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Sy K, Chevalier C, Maton M, Mokbel I, Mahieux S, Houcke I, Neut C, Grosgogeat B, Deveaux E, Gritsch K, Agossa K. Therapeutic Potential of Chlorhexidine-Loaded Calcium Hydroxide-Based Intracanal Medications in Endo-Periodontal Lesions: An Ex Vivo and In Vitro Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1416. [PMID: 37760713 PMCID: PMC10525524 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endo-periodontal lesions are challenging clinical situations where both the supporting tissues and the root canal of the same tooth are infected. In the present study, chlorhexidine (CHX)-loaded calcium hydroxide (CH) pastes were used as intracanal medications (ICMs). They were prepared and tested on pathogens found in both the root canal and the periodontal pocket. Exposure to 0.5% and 1% CHX-loaded ICMs decreased the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis and was effective in eradicating or inhibiting an Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. CH was injected into the root canal of extracted human teeth immersed in deionized water. CHX-loaded ICMs resulted in the transradicular diffusion of active components outside the tooth through the apex and the lateral dentinal tubules, as shown by the release of CHX (from 3.99 µg/mL to 51.28 µg/mL) and changes in pH (from 6.63 to 8.18) and calcium concentrations (from 2.42 ppm to 14.67 ppm) after 7 days. The 0.5% CHX-loaded ICM was non-toxic and reduced the release of IL-6 by periodontal cells stimulated by P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharides. Results indicate that the root canal may serve as a reservoir for periodontal drug delivery and that CHX-based ICMs can be an adjuvant for the control of infections and inflammation in endo-periodontal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadiatou Sy
- U1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (M.M.); (E.D.); (K.A.)
- Faculté d’Odontologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle d′Odontologie, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France; (B.G.); (K.G.)
| | - Charlène Chevalier
- UMR CNRS 5615 Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Université Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France; (C.C.); (I.M.)
| | - Mickaël Maton
- U1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (M.M.); (E.D.); (K.A.)
| | - Ilham Mokbel
- UMR CNRS 5615 Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Université Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France; (C.C.); (I.M.)
| | - Séverine Mahieux
- U1286 Infinite, Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (S.M.); (I.H.); (C.N.)
| | - Isabelle Houcke
- U1286 Infinite, Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (S.M.); (I.H.); (C.N.)
| | - Christel Neut
- U1286 Infinite, Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (S.M.); (I.H.); (C.N.)
| | - Brigitte Grosgogeat
- Faculté d’Odontologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle d′Odontologie, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France; (B.G.); (K.G.)
| | - Etienne Deveaux
- U1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (M.M.); (E.D.); (K.A.)
| | - Kerstin Gritsch
- Faculté d’Odontologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle d′Odontologie, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France; (B.G.); (K.G.)
| | - Kevimy Agossa
- U1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (M.M.); (E.D.); (K.A.)
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Rathi S, Reche A, Dhamdhere N, Bolenwar A. Perspectives on the Application of Nanomaterials in Medical and Dental Practices. Cureus 2023; 15:e43565. [PMID: 37719580 PMCID: PMC10503254 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A new field of study called nanotechnology concentrates on manipulating matter at atomic and molecular levels. Modern medicine may benefit tremendously from developments in the field of nanotechnology, and as a result, nanomedicine has emerged as a key location of education in the specific area of nanotechnology. This article aims to describe nanotechnology's possible applications in therapeutics. Nanotechnology and nanomedicine have allowed for the development of new dental materials that are stronger, more resistant to microbial seeding, etc. Other examples include high-strength denture bases, antimicrobial dental glue, aesthetic restorative materials comprised of small particles, and interface adorning for dental posts. Nanotechnology has been perfectly utilized in the medical industry for tissue engineering, biosensors, nanoscale diagnostic tools, and medication delivery using nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samruddhi Rathi
- Public Health Dentistry, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Amit Reche
- Public Health Dentistry, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Nutan Dhamdhere
- Public Health Dentistry, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Akarsh Bolenwar
- Public Health Dentistry, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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Kumar N, Maher N, Amin F, Ghabbani H, Zafar MS, Rodríguez-Lozano FJ, Oñate-Sánchez RE. Biomimetic Approaches in Clinical Endodontics. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7040229. [PMID: 36546929 PMCID: PMC9775094 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7040229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, biomimetic concepts have been widely adopted in various biomedical fields, including clinical dentistry. Endodontics is an important sub-branch of dentistry which deals with the different conditions of pulp to prevent tooth loss. Traditionally, common procedures, namely pulp capping, root canal treatment, apexification, and apexigonesis, have been considered for the treatment of different pulp conditions using selected materials. However, clinically to regenerate dental pulp, tissue engineering has been advocated as a feasible approach. Currently, new trends are emerging in terms of regenerative endodontics which have led to the replacement of diseased and non-vital teeth into the functional and healthy dentine-pulp complex. Root- canal therapy is the standard management option when dental pulp is damaged irreversibly. This treatment modality involves soft-tissue removal and then filling that gap through the obturation technique with a synthetic material. The formation of tubular dentine and pulp-like tissue formation occurs when stem cells are transplanted into the root canal with an appropriate scaffold material. To sum up tissue engineering approach includes three components: (1) scaffold, (2) differentiation, growth, and factors, and (3) the recruitment of stem cells within the pulp or from the periapical region. The aim of this paper is to thoroughly review and discuss various pulp-regenerative approaches and materials used in regenerative endodontics which may highlight the current trends and future research prospects in this particular area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kumar
- Department of Science of Dental Materials, Dr. Ishrat Ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +92-333-2818500
| | - Nazrah Maher
- Department of Science of Dental Materials, Dr. Ishrat Ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Amin
- Department of Science of Dental Materials, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Hani Ghabbani
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah, Al Munawwarah 41311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Sohail Zafar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah, Al Munawwarah 41311, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | | | - Ricardo E. Oñate-Sánchez
- Department of Special Care in Dentistry, Hospital Morales Meseguer, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, 30008 Murcia, Spain
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Dentin Sialoprotein/Phosphophoryn (DSP/PP) as Bio-Inductive Materials for Direct Pulp Capping. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173656. [PMID: 36080731 PMCID: PMC9460548 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional direct pulp capping, such as calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) or silicate products, usually induces an inflammatory reaction to provoke pulp regeneration. Phosphophoryn (PP) and dentin sialoprotein (DSP), the two most abundant non-collagenous proteins in the dentin matrix, are responsible for dentin mineralization, pulp cell migration, and differentiation. Here we examined the PP and combined DSP/PP as bio-inductive pulp capping materials by in vitro and in vivo tests. Firstly, the effects of the PP dose on pulp cell migration and matrix protein expression were examined by an agarose bead test. Secondly, the role of recombinant DSP (recDSP) and recDSP/PP on stimulating DSP-PP transcript expression was examined by RT-PCR. DSPP mRNA was also knocked down by RNA interference (RNAi) to examine their functions on dentin matrix mineralization. Finally, we used ferret animal models to test PP and recDSP/PP acting as capping agents on in vivo pulp responses and reparative dentin formation. The result showed that intermediate-dose PP was the most effective to enhance cell migration and differentiation. RecDSP/PP strongly enhanced the DSP-PP transcript expression, while inhibition of DSPP mRNA expression by siRNAs partially or completely affected dental pulp cell mineralization. The in vivo results showed that intermediate-dose PP and recDSP/PP proteins induced less pulp inflammation and promoted reparative dentin formation. Contrarily, conventional calcium hydroxide induced severe pulp inflammation. With these findings, DSP and PP could serve as capping agents for pulp capping therapy.
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Camilleri J, Atmeh A, Li X, Meschi N. Present status and future directions: Hydraulic materials for endodontic use. Int Endod J 2022; 55 Suppl 3:710-777. [PMID: 35167119 PMCID: PMC9314068 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydraulic materials are used in Endodontics due to their hydration characteristics namely the formation of calcium hydroxide when mixing with water and also because of their hydraulic properties. These materials are presented in various consistencies and delivery methods. They are composed primarily of tricalcium and dicalcium silicate, and also include a radiopacifier, additives and an aqueous or a non-aqueous vehicle. Only materials whose primary reaction is with water can be classified as hydraulic. OBJECTIVES Review of the classification of hydraulic materials by Camilleri and the literature pertaining to specific uses of hydraulic cements in endodontics namely intra-coronal, intra-radicular and extra-radicular. Review of the literature on the material properties linked to specific uses providing the current status of these materials after which future trends and gaps in knowledge could be identified. METHODS The literature was reviewed using PUBMED, and for each clinical use, the in vitro properties such as physical, chemical, biological and antimicrobial characteristics and clinical data were extracted and evaluated. RESULTS A large number of publications were retrieved for each clinical use and these were grouped depending on the property type being investigated. CONCLUSIONS The hydraulic cements have made a difference in clinical outcomes. The main shortcoming is the poor testing methodologies employed which provide very limited information and also inhibits adequate clinical translation. Furthermore, the clinical protocols need to be updated to enable the materials to be employed effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josette Camilleri
- School of DentistryCollege of Medical and Dental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Amre Atmeh
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM)Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU)DubaiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Oral Health SciencesBIOMAT – Biomaterials Research GroupKU Leuven and DentistryUniversity Hospitals LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Nastaran Meschi
- Department of Oral Health SciencesBIOMAT – Biomaterials Research GroupKU Leuven and DentistryUniversity Hospitals LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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Periodontal Tissue Reaction Consecutive Implantation of Endodontic Materials and Subsequent Integration of Complex Oral Rehabilitation Treatments. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oral rehabilitation is a main branch of dentistry focused on diagnosing the patient’s problem and creating a treatment plan to restore aesthetics, recondition morphologically all components, and recover the functionality of the oral cavity. Biological compatibility of the materials used has a major importance, due to the direct contact with essential tissues, such as the soft and hard tissue of the periodontium and the potential influence on the outcome of the treatment. The present material aims to assess the inflammatory response after subcutaneous implantation of three materials frequently used in endodontics (Mineral Trioxide Aggregate—MTA, DiaRoot BioAggregate, and Sealapex). The evaluation of the reparative tissue reaction after 7, 30, and 60 days, respectively, subsequent to in vivo implantation, was carried out through electron microscopy imaging. Moreover, evaluation of the dynamics of the osteogenesis process was an indicator for the maintenance of internal homeostasis in the context of complex intraoral rehabilitation treatments that include fixed prosthodontics correlated with the particular periodontal-aesthetic aspects and completed by cranio-mandibular repositioning. Our study showed increased absolute values of alkaline phosphatase in all material-implanted cases (more pronounced in MTA and Bio Aggregate), highlighting that this enzyme could be an effective indicator of bone formation, which takes place after the material implantation, with the most significant elevated values at 30 days postoperatively.
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Investigating the Antioxidant and Cytocompatibility of Mimusops elengi Linn Extract over Human Gingival Fibroblast Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18137162. [PMID: 34281099 PMCID: PMC8297240 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background-chlorhexidine (CHX) is most commonly used as a chemical plaque control agent. Nevertheless, its adverse effects, including teeth discoloration, taste alteration and calculus build-up, limit its use and divert us to medicinal herbs. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the phytochemical composition, antioxidant potential, and cytotoxic effects of Mimusops elengi Linn extract (ME) over normal human cultured adult gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Methods-in vitro phytochemical screening, total flavonoid content, antioxidant potential by DPPH and Nitric Oxide (NO) radical scavenging activity, and cytotoxic effects of ME extracts over HGF were explored. The viability of HGF cells was determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), neutral red uptake, and trypan blue assay after treatment with different concentrations of CHX and ME (0.3125 to 10 µg/mL). Results-ME showed some alkaloids, glycosides, saponins and flavonoids exhibited relatively moderate-to-good antioxidant potential. Increasing the concentration of CHX and ME from 0.3125 to 10 µg/mL reduced cell viability from 29.71% to 1.07% and 96.12% to 56.02%, respectively. At higher concentrations, CHX reduced the viability of cells by 52.36-fold compared to ME, revealed by MTT assay. At 10 µg/mL concentration, the mean cell viability of CHX and ME-treated cells was 2.24% and 57.45%, respectively, revealed by a neutral red assay. The viability of CHX- and ME-treated HGF cells estimated at higher concentrations (10 µg/mL) using trypan blue assay was found to be 2.18% and 47.36%, respectively. A paired t-test showed significance (p < 0.05), and one-way ANOVA difference between the mean cell viability of CHX- and ME-treated cells at different concentrations. One-way ANOVA confirmed the significant difference between the viability of CHX- and ME-treated cells. Conclusions-The cytoprotective and antioxidant effects of ME emphasize its potential benefits. Therefore, it could emerge as a herbal alternative and adjunct to conventional oral hygiene methods, that can diminish periodontal tissue destruction.
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Song W, Li S, Tang Q, Chen L, Yuan Z. In vitro biocompatibility and bioactivity of calcium silicate‑based bioceramics in endodontics (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:128. [PMID: 34013376 PMCID: PMC8136140 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium silicate-based bioceramics have been applied in endodontics as advantageous materials for years. In addition to excellent physical and chemical properties, the biocompatibility and bioactivity of calcium silicate-based bioceramics also serve an important role in endodontics according to previous research reports. Firstly, bioceramics affect cellular behavior of cells such as stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, fibroblasts and immune cells. On the other hand, cell reaction to bioceramics determines the effect of wound healing and tissue repair following bioceramics implantation. The aim of the present review was to provide an overview of calcium silicate-based bioceramics currently applied in endodontics, including mineral trioxide aggregate, Bioaggregate, Biodentine and iRoot, focusing on their in vitro biocompatibility and bioactivity. Understanding their underlying mechanism may help to ensure these materials are applied appropriately in endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Song
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Shue Li
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Qingming Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Zhenglin Yuan
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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Liu M, He L, Wang H, Su W, Li H. Comparison of in vitro biocompatibility and antibacterial activity of two calcium silicate-based materials. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2021; 32:52. [PMID: 33900464 PMCID: PMC8076131 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-021-06523-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed at comparing and evaluating the biocompatibility and antibacterial activities of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and iRoot BP Plus as novel retro-filling materials. Discs of both materials were prepared and incubated for 72 h to obtain material extracts in medium. Flow cytometry and the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay were used to assess the rate of apoptosis and proliferation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) when exposed to eluates of both materials. The expression levels of alkaline phosphatase, collagen type I, osteocalcin, Runt-related transcription factor-2, and Osterix were tested for evaluating the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs. The antibacterial activities of both materials were compared by the direct contact test. The hPDLSCs stimulated by MTA or iRoot BP Plus eluates showed significantly higher cell viability than that of the control group with no eluates. No significant differences were observed among the percentages of necrotic and apoptotic cells stimulated by MTA and iRoot BP Plus eluates and the control group. The expression of all osteogenic differentiation markers of hPDLSCs in both experimental groups were significantly higher than those of the control group, while the increment values in MTA group were significantly higher than those of the iRoot BP Plus group. The antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis showed no significant difference between MTA and iRoot BP Plus. Therefore, both materials may be suitable for retro-filling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiang Liu
- Department of Endodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lu He
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, 510140, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- Department of Endodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wenpei Su
- Department of Endodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Endodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Histological Evaluation of Periradicular Tissue Inflammatory Reactions and Calcified Tissue Formations After Implantation of Experimental Calcium Silicate and Hydroxyapatite Based Nanostructural Cements Into Root Canals of Rabbits Teeth. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2021-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate inflammatory tissue reactions and the formation of calcified tissue after implantation of experimental nanostructured calcium silicate cement (CS) and hydroxyapatite with calcium silicate cement (HA-CS) into root canals of rabbits’ teeth. The study was conducted on four rabbits of the genus Oryctolagus cuniculus. After instrumentation and irrigation, the root canals of the central incisors were dried and filled with CS, HA-CS and control material (MTA Angelus). The animals were sacrificed after 28 days. After histological preparation and hematoxylin-eosin staining, tissue samples were evaluated for the intensity and extension of inflammatory tissue reaction; continuity, morphology and thickness of the newly formed calcified tissue; and presence of giant cells, materials particles and microorganisms. Kruskal Wallis and Dunn’s post hoc test were used for data analysis (α=0.05). There were no significant differences in the intensity of inflammatory reactions between CS, HA-CS and MTA control. HA-CS showed significantly better results than MTA and CS with respect to continuity of the newly formed calcified tissue (P=0.003 and P=0.010, respectively). Significant differences in thickness of the calcified tissue existed between CS and MTA (P=0.004) and between HA-CS and MTA (P=0.012). Application of CS and HA-CS resulted in minimal inflammatory tissue response, similar to the MTA control. CS and HA-CS were more efficient than MTA in supporting hard tissue formation. The best organized newly formed calcified tissue was seen after HA-CS application.
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iRoot SP Promotes Osteo/Odontogenesis of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells via Activation of NF- κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2020:6673467. [PMID: 33424977 PMCID: PMC7775135 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6673467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of bone and tooth tissues, and related cellular therapies, has attracted widespread attention. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are potential candidates for such regeneration. iRoot SP is a premixed bioceramic root canal sealer widely used in clinical settings. However, the effect of iRoot SP on the biological features of BMSCs has not been elucidated. In the present study, we found that 0.2 mg/ml iRoot SP conditioned medium promoted osteo/odontogenic differentiation and enhanced mineralization of BMSCs without affecting the proliferative ability. Mechanistically, the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways were activated in SP-treated BMSCs, and differentiation was inhibited when cultured with the specific inhibitor. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that iRoot SP promotes osteo/odontogenic differentiation of BMSCs via the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, which could provide a new theoretical basis for clinical applications of iRoot SP and a new therapeutic target for the regeneration of bone and tooth tissue in the future.
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Sun Q, Meng M, Steed JN, Sidow SJ, Bergeron BE, Niu LN, Ma JZ, Tay FR. Manoeuvrability and biocompatibility of endodontic tricalcium silicate-based putties. J Dent 2020; 104:103530. [PMID: 33220332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study evaluated the indentation depth, storage modulus and biocompatibility of an experimental endodontic putty designed for endodontic perforation repair and direct pulp-capping (NeoPutty). The results were compared with the properties associated with the commercially available EndoSequence BC RRM Putty (ES Putty). METHODS Indentation depth was measured by a profilometer following indentation with the 1/4 lb Gilmore needle. Elastic modulus was evaluated using a strain-controlled rheometer. The effects of eluents derived from these two putties were examined on the viability and proliferation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLFs), before (1 st testing cycle) and after complete setting (2nd testing cycle). RESULTS The ES Putty became more difficult to ident and acquired a larger storage modulus after exposure to atmospheric moisture. Biocompatibility results indicated that both putties were relatively more cytotoxic than the bioinert Teflon negative control, but much less cytotoxic than the zinc oxide-eugenol cement negative control. NeoPutty was less cytotoxic than ES putty in the 1st testing cycle, particularly with hDPSCs. Both putties exhibited more favourable cytotoxicity profiles after complete setting. CONCLUSIONS NeoPutty has a better window of maneuverability after exposure to atmospheric moisture. From an in vitro cytotoxicity perspective, the NeoPutty may be considered more biocompatible than ES putty. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The experimental NeoPutty is biocompatible and is capable of reducing the frustration of shortened shelf life when jar-stored endodontic putties are exposed to atmospheric moisture during repeated opening of the lid for clinical retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jeffrey N Steed
- Department of Endodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie J Sidow
- Department of Endodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Brian E Bergeron
- Department of Endodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Li-Na Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jing-Zhi Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Franklin R Tay
- Department of Endodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Ferreira I, Laranjo M, Marto CM, Casalta-Lopes J, Serambeque B, Gonçalves AC, Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Carrilho E, Botelho MF, Baptista Paula A, Marques Ferreira M. GuttaFlow ® Bioseal Cytotoxicity Assessment: In Vitro Study. Molecules 2020; 25:E4297. [PMID: 32961683 PMCID: PMC7571006 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The sealers used for root canal treatment should be biocompatible for the peri-radicular tissues, to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of GuttaFlow® bioseal sealer and to compare them with AH26® epoxy resin. Culture media were conditioned with the GuttaFlow® bioseal and AH26® pellets. MDPC-23 odontoblast cell cultures were treated with conditioned medium and serial dilutions. To evaluate the metabolic activity and cellular viability, the MTT and SRB assays were performed. To determine the production of reactive oxygen species, the DHE and DCF-DA probes were used. Cell cycle and cell-death types were assessed by cytometry, and to evaluate the mineralization capacity, the Alizarin Red S coloration was used. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) when normality was found and Kruskal-Wallis on the opposite case. For the comparison with normality values, the Student t-test was used. Cells exposed to the GuttaFlow® bioseal conditioned medium maintained high metabolic activities, except at higher concentrations. Likewise, viability was maintained, but a significant decrease was observed after exposure to the highest concentration (p < 0.001), associated with cell death by late apoptosis and necrosis. When cell cultures were exposed to AH26®, metabolic activity was highly compromised, resulting in cell death. An imbalance in the production of peroxides and superoxide anion was observed. GuttaFlow® bioseal showed higher biocompatibility than AH26®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Ferreira
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.F.); (M.M.F.)
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.L.); (B.S.); (M.F.B.)
| | - Mafalda Laranjo
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.L.); (B.S.); (M.F.B.)
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.M.M.); (J.C.-L.); (A.C.G.); (A.B.S.-R.); (E.C.)
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, CACC, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Miguel Marto
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.M.M.); (J.C.-L.); (A.C.G.); (A.B.S.-R.); (E.C.)
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, CACC, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Casalta-Lopes
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.M.M.); (J.C.-L.); (A.C.G.); (A.B.S.-R.); (E.C.)
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, CACC, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
- Radiation Oncology Department, Coimbra University Hospital Centre, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Serambeque
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.L.); (B.S.); (M.F.B.)
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.M.M.); (J.C.-L.); (A.C.G.); (A.B.S.-R.); (E.C.)
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Gonçalves
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.M.M.); (J.C.-L.); (A.C.G.); (A.B.S.-R.); (E.C.)
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, CACC, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Bela Sarmento-Ribeiro
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.M.M.); (J.C.-L.); (A.C.G.); (A.B.S.-R.); (E.C.)
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, CACC, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eunice Carrilho
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.M.M.); (J.C.-L.); (A.C.G.); (A.B.S.-R.); (E.C.)
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, CACC, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 300-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Filomena Botelho
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.L.); (B.S.); (M.F.B.)
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.M.M.); (J.C.-L.); (A.C.G.); (A.B.S.-R.); (E.C.)
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, CACC, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anabela Baptista Paula
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.M.M.); (J.C.-L.); (A.C.G.); (A.B.S.-R.); (E.C.)
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, CACC, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 300-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- Avenida Byssaya Barreto, Blocos de Celas, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel Marques Ferreira
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.F.); (M.M.F.)
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.M.M.); (J.C.-L.); (A.C.G.); (A.B.S.-R.); (E.C.)
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, CACC, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
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Pintor AVB, Queiroz LD, Sancas MC, Brochado ACB, Spoladore J, Fonseca-Gonçalves A, Fidalgo TKS, Freitas-Fernandes LB, Valente AP, de Souza IPR, Primo LG, Alves GG. Cytocompatibility of filling pastes by primary teeth root simulating model. Odontology 2020; 109:174-183. [PMID: 32734501 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-020-00541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Evaluate the cytocompatibility of Calen®/ZO, Calcicur®, Vitapex®, Endoflas®, and zinc oxide/eugenol-based (ZOE) root canal pastes (RCP) to human primary osteoblasts (HPO) through a simplified model for primary teeth. The model employed pipette tips filled with 0.037 g of paste, exposed to 185 µL of culture medium for 24 h (n = 6). Release of components was analysed by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-NMR). HPO were exposed to conditioned media for 24 h. Cell viability was assessed by cell density and metabolic activity, and release of interleukin 6 (IL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) by immunological assay. Physicochemical properties and antimicrobial efficacy were also evaluated. 1H-NMR spectra analysis showed similarity between ZOE, Endoflas®, Calcicur®, and Vitapex® compared to Calen®/ZO and positive control, which showed distinct released components. Calen®/ZO and Calcicur® exhibited high alkaline pH in all periods and showed similar solubility. Calen®/ZO, ZOE, and Vitapex® showed similar flow rate. Calen®/ZO, Calcicur®, and Vitapex® did not exhibit antimicrobial efficacy. Calen®/ZO presented cytotoxicity (p < 0.05). Pastes did not increase IL-6 release compared to control. Apart from Vitapex®, all pastes significantly induced VEGF/bFGF release. Interactive effects among released products may affect biological response to filling pastes. Calcicur®, ZOE, Endoflas® and Calen®/ZO presented good to moderate cytocompatibility, with low impact on pro-inflammatory cytokine release and induction of growth factors of interest to tissue repair. This simplified model, specific for the evaluation of the cytocompatibility of RCPs on primary teeth, suggests how these pastes might contribute to bone repair in clinical situations of apical periodontitis in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Vaz Braga Pintor
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Prof Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 325, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-971, Brazil
| | - Luciana Domênico Queiroz
- Post-Graduation Program in Science and Biotechnology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Marquês do Paraná, 303, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Coutinho Sancas
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Prof Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 325, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-971, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Batista Brochado
- Post-Graduation Program in Science and Biotechnology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Marquês do Paraná, 303, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Janaína Spoladore
- Post-Graduation Program in Science and Biotechnology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Marquês do Paraná, 303, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andréa Fonseca-Gonçalves
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Prof Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 325, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-971, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Kelly S Fidalgo
- Department of Community and Preventive Dentistry, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Boulevard 28 de Setembro, 157, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Liana Bastos Freitas-Fernandes
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Prof Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 325, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-971, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Valente
- National Center of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Medical Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ivete Pomarico Ribeiro de Souza
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Prof Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 325, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-971, Brazil
| | - Laura Guimarães Primo
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Prof Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 325, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-971, Brazil.
| | - Gutemberg Gomes Alves
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biology Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Marquês do Paraná, 303, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Pintor AVB, Queiroz LD, Barcelos R, Primo LSG, Maia LC, Alves GG. MTT versus other cell viability assays to evaluate the biocompatibility of root canal filling materials: a systematic review. Int Endod J 2020; 53:1348-1373. [PMID: 32602945 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This systematic review aimed to compare the cytotoxicity of root canal filling materials (RCFMs) assessed using tetrazolium salt-based tests (TSBT), including the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, with those obtained using other cell viability assays. METHODS A search was performed on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and OpenGrey up to March 2019, followed by a manual search. According to the Participants, Exposure, Comparator and Outcomes (PECO) criteria, in vitro studies that evaluated the cytotoxic effect of RCFMss on animal and/or human cells through TSBT and at least one other viability assay were compared. The methodological quality of selected papers was assessed using ToxRTool® and SciRAP® . Data were analysed using Wilcoxon's signed-rank test for paired samples and linear weighting kappa. RESULTS A total of 230 non-duplicated records were identified. After applying the eligibility criteria, 55 studies were selected for methodological evaluation, seven were selected by manual searching, 22 were excluded for methodological reasons, and 40 were included. A total of 410 comparisons were performed between TSBT and distinct cell viability tests (DCVT). MTT had moderate concordance with DCVT using human cells (n = 138 samples) (P = 0.507; k = 0.4225) and animal cells (n = 122 samples) (P = 0.124; k = 0.5775). XTT had good concordance using human (n = 110 samples) (P = 0.507; k = 0.6336) and animal cells (n = 12 samples) (P = 0.564; k = 0.6604). MTT, XTT, WST and MTS assays showed moderate concordance with DCVT (n = 410 samples) (P = 0.375; k = 0.5138) and complete agreement in 226 samples. DISCUSSION The included studies had methodological heterogeneity that was minimized by the systematic review methodology. CONCLUSIONS MTT and XTT do not cause over- or underestimation of cell viability during cytotoxicity screening of root canal filling materials, implying that these assays can be considered reliable for this purpose. Nonetheless, the development of protocols for the cytotoxic screening of these materials on 3D tissue-like cultures aiming to improve their predictability in the clinical scenario is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V B Pintor
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L D Queiroz
- Post-Graduation Program in Science and Biotechnology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R Barcelos
- Department of Specific Formation, Institute of Health of Nova Friburgo, Universidade Federal Fluminense - Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L S G Primo
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L C Maia
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - G G Alves
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biology Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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16
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In Vitro Effect of Putty Calcium Silicate Materials on Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10010325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
New bioactive materials have been developed for retrograde root filling. These materials come into contact with vital tissues and facilitate biomineralization and apical repair. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytocompatibility and bioactivity of two bioactive cements, Bio-C Repair (Angelus, Londrina, Pr, Brazil) and TotalFill BC RRM putty (FGK, Dentaire SA, La-Chaux-de-fonds, Switzerland). The biological properties in human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) that were exposed to Bio-C Repair and TotalFill BC RRM putty were studied. Cell viability, migration, and cell adhesion were analyzed. Moreover, qPCR and mineralization assay were performed to evaluate the bioactivity potential of these cements. The results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and the Tukey test (p < 0.05). It was observed that cell viability and cell migration in Bio-C Repair and TotalFill BC RRM putty were similar to the control without statistically significant differences, except at 72 h when TotalFill BC RRM putty was slightly lower (p < 0.05). Excellent cell adhesion and morphology were observed with both Bio-C Repair and TotalFill BC RRM putty. Both cements promoted the osteo- and cementogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs. These results suggest that Bio-C Repair and TotalFill BC RRM putty are biologically appropriate materials to be used as retrograde obturation material.
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17
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Almeida LH, Gomes APN, Gastmann AH, Pola NM, Moraes RR, Morgental RD, Cava SS, Felix AOC, Pappen FG. Bone tissue response to an MTA-based endodontic sealer, and the effect of the addition of calcium aluminate and silver particles. Int Endod J 2019; 52:1446-1456. [PMID: 31034099 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate bone tissue reactions in rats to an MTA-based endodontic sealer with and without the addition of various concentrations of C3A or C3A + Ag. METHODOLOGY Bone tissue reactions were evaluated in 45 Wistar rats after 7, 30 and 90 days (n = 5 per period). Three surgical cavities were prepared on the right femur and filled with 0.2 mL MTA Fillapex, MTA Fillapex + C3A and C3A + Ag at various concentrations: AH Plus (Dentsply DeTrey GmbH, Konstanz, Germany), EndoSequence BC (Brasseler USA, Savannah, GA, USA) or no sealer (negative control). By the end of each experimental period, animals were randomly euthanized. The samples were histologically processed and analysed using a light microscope. The presence of inflammatory cells, fibres and hard tissue barrier formation was evaluated. Data were analysed statistically using nonparametric tests to compare the differences between groups. Multiple groups were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests with a Bonferroni correction at P = 0.05. RESULTS The inflammatory response significantly decreased from 30 to 90 days (P < 0.05). Fibre condensation was similar amongst the groups at 07 and 30 days after intervention (P > 0.05). At 90 days, however, fibres were absent in most specimens of EndoSequence BC Sealer, AH Plus, MTA Fillapex and the control group, whilst they were still observed in samples of the modified sealers (P < 0.05). At 90 days, all specimens of AH Plus, EndoSequence BC Sealer and control group had complete formation of hard tissue barrier. In the MTA Fillapex group, as well as in the modified sealers groups, partial deposition of mineralized tissue was noticed. CONCLUSION The hypothesis tested that the incorporation of C3A and C3A + Ag particles to MTA Fillapex would improve bone tissue repair was partially accepted, since modified MTA Fillapex did not have the same repair potential as the commercial bioceramic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Almeida
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - A P N Gomes
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - A H Gastmann
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - N M Pola
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - R R Moraes
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - R D Morgental
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.,Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - S S Cava
- School of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - A O C Felix
- School of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - F G Pappen
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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18
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Lee GW, Yoon JH, Jang JH, Chang HS, Hwang YC, Hwang IN, Oh WM, Lee BN. Effects of newly-developed retrograde filling material on osteoblastic differentiation in vitro. Dent Mater J 2019; 38:528-533. [PMID: 30971649 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2018-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare chemical properties and bioactivities of with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and EndoSequence Root Repair Material (ERRM). After setting, surfaces of test materials were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The pH and cell viability of materials were tested. Osteoblastic differentiation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and ALP staining. MTA showed spindle-shaped crystals while ERRM showed round-shaped crystals of various sizes. ERRM presented lower pH than MTA. Both materials showed good cell viabilities compared to the control. Expression levels of osteoblastic genes and ALP staining were increased significantly (p<0.05) in ERRM and MTA groups compared to those in the control group. In conclusion, ERRM and MTA both had effects on osteoblastic differentiation. Therefore, ERRM can be used as a desirable alternative to MTA for root-end filling material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go-Woon Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University
| | - Ji-Hye Yoon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University
| | - Ji-Hyun Jang
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University
| | - Hoon-Sang Chang
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University
| | - Yun-Chan Hwang
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University
| | - In-Nam Hwang
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University
| | - Won-Mann Oh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University
| | - Bin-Na Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University
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Rodríguez‐Lozano FJ, Collado‐González M, López‐García S, García‐Bernal D, Moraleda JM, Lozano A, Forner L, Murcia L, Oñate‐Sánchez RE. Evaluation of changes in ion release and biological properties of NeoMTA‐Plus and Endocem‐MTA exposed to an acidic environment. Int Endod J 2019; 52:1196-1209. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. J. Rodríguez‐Lozano
- Cellular Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant Unit Hematology Department Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinical University Hospital IMIB‐Arrixaca University of Murcia Murcia Spain
- Special Care in Dentistry and Gerodontology Faculty of Medicine School of Dentistry University of Murcia Murcia Spain
| | - M. Collado‐González
- Cellular Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant Unit Hematology Department Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinical University Hospital IMIB‐Arrixaca University of Murcia Murcia Spain
- Special Care in Dentistry and Gerodontology Faculty of Medicine School of Dentistry University of Murcia Murcia Spain
| | - S. López‐García
- Cellular Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant Unit Hematology Department Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinical University Hospital IMIB‐Arrixaca University of Murcia Murcia Spain
| | - D. García‐Bernal
- Cellular Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant Unit Hematology Department Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinical University Hospital IMIB‐Arrixaca University of Murcia Murcia Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Murcia Murcia Spain
| | - J. M. Moraleda
- Cellular Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant Unit Hematology Department Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinical University Hospital IMIB‐Arrixaca University of Murcia Murcia Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Murcia Murcia Spain
| | - A. Lozano
- Department of Stomatology. Clínica Odontológica Universitat de València Valencia Spain
| | - L. Forner
- Department of Stomatology. Clínica Odontológica Universitat de València Valencia Spain
| | - L. Murcia
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology University of Murcia Murcia Spain
| | - R. E. Oñate‐Sánchez
- Special Care in Dentistry and Gerodontology Faculty of Medicine School of Dentistry University of Murcia Murcia Spain
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Pintor AVB, Resende RFDB, Neves ATN, Alves GG, Coelho PG, Granjeiro JM, Calasans-Maia MD. In Vitro and In Vivo Biocompatibility Of ReOss® in Powder and Putty Configurations. Braz Dent J 2018; 29:117-127. [PMID: 29898056 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201802017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated comparatively two configurations (powder and putty) of a composite biomaterial based on PLGA (Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)/nanoescale hydroxyapatite (ReOss®, Intra-Lock International) through microscopic morphology, in vitro cytotoxicity, biocompatibility and in vivo response as a bone substitute. SEM and EDS characterized the biomaterials before/after grafting. Cytocompatibility was assessed with murine pre-osteoblasts. Osteoconductivity and biocompatibility were evaluated in White New Zealand rabbits. Both configurations were implanted in the calvaria of eighteen animals in non-critical size defects, with blood clot as the control group. After 30, 60 and 90 days, the animals were euthanized and the fragments containing the biomaterials and controls were harvested. Bone blocks were embedded in paraffin (n=15) aiming at histological and histomorphometric analysis, and in resin (n=3) aiming at SEM and EDS. Before implantation, the putty configuration showed both a porous and a fibrous morphological phase. Powder revealed porous particles with variable granulometry. EDS showed calcium, carbon, and oxygen in putty configuration, while powder also showed phosphorus. After implantation EDS revealed calcium, carbon, and oxygen in both configurations. The materials were considered cytotoxic by the XTT test. Histological analysis showed new bone formation and no inflammatory reaction at implant sites. However, the histomorphometric analysis indicated that the amount of newly formed bone was not statistically different between experimental groups. Although both materials presented in vitro cytotoxicity, they were biocompatible and osteoconductive. The configuration of ReOss® affected morphological characteristics and the in vitro cytocompatibility but did not impact on the in vivo biological response, as measured by the present model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gutemberg Gomes Alves
- Molecular Biology Department, Biology Institute, UFF - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paulo G Coelho
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, USA
| | - José Mauro Granjeiro
- School of Dentistry, UFF - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
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21
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Reis MVP, de Souza GL, Moura CCG, da Silva MV, Souza MA, Soares PBF, Soares CJ. Effects of Lectin (ScLL) on osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells' maturation-A preliminary in vitro study. Dent Traumatol 2018; 34:329-335. [PMID: 29856524 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Lectin (ScLL) has been recently evaluated in the oral cavity due to its anti-inflammatory activities. ScLL could be a promising agent for blocking osteoclast activity and preventing root resorption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ScLL on the viability of the RAW 264.7 macrophage lineage, osteoclast-like maturation and the release of TNF-α and nitric oxide (NO). MATERIALS AND METHODS The viability of RAW 264.7 cells was determined by MTT and Alamar Blue assays after ScLL treatment for 24 hours. ScLL effects on RANKL-induced osteoclast-like maturation were assessed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and F-actin ring formation. The supernatant was collected to detect the release of TNF-α using ELISA and NO using a nitrite assay. RESULTS ScLL suppressed osteoclast-like maturation by decreasing TRAP activity as well as F-actin ring formation. ScLL at 10 μg/mL showed the highest values of NO release compared with all other groups (P < .05). Lower levels of TNF-α were found for the negative control. CONCLUSIONS ScLL at 5 μg/mL suppressed osteoclast-like maturation in vitro and had no cytotoxic effect on RAW cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuella V P Reis
- Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Gabriela L de Souza
- Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Endodontics, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Camilla C G Moura
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Marcus V da Silva
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Maria A Souza
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Priscilla B F Soares
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Carlos J Soares
- Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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22
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Amaral CCF, Ormiga F, Boldrini LC, Miranda PG, Mendonça TA, Granjeiro JM, Gomes JACP. Evaluation of the effects of the solution used for electrochemical dissolution of nickel-titanium endodontic files on dentine structure, microhardness and cell viability. Int Endod J 2018; 51:1434-1445. [PMID: 29763971 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effects of the [NaF 12 g L-1 + NaCl 1 g L-1 ] solution used in the electrochemical dissolution process of fractured endodontic files, as well as its NiTi-containing product, on dentine hardness, topography and human fibroblast viability. METHODOLOGY Sixty single-rooted human teeth were evaluated for dentine microhardness using the Vickers hardness test and the area and number of dentinal tubules by scanning electron microscopy. The samples were divided according to the dentine surface treatment: distilled water; 17% EDTA; [NaF 12 g L-1 + NaCl 1 g L-1 ]; and 17% EDTA + [NaF 12 g L-1 + NaCl 1 g L-1 ]. Thirty-six single-rooted human teeth were divided according to the irrigation protocol: Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium + 10% foetal bovine serum; 5.25% NaOCl; [NaF 12 g L-1 + NaCl 1 g L-1 ]; and [NaF 12 g L-1 + NaCl 1 g L-1 + NiTi]. The extracts in contact with the apical foramen were used in the MTT assay to evaluate human fibroblast viability, with dilutions of 100%, 50%, 25% and 12.5%. Statistical tests used were paired t-tests, one-way anova, Tukey's test, Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's post-test. RESULTS The [NaF 12 g L-1 + NaCl 1 g L-1 ] solution did not modify dentine microhardness or the average dentinal tubule area. However, EDTA induced changes in dentine structure and microhardness (P < 0.05). The [NaF 12 g L-1 + NaCl 1 g L-1 ] solution, and its NiTi-containing product had lower cytotoxicity than NaOCl at dilutions of 25% and 50% (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The [NaF 12 g L-1 + NaCl 1 g L-1 ] solution did not alter dentine microhardness or damage the dentine structure. It also demonstrated lower cytotoxicity than NaOCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C F Amaral
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - F Ormiga
- Department of Dental Clinic, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L C Boldrini
- Bioengineering Laboratory, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Translational Biomedicine - BIOTRANS - Unigranrio, Inmetro, Uezo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P G Miranda
- Bioengineering Laboratory, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - T A Mendonça
- Postgraduate Program in Translational Biomedicine - BIOTRANS - Unigranrio, Inmetro, Uezo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Endodontics, UNIGRANRIO - University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - J M Granjeiro
- Bioengineering Laboratory, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Translational Biomedicine - BIOTRANS - Unigranrio, Inmetro, Uezo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Dental Technic,, Dental School, Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J A C P Gomes
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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23
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Ashofteh Yazdi K, Ghabraei S, Bolhari B, Kafili M, Meraji N, Nekoofar MH, Dummer PMH. Microstructure and chemical analysis of four calcium silicate-based cements in different environmental conditions. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:43-52. [PMID: 29603021 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to analyze the microstructure and crystalline structures of ProRoot MTA, Biodentine, CEM Cement, and Retro MTA when exposed to phosphate-buffered saline, butyric acid, and blood. METHODS AND MATERIALS Mixed samples of ProRoot MTA, Biodentine, CEM Cement, and Retro MTA were exposed to either phosphate-buffered saline, butyric acid, or blood. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic (EDX) evaluations were conducted of specimens. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was also performed for both hydrated and powder forms of evaluated calcium silicate cements. RESULTS The peak of tricalcium silicate and dicalcium silicate detected in all hydrated cements was smaller than that seen in their unhydrated powders. The peak of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) in blood- and acid-exposed ProRoot MTA, CEM Cement, and Retro MTA specimens were smaller than that of specimens exposed to PBS. The peak of Ca(OH)2 seen in Biodentine™ specimens exposed to blood was similar to that of PBS-exposed specimens. On the other hand, those exposed to acid exhibited smaller peaks of Ca(OH)2. CONCLUSION Exposure to blood or acidic pH decreased Ca(OH)2 crystalline formation in ProRoot MTA, CEM Cement and Retro MTA. However, a decrease in Ca(OH)2 was only seen when Biodentine™ exposed to acid. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The formation of Ca(OH)2 which influences the biological properties of calcium silicate cements was impaired by blood and acid exposures in ProRoot MTA, CEM Cement, and Retro MTA; however, in the case of Biodentine, only exposure to acid had this detrimental effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ashofteh Yazdi
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sh Ghabraei
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - B Bolhari
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Kafili
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - N Meraji
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - M H Nekoofar
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - P M H Dummer
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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24
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Hajizadeh N, Madani ZS, Zabihi E, Golpour M, Zahedpasha A, Mohammadnia M. Effect of MTA and CEM on Mineralization-Associated Gene Expression in Stem Cells Derived from Apical Papilla. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2018; 13:94-101. [PMID: 29692843 PMCID: PMC5800449 DOI: 10.22037/iej.v13i1.17860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study assessed the effect of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement on odontogenic differentiation and mineralization of stem cells. METHODS AND MATERIALS After confirmation of stemness and homogeneity of stem cells derived from apical papilla (SCAPs) using flow cytometry, the cells were exposed for 3 weeks to either osteogenic medium (OS) or CEM extract+OS (CEM+OS) or MTA extract in OS (MTA+OS) or DMEM based regular culture media (negative control). Relative expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), dentine sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), osteocalcin (OSC), and osterix (SP7) were measured at days 14 and 21 using RT-qPCR method. At the same time points Alizarin Red staining method was used to assess mineralization potential of SCAPS. Gene expression changes analysis were made automatically using REST® software and a P<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS After 2 weeks of exposure, expression of all genes were between 3 and 52 times the expression of GADPH (all were upregulated except SP7 in the control, P<0.05). After 3 weeks, relative expressions of the genes: ALP, SP7, DSPP, and OSC were respectively 275.9, 528.3, 98.4, and 603.7 times the expression of GADPH in the control group (OS). These were respectively 17.405, 29.2, 11.8, and 6.5 in CEM+OS group, and 163.8, 119.7, 102.5, and 723.9 in MTA+OS group. All of these were confirmed as upregulated (P<0.05) except for ALP and OSC of DM+CEM group. After 2 weeks, alizarin red staining showed similar mineralized nodules in OS, MTA+OS, and CEM+OS. In third week, larger nodules were seen in MTA+OS and OS, but not in CEM+OS. CONCLUSION After 2 weeks, gene expressions were almost comparable in OS, CEM+OS, and MTA+OS. After 3 weeks, OS and MTA+OS upregulated genes much greater than in 2nd week. However, upregulation in CEM+OS might not increase in 3rd week compared to those in 2nd week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niusha Hajizadeh
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran;
| | - Zahra Sadat Madani
- Dental Materials Research Center, School of Dentistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran;
| | - Ebrahim Zabihi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran;
| | - Moniyreh Golpour
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Student Research Committee, Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran;
| | - Amir Zahedpasha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran;
| | - Mousa Mohammadnia
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran;
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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25
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Nascimento J, Scelza MZ, Alves GG, Linhares A, Canabarro A, Granjeiro JM, De-Deus G. Cytocompatibility of a self-adhesive gutta-percha root-filling material. J Conserv Dent 2017; 20:152-156. [PMID: 29279616 PMCID: PMC5706313 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.218303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: A novel root-filling material based on the incorporation of ultrafine alkaline bioactive glass particles (bioactive gutta-percha, [BGP]) was developed to work without sealer. Aim: In the present study, the objective was to verify the in vitro biological response to this material by assessing its cytocompatibility. Materials and Methods: Prototypes of BGP were compared to conventional gutta-percha (GP), dense polystyrene beads as a negative control and fragments of latex as a positive control. Extracts of each material were prepared according to ISO 10993-5:2009, and human osteoblast-like cells in primary culture were exposed to all extracts for 24 h. Cell viability was assayed sequentially for three different parameters: mitochondrial activity, membrane integrity, and cell density. Statistical Analysis Used: Nonparametric analysis (using Kruskal–Wallis test combined with post hoc Dunn's test) was performed for comparison among groups, with significance established at 5%. Results: BGP reduced mitochondrial activity to 62% of control, but presented no toxicity on membrane integrity and proliferation assays. BGP effect on metabolism was dose-dependent and reduced to acceptable levels with dilution. Conclusion: The novel GP material presented slight dose-dependent effects on cell metabolism but did not affect cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Nascimento
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Miriam Zaccaro Scelza
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Gutemberg Gomes Alves
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Adriana Linhares
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Antonio Canabarro
- Department of Periodontology, Veiga de Almeida University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose Mauro Granjeiro
- Bioengineering Division, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Gustavo De-Deus
- Department of Endodontics, Grande Rio University, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
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26
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de Souza LC, Yadlapati M, Lopes HP, Silva R, Letra A, Elias CN. Physico-chemical and Biological Properties of a New Portland Cement-based Root Repair Material. Eur Endod J 2017; 3:38-47. [PMID: 32161849 PMCID: PMC7024716 DOI: 10.5152/eej.2017.17008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Could conventional endodontic treatment have an impact on oral health-related quality of life? There are still unresolved questions regarding this theme. In order to answer them, a systematic review on the available literature was undertaken to identify the methodological quality of and the risk of bias in all relevant studies. A broad search for articles was conducted, and only articles published before May 2016 were considered for review. The following portals were used: Pubmed, VHL (Medline, SciELO, Lilacs and BBO), Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The keywords used for the search were ‘quality of life’ and ‘root canal treatment.’ Furthermore, we included MeSH synonyms, related terms and free terms. Articles written in any language were included according to the PICOS approach (population, intervention, comparison, outcome and study design). After application of these eligibility criteria, selected articles were qualified by assessing their methodological quality and potential risk of bias. The initial search identified 302 references. After excluding duplicated abstracts and analysing the titles and abstracts, 6 were selected. One study was added via manual search of the reference lists. From these, 2 were eligible for quality assessment and were classified as being of high methodological quality and as having low risk of bias. Based on these studies, it can be concluded that conventional endodontic treatment improves oral health-related quality of life. However, these results should be interpreted with caution, due to the lack of important methodological details in the included studies. Additional investigations are warranted to provide more evidence on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Chaves de Souza
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mamatha Yadlapati
- School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hélio Pereira Lopes
- Department of Endodontics, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renato Silva
- School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ariadne Letra
- School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carlos Nelson Elias
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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27
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Ozel GS, Guneser MB, Inan O, Eldeniz AU. Evaluation of C. Albicans and S. Mutans adherence on different provisional crown materials. J Adv Prosthodont 2017; 9:335-340. [PMID: 29142640 PMCID: PMC5673609 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2017.9.5.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bacterial adhesion on provisional crown materials retained for a long time can influence the duration for which permanent prosthetic restorations can be healthily worn in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to compare seven different commonly used provisional crown materials with regard to Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans surface adhesion. MATERIALS AND METHODS For each group, twenty specimens of the provisional fixed prosthodontic materials TemDent (Schütz), Imıdent (Imıcryl), Tab 2000 (Kerr), Structur Premium (Voco), Systemp (Ivoclar Vivadent), Acrytemp (Zhermack), and Takilon-BBF (Takilon) were prepared (diameter, 10.0 mm; height, 2.0 mm). Surface roughness was assessed by atomic force microscopy. Each group was then divided into 2 subgroups (n=10) according to the microbial suspensions used: S. mutans and C. albicans. The specimens were incubated at 37℃ with S. mutans or C. albicans for seven days. Bacterial adherence on surfaces was assessed using the 2,3-bis[2-methyloxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) assay. RESULTS S. mutans showed maximum adhesion to Structur, followed by Systemp, Acrytemp, Takilon, Tab 2000, Imident, and TemDent (P<.05). The highest vital C. albicans adhesion was noted on Takilon, followed by Imident and Tab 2000; the lowest adhesion was noted on Systemp (P<.05). CONCLUSION The materials showed significant differences in the degree of bacterial adhesion. C. albicans showed higher surface adhesion than S. mutans on provisional crown and fixed partial denture denture materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsum Sayin Ozel
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Burak Guneser
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Inan
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayce Unverdi Eldeniz
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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28
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Tomás-Catalá CJ, Collado-González M, García-Bernal D, Oñate-Sánchez RE, Forner L, Llena C, Lozano A, Castelo-Baz P, Moraleda JM, Rodríguez-Lozano FJ. Comparative analysis of the biological effects of the endodontic bioactive cements MTA-Angelus, MTA Repair HP and NeoMTA Plus on human dental pulp stem cells. Int Endod J 2017; 50 Suppl 2:e63-e72. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Tomás-Catalá
- Cellular Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant Unit; Hematology Department; Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinical University Hospital; IMIB-Arrixaca; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
- Faculty of Medicine; School of Dentistry; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - M. Collado-González
- Cellular Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant Unit; Hematology Department; Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinical University Hospital; IMIB-Arrixaca; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - D. García-Bernal
- Cellular Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant Unit; Hematology Department; Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinical University Hospital; IMIB-Arrixaca; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - R. E. Oñate-Sánchez
- Faculty of Medicine; School of Dentistry; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - L. Forner
- Department of Stomatology; University de Valencia; Valencia Spain
| | - C. Llena
- Department of Stomatology; University de Valencia; Valencia Spain
| | - A. Lozano
- Department of Stomatology; University de Valencia; Valencia Spain
| | - P. Castelo-Baz
- University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - J. M. Moraleda
- Cellular Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant Unit; Hematology Department; Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinical University Hospital; IMIB-Arrixaca; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - F. J. Rodríguez-Lozano
- Cellular Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant Unit; Hematology Department; Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinical University Hospital; IMIB-Arrixaca; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
- Faculty of Medicine; School of Dentistry; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
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29
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Scelza MZ, Nascimento JC, Silva LED, Gameiro VS, DE Deus G, Alves G. BiodentineTM is cytocompatible with human primary osteoblasts. Braz Oral Res 2017; 31:e81. [PMID: 29019553 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium silicate-based materials have been widely studied due to their resemblance to, and similar applicability of, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Among these, Biodentine™ (BD) was specifically designed as a "dentin replacement" material for applications such as root perforations, apexification, treatment of resorptive lesions, and as a retrograde filling material. The present study aimed to assess the in vitro response of human primary osteoblasts to BD using MTA AngelusTM as a reference material, by simultaneously analyzing three different cell viability parameters, namely mitochondrial activity, membrane integrity, and cell density. BD and MTA extracts were prepared by incubation on culture media for 24 h or 42 days after mixing. Primary human osteoblasts were exposed to extracts for 24 h, at 37oC with 5% CO2, and cell viability was evaluated by the XTT, NRU, and CVDE assays. Both materials induced cell viability levels higher than 70% when extracted for 24 h. However, when cells were exposed to extracts with increased conditioning times, MTA presented significant cytotoxic effects (p < 0.05) in comparison to the control and MTA at 24 h. After 42 days, the XTT assay identified a significant reduction in cell viability by BD when compared to the control (p<0.05), despite the fact that levels above the 70% viability cutoff were attained for biocompatible materials. It can be concluded that BD is cytocompatible with human primary osteoblasts, indicating its adequacy in direct contact with bone tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Zaccaro Scelza
- Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Department of Endodontics, Laboratory of Experimental Cell Culture, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Joyce Costa Nascimento
- Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Post Graduation Program on Dentistry, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Vinícius Shott Gameiro
- Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Department of General Surgery, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gustavo DE Deus
- Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Department of Endodontics, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gutemberg Alves
- Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Department Cell and Molecular Biology, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
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30
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Silva RM. Reply. J Endod 2017; 43:1414-1415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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32
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Cytotoxicity of GuttaFlow Bioseal, GuttaFlow2, MTA Fillapex, and AH Plus on Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells. J Endod 2017; 43:816-822. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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33
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Reis MVP, Souza GL, Moura CCG, Soares PBF, Soares CJ. Effect of different storage media on root dentine composition and viability of fibroblasts evaluated by several assay methods. Int Endod J 2017; 50:1185-1191. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. V. P. Reis
- Biomechanics Research Group; Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials; Federal University of Uberlândia; Uberlândia MG Brazil
| | - G. L. Souza
- Biomechanics Research Group; Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials; Federal University of Uberlândia; Uberlândia MG Brazil
| | - C. C. G. Moura
- Biomechanics Research Group; Department of Endodontics; Federal University of Uberlândia; Uberlândia MG Brazil
| | - P. B. F. Soares
- Biomechanics Research Group; Department of Periodontology and Implantology; School of Dentistry; Federal University of Uberlândia; Uberlândia MG Brazil
| | - C. J. Soares
- Biomechanics Research Group; Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials; Federal University of Uberlândia; Uberlândia MG Brazil
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Gonçalves FP, Alves G, Guimarães VO, Gallito MA, Oliveira F, Scelza MZ. Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Two Bis-Acryl Composite Resins Using Human Gingival Fibroblasts. Braz Dent J 2016; 27:492-496. [PMID: 27982223 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201600824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bis-acryl resins are used for temporary dental restorations and have shown advantages over other materials. The aim of this work was to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity of two bis-acryl composite resins (Protemp 4 and Luxatemp Star), obtained at 1, 7 and 40 days after mixing the resin components, using a standardized assay employing human primary cells closely related to oral tissues. Human gingival fibroblast cell cultures were exposed for 24 h to either bis-acryl composite resins, polystyrene beads (negative control) and latex (positive control) extracts obtained after incubation by the different periods, at 37 °C under 5% CO2. Cell viability was evaluated using a multiparametric procedure involving sequential assessment (using the same cells) of mitochondrial activity (XTT assay), membrane integrity (neutral red test) and total cell density (crystal violet dye exclusion test). The cells exposed to the resin extracts showed cell viability indexes exceeding 75% after 24 h. Even when cells were exposed to extracts prepared with longer conditioning times, the bis-acryl composite resins showed no significant cytotoxic effects (p>0.05), compared to the control group or in relation to the first 24 h of contact with the products. There were no differences among the results obtained for the bis-acryl composite resins evaluated 24 h, 7 days and 40 days after mixing. It may be concluded that the bis-acryl resins Protemp 4 and Luxatemp Star were cytocompatible with human gingival fibroblasts, suggesting that both materials are suitable for use in contact with human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Palmeira Gonçalves
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Laboratory of Experimental Cell Culture (LECCel), UFF - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gutemberg Alves
- Hospital Antônio Pedro, Molecular and Cell Biology Department, UFF - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vladi Oliveira Guimarães
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Laboratory of Experimental Cell Culture (LECCel), UFF - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Gallito
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Laboratory of Experimental Cell Culture (LECCel), UFF - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Felipe Oliveira
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Laboratory of Experimental Cell Culture (LECCel), UFF - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Míriam Zaccaro Scelza
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Laboratory of Experimental Cell Culture (LECCel), UFF - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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da Silva EJNL, Zaia AA, Peters OA. Cytocompatibility of calcium silicate-based sealers in a three-dimensional cell culture model. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 21:1531-1536. [PMID: 27460565 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1918-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to evaluate cytotoxic effects and cytokine production of calcium silicate-based sealers (EndoSeal, EndoSequence BC Sealer, and MTA Fillapex) using an in vitro root canal filling model and three-dimensional (3D) cell culture. AH Plus as a reference was compared to contemporary calcium silicate cements regarding cell viability and cytokine production. MATERIAL AND METHODS Root canals of 30 human maxillary incisors were prepared using a single-file reciprocating technique. The samples were randomly distributed and canals filled with either AH Plus, EndoSeal, EndoSequence BC Sealer, and MTA Fillapex (n = 6). In the negative control group, the root canal remained unfilled. Sealers were placed into the canals along with a gutta-percha cone placed to working length. Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts, cultured in a type I collagen 3D scaffold, were exposed to filling material and the respective root apex for 24 h. Cytocompatibility of the materials was evaluated using the methyl-thiazoldiphenyl-tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The production of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 was analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). One-way analysis of variance was performed, and when the F-ratios were significant, data were compared by Duncan's multiple-range test. The alpha-type error was set at 0.05. RESULTS EndoSeal, Endosequence BC Sealer and AH Plus showed cell viability that was similar to the negative control group (P > 0.05), while MTA Fillapex sealer was cytotoxic (P < 0.05). Varying production of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 was detected in all samples. CONCLUSIONS In an in vitro root canal filling model with 3D cell culture, AH Plus, EndoSeal, and EndoSequence BC Sealer were cytocompatible. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results may suggest that AH Plus, EndoSeal and EndoSequence BC Sealer may achieve better biological response when compared to MTA Fillapex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal da Silva
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rua Herotides de Oliveira, 61/902, Icaraí, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre A Zaia
- Department of Endontics, Piracicaba School of Dentistry, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Ove A Peters
- Department of Endodontics, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Calasans-Maia MD, Melo BRD, Alves ATNN, Resende RFDB, Louro RS, Sartoretto SC, Granjeiro JM, Alves GG. Cytocompatibility and biocompatibility of nanostructured carbonated hydroxyapatite spheres for bone repair. J Appl Oral Sci 2016; 23:599-608. [PMID: 26814461 PMCID: PMC4716697 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720150122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo biological responses to nanostructured carbonated hydroxyapatite/calcium alginate (CHA) microspheres used for alveolar bone repair, compared to sintered hydroxyapatite (HA). Material and Methods The maxillary central incisors of 45 Wistar rats were extracted, and the dental sockets were filled with HA, CHA, and blood clot (control group) (n=5/period/group). After 7, 21 and 42 days, the samples of bone with the biomaterials were obtained for histological and histomorphometric analysis, and the plasma levels of RANKL and OPG were determined via immunoassay. Statistical analysis was performed by Two-Way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey test at 95% level of significance. Results The CHA and HA microspheres were cytocompatible with both human and murine cells on an in vitro assay. Histological analysis showed the time-dependent increase of newly formed bone in control group characterized by an intense osteoblast activity. In HA and CHA groups, the presence of a slight granulation reaction around the spheres was observed after seven days, which was reduced by the 42nd day. A considerable amount of newly formed bone was observed surrounding the CHA spheres and the biomaterials particles at 42-day time point compared with HA. Histomorphometric analysis showed a significant increase of newly formed bone in CHA group compared with HA after 21 and 42 days from surgery, moreover, CHA showed almost 2-fold greater biosorption than HA at 42 days (two-way ANOVA, p<0.05) indicating greater biosorption. An increase in the RANKL/OPG ratio was observed in the CHA group on the 7th day. Conclusion CHA spheres were osteoconductive and presented earlier biosorption, inducing early increases in the levels of proteins involved in resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Diuana Calasans-Maia
- Departamento de Cirurgia Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rafael Seabra Louro
- Departamento de Cirurgia Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - José Mauro Granjeiro
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gutemberg Gomes Alves
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
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Lee BN, Lee BG, Chang HS, Hwang YC, Hwang IN, Oh WM. Effects of a novel light-curable material on odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp cells. Int Endod J 2016; 50:464-471. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B.-N. Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; School of Dentistry; Dental Science Research Institute; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Korea
| | - B.-G. Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; School of Dentistry; Dental Science Research Institute; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Korea
| | - H.-S. Chang
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; School of Dentistry; Dental Science Research Institute; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Korea
| | - Y.-C. Hwang
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; School of Dentistry; Dental Science Research Institute; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Korea
| | - I.-N. Hwang
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; School of Dentistry; Dental Science Research Institute; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Korea
| | - W.-M. Oh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; School of Dentistry; Dental Science Research Institute; Chonnam National University; Gwangju Korea
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Simsek N, Alan H, Ahmetoglu F, Taslidere E, Bulut ET, Keles A. Assessment of the biocompatibility of mineral trioxide aggregate, bioaggregate, and biodentine in the subcutaneous tissue of rats. Niger J Clin Pract 2016; 18:739-43. [PMID: 26289510 DOI: 10.4103/1119-3077.154219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the tissue inflammation caused by three endodontic repair materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS The materials included micro mega-mineral trioxide aggregate (MM-MTA), bioaggregate (BA), and biodentine (BD), which were implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of rats. The tissue samples for histological examination were prepared. The infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages into the tissue was examined to assess the inflammatory response. RESULTS Lymphocyte infiltration: A significant increase was detected in the MM-MTA and BA groups on the 7th and 14th days as compared with the control (7th day P=0.0001, 14th day P=0.0176). There was no difference between the groups on the 45th day (P=0.1730). Lymphocyte infiltration had decreased over time in all groups. Macrophage infiltration: There was a significant increase by the 7th day in the test groups as compared to the control group (P=0.007). However, there was no difference between the experimental groups on the 14th (P=0.2708) and 45th (P=0.1291) days. CONCLUSION While MM-MTA and BA showed a similar biocompatibility, BD was more biocompatible than MM-MTA and BA in the 1 st week of the experiment. However, there was no difference between the materials at the end of the 45th day. MM-MTA, BA, and BD can be considered suitable endodontic repair materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Simsek
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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Simsek N, Bulut ET, Ahmetoğlu F, Alan H. Determination of trace elements in rat organs implanted with endodontic repair materials by ICP-MS. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2016; 27:46. [PMID: 26758893 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the levels of seven elements using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method in rat organs after the implantation of Micro Mega Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MM-MTA), Bioaggregate (BA) and Biodentine (BD) materials. MM-MTA, BA and BD were implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of 15 Wistar albino rats; three control animals had no operation. After 45 days, the rats were sacrificed and their brains, kidneys and livers were removed. The ICP-MS analysis was used to determine trace elements. Data were analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Connover post hoc tests. There was no significant difference between the control groups and the MM-MTA, BA and BD groups according to the concentration of aluminum, calcium, arsenic and lead in the rats' organs. Beryllium was not detected in all tissue samples. Chromium levels of these materials were higher than the control group in brain and kidney samples (P = 0.038 and P = 0.037); magnesium levels were higher than the control group in kidney and liver samples (P = 0.030 and P = 0.008). MM-MTA, BA and BD were nontoxic according to trace element levels in brain, kidney and liver samples of rats. Further investigation is required to understand the systemic effects of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Simsek
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey.
| | - Elçin Tekin Bulut
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Fuat Ahmetoğlu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Hilal Alan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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Rodríguez-Lozano FJ, García-Bernal D, Oñate-Sánchez RE, Ortolani-Seltenerich PS, Forner L, Moraleda JM. Evaluation of cytocompatibility of calcium silicate-based endodontic sealers and their effects on the biological responses of mesenchymal dental stem cells. Int Endod J 2016; 50:67-76. [PMID: 26660310 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate in vitro the cytocompatibility of the calcium silicate-containing endodontic sealers MTA Fillapex and TotalFill BC Sealer on human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) by assaying their biological responses and compare them with that observed when using an epoxy resin-based sealer (AH Plus). METHODOLOGY Specimens from the three different endodontic sealers were eluated with culture medium for 24 h. The cytotoxicity of these eluates was evaluated using the MTT assay. In addition, an in vitro scratch wound healing model was used to determine their effects on cell migration. Cell adhesion to collagen type I after treatment with the different sealer eluates was also measured, whereas cytotoxicity was determined using the DNA-specific fluorochrome Hoechst 33342. Finally, to assess cell morphology and attachment to the different sealers, hPDLSCs were directly seeded onto the material surfaces and analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). One-way analysis of variance (anova) followed by a Bonferroni post-test were performed (P < 0.05). RESULTS hPDLSCs exposed to different dilutions of TotalFill BC Sealer eluates had significantly higher cell proliferation compared with that observed when cells were treated with AH Plus and MTA Fillapex eluates (P < 0.001). In addition, TotalFill eluates were associated with significantly increased cell adhesion to collagen type I and migration of hPDLSCs in a concentration-dependent manner than displayed after treatment with MTA Fillapex or AH Plus eluates (P < 0.001). Moreover, TotalFill BC Sealer-induced cytotoxicity was significantly lower than observed using AH Plus and MTA Fillapex eluates (P < 0.001). Finally, SEM studies revealed suitable proliferation, cell spreading and attachment, especially when using TotalFill BC Sealer discs. CONCLUSION TotalFill BC Sealer exhibited a higher cytocompatibility than AH Plus and MTA Fillapex. Further investigations using in vivo animal models are required to validate the potential biological responses of TotalFill BC Sealer on hPDLSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Rodríguez-Lozano
- Cellular Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant Unit, Hematology Department, Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinical University Hospital, IMIB, University of Murcia, Valencia, Spain.,School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Valencia, Spain
| | - D García-Bernal
- Cellular Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant Unit, Hematology Department, Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinical University Hospital, IMIB, University of Murcia, Valencia, Spain
| | - R E Oñate-Sánchez
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - L Forner
- Department of Stomatology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - J M Moraleda
- Cellular Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant Unit, Hematology Department, Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinical University Hospital, IMIB, University of Murcia, Valencia, Spain
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Silva EJNL, Brito ME, Ferreira VD, Belladonna FG, Neves AA, Senna PM, De-Deus G. Cytotoxic effect of the debris apically extruded during three different retreatment procedures. J Oral Sci 2016; 58:211-7. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.15-0658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mônica E. Brito
- Department of Endodontics, Health Sciences Center, Grande Rio University
| | - Vivian D. Ferreira
- Department of Endodontics, Health Sciences Center, Grande Rio University
| | | | - Aline A. Neves
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
| | - Plinio M. Senna
- Department of Endodontics, Health Sciences Center, Grande Rio University
| | - Gustavo De-Deus
- Department of Endodontics, Health Sciences Center, Grande Rio University
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42
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Shokouhinejad N, Nekoofar MH, Pirmoazen S, Shamshiri AR, Dummer PM. Evaluation and Comparison of Occurrence of Tooth Discoloration after the Application of Various Calcium Silicate–based Cements: An Ex Vivo Study. J Endod 2016; 42:140-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cytotoxicity and gelatinolytic activity of a new silicon-based endodontic sealer. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2015; 13:e376-80. [PMID: 26391870 DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.5000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the cytotoxicity, gelatinolytic activity, and protein levels (MMP-2 and MMP-9) produced by 3T3 fibroblasts cells after stimulation with GuttaFlow 2 and AH Plus. METHODS 3T3 fibroblasts were incubated with elutes of GuttaFlow 2 and AH Plus for 24 h. The cytotoxicity of tested materials was determined using the MTT and the LDH assay. Supernatants of cell cultures incubated with sealers were collected to determine the levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 gelatinolytic activity by gelatin zymography. Cell lysates were used to determine MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein levels by Western Blot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey test (P<0.05). RESULTS AH Plus showed significantly less cell viability (mitochondrial activity of cells) than GuttaFlow 2 (P<0.01). Moreover, GuttaFlow 2 was noncytotoxic, showing no statistically significant difference in LDH leakage levels compared to the control group (P>0.05). Specific characterization of MMPs demonstrated that GuttaFlow 2 seemed not to affect MMP-2 levels compared with the control group, while AH Plus had elevated gelatinolytic activity and protein levels of MMP-2 as confirmed by quantitative measurements. No detectable gelatinolytic activity or protein levels of MMP-9 (92 kDa) was observed in any tested group. CONCLUSIONS GuttaFlow 2 did not showed cytotoxic effects and did not induce MMP-2 or MMP-9 expression.
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Advances in Dental Materials through Nanotechnology: Facts, Perspectives and Toxicological Aspects. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 33:621-636. [PMID: 26493710 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is currently driving the dental materials industry to substantial growth, thus reflecting on improvements in materials available for oral prevention and treatment. The present review discusses new developments in nanotechnology applied to dentistry, focusing on the use of nanomaterials for improving the quality of oral care, the perspectives of research in this arena, and discussions on safety concerns regarding the use of dental nanomaterials. Details are provided on the cutting-edge properties (morphological, antibacterial, mechanical, fluorescence, antitumoral, and remineralization and regeneration potential) of polymeric, metallic and inorganic nano-based materials, as well as their use as nanocluster fillers, in nanocomposites, mouthwashes, medicines, and biomimetic dental materials. Nanotoxicological aspects, clinical applications, and perspectives for these nanomaterials are also discussed.
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Dawood AE, Parashos P, Wong RHK, Reynolds EC, Manton DJ. Calcium silicate-based cements: composition, properties, and clinical applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8. [PMID: 26434562 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a calcium silicate-based cement (CSC) commonly used in endodontic procedures involving pulpal regeneration and hard tissue repair, such as pulp capping, pulpotomy, apexogenesis, apexification, perforation repair, and root-end filling. Despite the superior laboratory and clinical performance of MTA in comparison with previous endodontic repair cements, such as Ca(OH)2 , MTA has poor handling properties and a long setting time. New CSC have been commercially launched and marketed to overcome the limitations of MTA. The aim of the present review was to explore the available literature on new CSC products, and to give evidence-based recommendations for the clinical use of these materials. Within the limitations of the available data in the literature regarding the properties and performance of the new CSC, the newer products could be promising alternatives to MTA; however, further research is required to support this assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa E Dawood
- Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Peter Parashos
- Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Rebecca H K Wong
- Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - David J Manton
- Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Silva EJNL, Senna PM, De-Deus G, Zaia AA. Cytocompatibility of Biodentine using a three-dimensional cell culture model. Int Endod J 2015; 49:574-80. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. J. N. L. Silva
- Department of Endodontics; School of Dentistry; Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO); Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - P. M. Senna
- Department of Endodontics; School of Dentistry; Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO); Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - G. De-Deus
- Department of Endodontics; School of Dentistry; Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO); Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - A. A. Zaia
- Department of Endodontics; Piracicaba School of Dentistry; Campinas State University (UNICAMP); Piracicaba Brazil
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47
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Souza LCD, Yadlapati M, Dorn SO, Silva R, Letra A. Analysis of radiopacity, pH and cytotoxicity of a new bioceramic material. J Appl Oral Sci 2015; 23:383-9. [PMID: 26398510 PMCID: PMC4560498 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720150065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE RetroMTA® is a new hydraulic bioceramic indicated for pulp capping, perforations or root resorption repair, apexification and apical surgery. The aim of this study was to compare the radiopacity, pH variation and cytotoxicity of this material to ProRoot® MTA. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mixed cements were exposed to a digital x-ray along with an aluminum stepwedge for the radiopacity assay. pH values were verified after incubation period of 3, 24, 48, 72 and 168 hours. The cytotoxicity of each cement was tested on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts using a multiparametric assay. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA and Tukey'spost hoc in GraphPad Prism. RESULTS ProRoot® MTA had higher radiopacity than RetroMTA®(p<0.001). No significant differences were observed for the pH of the materials throughout experimental periods (p>0.05) although pH levels of both materials reduced over time. Both ProRoot® MTA and RetroMTA® allowed for significantly higher cell viability when compared with the positive control (p<0.001). No statistical difference was observed between ProRoot® MTA and RetroMTA® cytotoxicity level in all test parameters, except for the ProRoot® MTA 48-hour extract media in the NR assay (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The current study provides new data about the physicochemical and biological properties of Retro® MTA concerning radiopacity, pH and cytotoxic effects on human periodontal ligaments cells. Based on our findings, RetroMTA® meets the radiopacity requirements standardized by ANSI/ADA number 572, and similar pH values and biocompatibility to ProRoot® MTA. Further studies should be performed to evaluate additional properties of this new material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mamatha Yadlapati
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, US
| | - Samuel O Dorn
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, US
| | - Renato Silva
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, US
| | - Ariadne Letra
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, US
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48
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Haapasalo M, Parhar M, Huang X, Wei X, Lin J, Shen Y. Clinical use of bioceramic materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/etp.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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49
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Can Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and Nanoparticulate EndoSequence Root Repair Material Produce Injurious Effects to Rat Subcutaneous Tissues? J Endod 2015; 41:1151-6. [PMID: 25887808 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the injurious effects of mineral trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and EndoSequence Bioceramic Root Repair Material (ERRM; Brassler USA, Savannah, GA) 7 and 30 days after their implantation into rat subcutaneous tissues. METHODS Twelve Wistar rats were selected for the present study. Each animal received 3 implants: one contained MTA, one contained ERRM, and one was an empty tube that served as a control. Half of the animals were killed after 7 days, and the remaining animals were killed 30 days after implantation. Histologic sections prepared from the skin specimens were stained with H&E, toluidine blue, Masson trichrome, and Congo red. The data were statistically analyzed with 1-way analysis of variance and paired t tests. The P value for significance was set at .05. RESULTS After 7 days, MTA produced a significantly greater inflammatory reaction that involved the deposition of amyloidlike protein and an increase in the mast cell population compared with ERRM (P < .05). After 30 days, the ERRM group exhibited significantly reduced inflammatory reactions compared to the MTA groups (P < .05). Areas of mononuclear cell aggregation, abscess formation, and necrosis were observed more frequently in the MTA group. The thickness of the fibrous capsule was significantly increased in the MTA compared with the ERRM groups (P < .05). Amyloidlike proteins were more frequently observed around the fibrous capsule and subdermal blood vessels and were more frequently deposited in the MTA than the ERRM specimens. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study suggest that both ERRM and MTA cause an injurious effect when implanted in rat subcutaneous tissues after 7 and 30 days. ERRM is significantly less injurious to tissues than MTA.
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Regenerative Endodontic Therapy: A Data Analysis of Clinical Protocols. J Endod 2015; 41:146-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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