552185 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02268-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The asaccharolytic anaerobe Porphyromonas gingivalis metabolizes proteins it encounters in the periodontal pocket, including host-derived glycoproteins such as mucins and immunoglobulins. Often, these proteins are protected by a diverse array of carbohydrates tethered to the polypeptide chain via glycolytic bonds, and P. gingivalis produces enzymes capable of liberating these carbohydrates, exposing the proteinaceous core. In this study, we investigated the effect of individual monosaccharides, including galactose, l-fucose, mannose, and glucose, on the growth and physiology of P. gingivalis Of the carbohydrates tested, only galactose noticeably altered the density of the bacterial culture, and we observed that cultures grown with galactose reached significantly higher densities during stationary phase. Importantly, electron micrographs and plating of P. gingivalis in stationary phase demonstrated that the presence of galactose did not increase cell numbers; instead, the higher densities resulted from the expansion of individual cells which contained large intracellular granules. Initial attempts to characterize these granules revealed only a subtle increase in soluble carbohydrates, suggesting they are likely not composed of stored carbohydrate. Also, an analysis of major surface polysaccharides via an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) did not reveal significant differences between cells grown with or without galactose. Finally, an initial investigation of the transcriptional changes elicited by galactose in late exponential phase suggested that genes important for cell shape and for the general stress response may play roles in this phenomenon. Overall, galactose, a monosaccharide commonly present on the surfaces of host proteins, substantially alters the physiology of P. gingivalis via the production of large, currently undefined, intracellular granules.IMPORTANCE Environmental perturbations are central to the ability of pathobionts, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, to promote the development of diseased sites. In the case of periodontal disease, increased local pH, a shift to anaerobic surroundings, and the accumulation of Gram-negative anaerobes at the expense of Gram-positive cocci are known ecological fluctuations prominently associated with progression toward disease. Importantly, in contrast, the alterations to subgingival food webs in disease sites remain poorly characterized. We hypothesized that given the dramatic shift in community structure during disease, it is possible that free carbohydrates, which would typically be readily metabolized by Gram-positive cocci after cleavage from glycoproteins, may increase in concentration locally and thereby affect the physiological state of the subgingival microbiota. In this study, we explored the impact of free monosaccharides on P. gingivalis to gain deeper insight into the effect of dysbiotic conditions on the growth and physiology of this periodontal pathogen.
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Irankhah S, Abdi Ali A, Reza Soudi M, Gharavi S, Ayati B. Highly efficient phenol degradation in a batch moving bed biofilm reactor: benefiting from biofilm-enhancing bacteria. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:164. [PMID: 30368594 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2543-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the efficiency improvement of three moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) was investigated by inoculation of activated sludge cells (R1), mixed culture of eight strong phenol-degrading bacteria consisted of Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. (R2) and the combination of both (R3). Biofilm formation ability of eight bacteria was assessed initially using different methods and media. Maximum degradation of phenol, COD, biomass growth and also changes in organic loading shock were used as parameters to measure the performance of reactors. According to the results, all eight strains were determined as enhanced biofilm forming bacteria (EBFB). Under optimum operating conditions, more than 90% of initial COD load of 2795 mg L-1 was reduced at 24 HRT in R3 while this reduction efficiency was observed in concentrations of 1290 mg L-1 and 1935 mg L-1, in R1 and R2, respectively. When encountering phenol loading shock-twice greater than optimum amount-R1, R2 and R3 managed to return to the steady-state condition within 32, 24 and 18 days, respectively. SEM microscopy and biomass growth measurements confirmed the contribution of more cells to biofilm formation in R3 followed by R2. Additionally, established biofilm in R3 was more resistant to phenol loading shock which can be attributed to the enhancer role of EBFB strains in this reactor. It has been demonstrated that the bacteria with both biofilm-forming and contaminant-degrading abilities are not only able to promote the immobilization of other favorable activated sludge cells in biofilm structure, but also cooperate in contaminant degradation which all consequently lead to improvement of treatment efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Irankhah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, 1993891176, Iran
| | - Ahya Abdi Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, 1993891176, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Soudi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, 1993891176, Iran
| | - Sara Gharavi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bita Ayati
- Environmental Engineering Division, Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Characterization of Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 23726 adhesins involved in strain-specific attachment to Porphyromonas gingivalis. Int J Oral Sci 2016. [PMCID: PMC5113093 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2016.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial adherence is an essential virulence factor in pathogenesis and infection. Fusobacterium nucleatum has a central role in oral biofilm architecture by acting as a bridge between early Gram-positive and late Gram-negative colonizers that do not otherwise adhere to each other. In this study, we survey a key adherence interaction of F. nucleatum with Porphyromonas gingivalis, and present evidence that multiple fusobacterial adhesins have a role in the attachment of F. nucleatum ATCC 23726 to P. gingivalis in a highly strain-dependent manner. Interaction between these species displayed varying sensitivities to arginine, galactose and lactose. Arginine was found to hamper coaggregation by at least 62% and up to 89% with several P. gingivalis strains and galactose inhibition ranged from no inhibition up to 58% with the same P. gingivalis strains. Lactose consistently inhibited F. nucleatum interaction with these P. gingivalis strains ranging from 40% to 56% decrease in coaggregation. Among the adhesins involved are the previously described Fap2 and surprisingly, RadD, which was described in an earlier study for its function in attachment of F. nucleatum to Gram-positive species. We also provide evidence for the presence of at least one additional adhesin that is sensitive to arginine but unlike Fap2 and RadD, is not a member of the autotransporter family type of fusobacterial large outer membrane proteins. The strain-specific binding profile of multiple fusobacterial adhesins to P. gingivalis highlights the heterogeneity and complexity of interspecies interactions in the oral cavity.
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Africa CWJ, Nel J, Stemmet M. Anaerobes and bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: virulence factors contributing to vaginal colonisation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:6979-7000. [PMID: 25014248 PMCID: PMC4113856 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110706979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aetiology and pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis (BV) is unclear but it appears to be associated with factors that disrupt the normal acidity of the vagina thus altering the equilibrium between the normal vaginal microbiota. BV has serious implications for female morbidity, including reports of pelvic inflammatory disease, adverse pregnancy outcomes, increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections and infertility. This paper reviewed new available information regarding possible factors contributing to the establishment of the BV vaginal biofilm, examined the proposed role of anaerobic microbial species recently detected by new culture-independent methods and discusses developments related to the effects of BV on human pregnancy. The literature search included Pubmed (NLM), LISTA (EBSCO), and Web of Science. Because of the complexity and diversity of population groups, diagnosis and methodology used, no meta-analysis was performed. Several anaerobic microbial species previously missed in the laboratory diagnosis of BV have been revealed while taking cognisance of newly proposed theories of infection, thereby improving our understanding and knowledge of the complex aetiology and pathogenesis of BV and its perceived role in adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene W J Africa
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Janske Nel
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Megan Stemmet
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Cheng Z, Meng X, Wang H, Chen M, Li M. Isolation and characterization of broad spectrum coaggregating bacteria from different water systems for potential use in bioaugmentation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94220. [PMID: 24736645 PMCID: PMC3988075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The bridging bacteria with broad-spectrum coaggregation ability play an important role during multispecies-biofilm development. In this study, through a visual and semi-quantitative assay, twenty-two bacterial strains with aggregation ability were obtained from 8 different water environments, and these strains were assigned to 7 genera according to their 16S rDNA and they were Aeromonas, Bacillus, Comamonas, Exiguobacterium, Pseudomonas, Shewanella and Comamonas. Furthermore, all possible 231 pairwise combinations among these 22 strains were explored for coaggregation ability by spectrophotometric assay. Among all these strains, it was found that Bacillus cereus G5 and Bacillus megaterium T1 coaggregated with themajority of assayed other strains, 90.5% (19 of 21 strains) and 76.2% respectively (17 of 21 strains) at a higher coaggregation rates (A.I. greater than 50%), indicating they have a broad-spectrum coaggregation property. The images of coaggregates also confirmed the coexistence of G5 and T1 with their partner strains. Biofilm biomass development of G5 cocultured with each of its partner strains were further evaluateded. The results showed that 15 of 21 strains, when paired with G5, developed greater biofilm biomass than the monocultures. Furthermore, the images from both fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that G5 and A3-GFP (a 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid-degrading strain, staining with gfp),could develop a typical spatial structure of dual-species biofilm when cocultured. These results suggested that bridging-bacteria with a broad spectrum coaggregating ability, such as G5,could mediate the integration of exogenous degrading bacteria into biofilms and contribute to the bioaugmentation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqin Cheng
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Xiangxun Meng
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Haichao Wang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Mei Chen
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Mengying Li
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
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The effects of stress hormones on growth of selected periodontitis related bacteria. Anaerobe 2013; 24:49-54. [PMID: 24036419 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this study was to examine in vitro the effects of stress hormones (catecholamines: epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine and hydrocortisone: cortisol) on the growth of four anaerobic species of periodontitis-related bacteria (Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Tannerella forsythia) and one facultative anaerobic species (Eikenella corrodens). Bacterial growth was determined by two different methods: fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and the viable count by culture method. To simulate stress, each single strain was grown in a special growth medium with three different concentrations of each hormone, using an anaerobic chamber at 37 °C. Growth of F. nucleatum increased in the presence of all stress hormones. Growth of P. gingivalis was not significantly influenced by any hormone. Growth of P. intermedia and E. corrodens was inhibited by almost all stress hormones tested. Both methods of analysis revealed that the highest concentrations of norepinephrine and cortisol increased the growth of T. forsythia. Different hormones have a different effect on the growth of periodontitis-related bacteria in vitro. It appears that bacterial viability is more strongly influenced than is bacterial metabolic activity. The growth of F. nucleatum particularly and partially of T. forsythia is increased by several stress hormones and may have an additional negative impact on periodontal disease.
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Abstract
The Gram-negative, non-sporulating, obligately anaerobic species, Fusobacterium nucleatum, is rapidly gaining notoriety as a pathogen with a surprising number of associated diseases. Recently, we have found that F. nucleatum is a more common resident of the GI tract than originally thought, and thus, through several studies, we have attempted to determine its gut-relevant potential for virulence. We have found that F. nucleatum possesses a number of pathogenic traits with relevance to gut diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), however, we have also documented strain-associated differences in virulence. An intriguing picture emerges that paints F. nucleatum as both conferring beneficial as well as detrimental effects on host cells; and we suggest that the ultimate effects of F. nucleatum infection in the gut are a consequence of the microbes with which this species aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Allen-Vercoe
- Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Liu PF, Shi W, Zhu W, Smith JW, Hsieh SL, Gallo RL, Huang CM. Vaccination targeting surface FomA of Fusobacterium nucleatum against bacterial co-aggregation: Implication for treatment of periodontal infection and halitosis. Vaccine 2010; 28:3496-505. [PMID: 20189489 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 12/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical therapy with multiple doses of antibiotics is one of modalities for treatment of periodontal diseases. However, treatments using multiple doses of antibiotics carry risks of generating resistant strains and misbalancing the resident body flora. We present an approach via immunization targeting an outer membrane protein FomA of Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), a central bridging organism in the architecture of oral biofilms. Neutralization of FomA considerably abrogated the enhancement of bacterial co-aggregation, biofilms and production of volatile sulfur compounds mediated by an inter-species interaction of F. nucleatum with Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). Vaccination targeting FomA also conferred a protective effect against co-infection-induced gum inflammation. Here, we advance a novel infectious mechanism by which F. nucleatum co-opts P. gingivalis to exacerbate gum infections. FomA is highlighted as a potential target for development of new therapeutics against periodontal infection and halitosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Feng Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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