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Jalil V, Khan M, Haider SZ, Shamim S. Investigation of the Antibacterial, Anti-Biofilm, and Antioxidative Effect of Piper betle Leaf Extract against Bacillus gaemokensis MW067143 Isolated from Dental Caries, an In Vitro-In Silico Approach. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2485. [PMID: 36557738 PMCID: PMC9788100 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Among oral diseases, dental caries is one of the most frequent to affect human health. The current research work aimed to ascertain the antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and antioxidative potential of Piper betle leaf extract against bacteria isolated from dental caries. Analysis for the presence of phytochemical compounds revealed compounds, such as tannins, steroids, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids, which were also confirmed by TLC and FTIR. GC-MS analysis elucidated the presence of 20 phytocompounds, among which were some well-reported bioactive compounds. The chloroform extract of P. betle demonstrated good antibacterial activity (7 mm) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (100 mg mL-1) against Bacillus gaemokensis MW067143, which was the frequent biofilm producer among isolated bacterial strains. Fractions of the extract were isolated through column chromatography, after which the antibacterial activity was again evaluated. Spirost-8-en-11-one,3-hydroxy(3β,5α,14β,20β,22β,25R), an oxosteroid in nature, was observed to exhibit remarkable antibacterial potential (12 mm) against B. gaemokensis. Bacterial cells treated with P. betle extract had elevated SOD, APOX, POX, and GR activity, while its proteolytic activity against whole bacterial proteins was pronounced with the suppression of several proteins (50, 40, 15, and 10 kDa) in SDS-PAGE. Bacterial cells treated with P. betle extract demonstrated decreased growth, while the extract was also observed to exhibit inhibition of biofilm formation (70.11%) and demolition of established B. gaemokensis biofilms (57.98%). SEM analysis revealed significant changes to bacterial morphology post treatment with P. betle, with cellular disintegration being prominent. In silico network pharmacology analysis elucidated proteins like ESR1 and IL6 to be majorly involved in biological pathways of dental caries, which also interact with the protective ability of P. betle. Gene Ontology (GO) terms and KEGG pathways were also screened using enrichment analysis. Molecular docking demonstrated the highest binding affinity of Spirost-8-en-11-one,3-hydroxy-,(3β,5α,14β,20β,22β,25R) with bacterial proteins FabI (-12 kcal/mol), MurB (-17.1 kcal/mol), and FtsZ (-14.9 kcal/mol). Therefore, it is suggested that P. betle can serve a potentially therapeutic role and could be used in the preparation of herbal formulations for managing bacterial flora.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Saba Shamim
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Defence Road Campus, Off-Bhobatian Chowk, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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Saavedra FM, Pelepenko LE, Boyle WS, Zhang A, Staley C, Herzberg MC, Marciano MA, Lima BP. In vitro physicochemical characterization of five root canal sealers and their influence on an ex vivo oral multi-species biofilm community. Int Endod J 2022; 55:772-783. [PMID: 35383959 PMCID: PMC9321831 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the physicochemical properties of five root canal sealers and assess their effect on an ex vivo dental plaque-derived polymicrobial community. METHODOLOGY Dental plaque-derived microbial communities were exposed to the sealers (AH Plus [AHP], GuttaFlow Bioseal [GFB], Endoseal MTA [ESM], Bio-C sealer [BCS] and BioRoot RCS [BRR]) for 3, 6 and 18 h. The sealers' effect on the biofilm biomass and metabolic activity was quantified using crystal violet (CV) staining and MTT assay, respectively. Biofilm community composition and morphology were assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), 16S rRNA sequencing and scanning electron microscopy. The ISO6876:2012 specifications were followed to determine the setting time, radiopacity, flowability and solubility. Obturated acrylic teeth were used to assess the sealers' effect on pH. Surface chemical characterization was performed using SEM with coupled energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Data normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. One-way anova and Tukey's tests were used to analyze data from setting time, radiopacity, flowability and solubility. Two-way anova and Dunnett's tests were used for the data analysis from CV, MTT and pH. 16S rRNA sequencing data were analyzed for alpha (Shannon index and Chao analysis) and beta diversity (Bray-Curtis dissimilarities). Differences in community composition were evaluated by analysis of similarity (p < .05). RESULTS The sealers significantly influenced microbial community composition and morphology. All sealers complied with ISO6876:2012 requirements for setting time, radiopacity and flowability. Although only AHP effectively reduced the biofilm biomass, all sealers, except BRR, reduced biofilm metabolic activity. CONCLUSION Despite adequate physical properties, none of the sealers tested prevented biofilm growth. Significant changes in community composition were observed. If observed in vivo, these changes could affect intracanal microbial survival, pathogenicity and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia M. Saavedra
- Department of Restorative DentistrySchool of Dentistry of PiracicabaState University of CampinasPiracicabaBrazil
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological SciencesSchool of DentistryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Lauter E. Pelepenko
- Department of Restorative DentistrySchool of Dentistry of PiracicabaState University of CampinasPiracicabaBrazil
| | - William S. Boyle
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological SciencesSchool of DentistryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Anqi Zhang
- Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics (MDRCBB)School of DentistryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Christopher Staley
- Division of Basic & Translational ResearchDepartment of SurgeryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Mark C. Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological SciencesSchool of DentistryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Marina A. Marciano
- Department of Restorative DentistrySchool of Dentistry of PiracicabaState University of CampinasPiracicabaBrazil
| | - Bruno P. Lima
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological SciencesSchool of DentistryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
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Gingichashvili S, Duanis-Assaf D, Shemesh M, Featherstone JDB, Feuerstein O, Steinberg D. The Adaptive Morphology of Bacillus subtilis Biofilms: A Defense Mechanism against Bacterial Starvation. Microorganisms 2019; 8:microorganisms8010062. [PMID: 31905847 PMCID: PMC7023499 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are commonly defined as accumulations of microbes, embedded in a self-secreted, polysaccharide-rich extra-cellular matrix. This study aimed to characterize specific morphological changes that occur in Bacillus subtilis biofilms under nutrient-limiting growth conditions. Under varying levels of nutrient depletion, colony-type biofilms were found to exhibit different rates of spatial expansion and green fluorescent protein production. Specifically, colony-type biofilms grown on media with decreased lysogeny broth content exhibited increased spatial expansion and more stable GFP production over the entire growth period. By modeling the surface morphology of colony-type biofilms using confocal and multiphoton microscopy, we analyzed the appearance of distinctive folds or "wrinkles" that form as a result of lysogeny broth content reduction in the solid agar growth media. When subjected to varying nutritional conditions, the channel-like folds were shown to alter their morphology; growth on nutrient-depleted media was found to trigger the formation of large and straight wrinkles connecting the colony core to its periphery. To test a possible functional role of the formed channels, a fluorescent analogue of glucose was used to demonstrate preferential native uptake of the molecules into the channels' interiors which supports their possible role in the transport of molecules throughout biofilm structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gingichashvili
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (D.D.-A.); (D.S.)
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel;
- Correspondence:
| | - Danielle Duanis-Assaf
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (D.D.-A.); (D.S.)
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute for Postharvest Technology and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel;
| | - Moshe Shemesh
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute for Postharvest Technology and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel;
| | | | - Osnat Feuerstein
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel;
| | - Doron Steinberg
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (D.D.-A.); (D.S.)
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Yang Y, Li W, Hou B, Zhang C. Quorum sensing LuxS/autoinducer-2 inhibits Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation ability. J Appl Oral Sci 2018; 26:e20170566. [PMID: 30304123 PMCID: PMC6172024 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2017-0566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relation between biofilm formation ability and quorum sensing gene LuxS/AI-2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) standard strain ATCC 29212 was used in the study. Long flanking homology polymerase chain reaction method was used to build the LuxS gene knockout strain. Sequential culture turbidity measurement and CFU counting were used to assess the proliferation ability of E. faecalis after the depletion of LuxS. 96-well plate assay was used to quantify the biofilm formation ability; CLSM was used to observe the attached bacteria areas, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to observe biofilm microstructure conditions. RESULTS LuxS gene knockout strains were successfully constructed and identified. The results showed that proliferation ability of E. faecalis was not affected by the depletion of the luxS gene, and the biofilm formation ability of ΔLuxS 29212 significantly decreased (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our studies provide the LuxS gene's key role in controlling biofilm formation of E. faecalis, which presented a negative regulation, and furthermore, providing us a possible way to conquer the persistent apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhi Li
- Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics, Beijing, China
| | - Benxiang Hou
- Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics, Beijing, China
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Duanis-Assaf D, Duanis-Assaf T, Zeng G, Meyer RL, Reches M, Steinberg D, Shemesh M. Cell wall associated protein TasA provides an initial binding component to extracellular polysaccharides in dual-species biofilm. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9350. [PMID: 29921978 PMCID: PMC6008451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27548-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Many bacteria in biofilm surround themselves by an extracellular matrix composed mainly of extracellular polysaccharide (EP), proteins such as amyloid-like fibers (ALF) and nucleic acids. While the importance of EP in attachment and acceleration of biofilm by a number of different bacterial species is well established, the contribution of ALF to attachment in multispecies biofilm remains unknown. The study presented here aimed to investigate the role of TasA, a precursor for ALF, in cell-cell interactions in dual-species biofilms of Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus mutans. Expression of major B. subtilis matrix operons was significantly up-regulated in the presence of S. mutans during different stages of biofilm formation, suggesting that the two species interacted and modulated gene expression in each other. Wild-type B. subtilis expressing TasA adhered strongly to S. mutans biofilm, while a TasA-deficient mutant was less adhesive and consequently less abundant in the dual-species biofilm. Dextran, a biofilm polysaccharide, induced aggregation of B. subtilis and stimulated adhesion to S. mutans biofilms. This effect was only observed in the wild-type strain, suggesting that interactions between TasA and dextran-associated EP plays an important role in inter-species interactions during initial stages of multispecies biofilm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Duanis-Assaf
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute for Postharvest Technology and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tal Duanis-Assaf
- Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | - Meital Reches
- Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Doron Steinberg
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Moshe Shemesh
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute for Postharvest Technology and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
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Sharma G, Ahmed HMA, Zilm PS, Rossi-Fedele G. Antimicrobial properties of calcium hydroxide dressing when used for long-term application: A systematic review. AUST ENDOD J 2017; 44:60-65. [DOI: 10.1111/aej.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Garima Sharma
- Adelaide Dental School; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | | | - Peter S. Zilm
- Adelaide Dental School; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
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Yamane K, Nambu T, Yamanaka T, Ishihara K, Tatami T, Mashimo C, Walker CB, Leung KP, Fukushima H. Pathogenicity of exopolysaccharide-producing Actinomyces oris isolated from an apical abscess lesion. Int Endod J 2012; 46:145-54. [PMID: 22900599 PMCID: PMC3557718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aim To demonstrate a capacity for producing exopolysaccharides (EPSs) and an ability to form biofilm on abiotic materials of Actinomyces oris strain K20. Methodology The productivity of EPSs and the ability to form biofilm of strain K20 were evaluated by measuring viscosity of spent culture media and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the biofilm assay on microtitre plates, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the chemical composition of the viscous materials. To examine the role of the viscous materials attributable to the pathogenicity in this organism, the ability of strain K20 to induce abscess formation was compared in mice to that of ATCC 27044. Results The viscosity of the spent culture media of K20 was significantly higher than that of ATCC 27044. Strain K20 showed dense meshwork structures around the cells and formed biofilms on microtitre plates, whereas ATCC 27044 did not. Chemical analysis of the viscous materials revealed that they were mainly composed of neutral sugars with mannose constituting 77.5% of the polysaccharides. Strain K20 induced persistent abscesses in mice lasting at least 5 days at a concentration of 108 cells mL−1, whereas abscesses induced by ATCC 27044 healed and disappeared or decreased in size at day 5. Conclusions Strain K20 produced EPSs, mainly consisting of mannose, and formed biofilms. This phenotype might play an important role for A. oris to express virulence through the progression of apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamane
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka Dental University, Osaka, Japan.
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Poeschl PW, Crepaz V, Russmueller G, Seemann R, Hirschl AM, Ewers R. Endodontic Pathogens Causing Deep Neck Space Infections: Clinical Impact of Different Sampling Techniques and Antibiotic Susceptibility. J Endod 2011; 37:1201-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Complete Genome Sequence of Rothia mucilaginosa DY-18: A Clinical Isolate with Dense Meshwork-Like Structures from a Persistent Apical Periodontitis Lesion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1155/2010/457236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rothia mucilaginosa is an opportunistic pathogen in the human oral cavity and pharynx. We found that R. mucilaginosa DY-18, a clinical isolate from a persistent apical periodontitis lesion, had biofilm-like structures. Similar structures were also observed on R. mucilaginosa ATCC25296. To further study these structures, we determined the complete genome sequence of DY-18 and found it a 2.26-Mb chromosome. Regarding stress responsive systems known to affect biofilm formation in many bacteria, DY-18 genome possessed only two sigma factor genes. One of these encoded an additional sigma factor whose promoter-binding activity may be regulated in response to environmental stimuli. Additionally, several genes assigned to two-component signal transduction systems were presented in this genome. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first complete genome of R. mucilaginosa species and our data raise the possibility that this organism regulates the biofilm phenotype through these stress responsive systems.
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Yamanaka T, Sumita-Sasazaki Y, Sugimori C, Matsumoto-Mashimo C, Yamane K, Mizukawa K, Yoshida M, Hayashi H, Nambu T, Leung KP, Fukushima H. Biofilm-like structures and pathogenicity of Escherichia hermannii YS-11, a clinical isolate from a persistent apical periodontitis lesion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 59:456-65. [PMID: 20553325 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia hermannii, formerly classified as enteric group 11 of Escherichia coli, is considered to be nonpathogenic. In this report, we described some of the pathogenic properties of a viscous material-producing E. hermannii strain YS-11, which was clinically isolated from a persistent apical periodontitis lesion. YS-11 possessed cell surface-associated meshwork-like structures that are found in some biofilm-forming bacteria and its viscous materials contained mannose-rich exopolysaccharides. To further examine the biological effect of the extracellular viscous materials and the meshwork structures, we constructed a number of mutants using transposon mutagenesis. Strain 455, which has a transposon inserted into wzt, a gene that encodes an ATP-binding cassette transporter, lacked the expression of the cell surface-associated meshwork structures and the ability to produce extracellular materials. Complementation of the disrupted wzt in strain 455 with an intact wzt resulted in the restoration of these phenotypes. We also compared these strains in terms of their ability to induce abscess formation in mice as an indication of their pathogenicity. Strains with meshwork-like structures induced greater abscesses than those induced by strains that lacked such structures. These results suggest that the ability to produce mannose-rich exopolysaccharides and to form meshwork-like structures on E. hermannii might contribute to its pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yamanaka
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata-shi, Osaka, Japan.
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Endodontic and Salivary Isolates of Enterococcus faecalis Integrate into Biofilm from Human Salivary Bacteria Cultivated In Vitro. J Endod 2009; 35:986-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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