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Mamone L, Tomás R, Di Venosa G, Gándara L, Durantini E, Buzzola F, Casas A. Laser NIR Irradiation Enhances Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation of Biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus. Lasers Surg Med 2024; 56:783-795. [PMID: 39360552 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a powerful technique for eradicating microorganisms, and our group previously demonstrated its effectiveness against planktonic cultures of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria using 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[4-(3-N,N-dimethylaminopropoxy)phenyl]porphyrin (TAPP) and visible light irradiation. However, biofilms exhibit a lower sensitivity to PDI, mainly due to limited penetration of the photosensitizer (PS). In the context of emerging antibacterial strategies, near-infrared treatments (NIRTs) have shown promise, especially for combating resistant strains. NIRT can act either through photon absorption by water, causing a thermal effect on bacteria, or by specific chromophores without a significant temperature increase. Our objective was to enhance biofilm sensitivity to TAPP-PDI by pretreatment with NIRT. This combined approach aims to disrupt biofilms and increase the efficacy of TAPP-PDI against bacterial biofilms. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro biofilm models of S. aureus RN6390 were utilized. NIRTs involved a 980 nm laser (continuous mode, 7.5 W/cm2, 30 s, totaling 225 J/cm2) post-TAPP exposure to enhance photosensitizer accumulation. Subsequent visible light irradiation at 180 J/cm2 was employed to perform PDI. Colony-forming unit counts evaluated the synergistic effect on bacterial viability. Scanning electron microscopy visualized the architectural changes in the biofilm structure. TAPP was extracted from bacteria to estimate the impact of NIRT on biofilm penetration. RESULTS Using in vitro biofilm models, NIRT application following biofilm exposure to TAPP increased PS accumulation per bacteria. Under these conditions, NIRT induced a transient increase in the temperature of PBS to 46.0 ± 2.6°C (ΔT = 21.5°C). Following exposure to visible light, a synergistic effect emerged, yielding a substantial 4.4 ± 0.1-log CFU reduction. In contrast, the PDI and NIRT treatments individually caused a decrease in viability of 0.9 ± 0.1 and 0.8 ± 0.2-log respectively. Interestingly, preheating TAPP-PBS to 46°C had no significant impact on TAPP-PDI efficacy, suggesting the involvement of thermal and nonthermal effects of NIR action. In addition to the enhanced TAPP penetration, NIRT dispersed the biofilms and induced clefts in the biofilm matrix. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that NIR irradiation serves as a complementary treatment to PDI. This combined strategy reduces bacterial numbers at lower PS concentrations than standalone PDI treatment, highlighting its potential as an effective and resource-efficient antibacterial approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Mamone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto Tomás
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Di Venosa
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lautaro Gándara
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Edgardo Durantini
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Buzzola
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Casas
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Kaur M, Singla M, Kaur H, Mittal L, Gupta S, Joseph MM. Comparative evaluation of smear layer removal by using different irrigant activation techniques: An in vitro scanning electron microscopic study. JOURNAL OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS 2024; 27:257-261. [PMID: 38634018 PMCID: PMC11019803 DOI: 10.4103/jcde.jcde_254_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Aim This in vitro study aims to assess and compare the effectiveness of different irrigation activation techniques in removing the smear layer from the root canal dentin using Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. Materials and Methods A total of 60 extracted single-rooted premolar with straight canal and mature apex were used for this study. After the selection of teeth, all the samples were decoronated followed by biomechanical preparation. The sample after preparation was irrigated with sodium hypochlorite and randomly divided into three groups with 20 sample in each group (n = 20), (Group 1) control, (Group 2) ultrasonic, and (Group 3) laser. The irrigant activation was done in all the groups and then sample was prepared for the scanning electron microscope analysis. Statistical Analysis The statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney-U-test. Results The findings suggested that the diode laser irrigant activation technique was superior to the ultrasonic and conventional techniques to eradicate smear layers. Conclusion With the limitation of this study, diode laser activation showed better cleaning of root dentinal walls compared to ultrasonic activator and traditional method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maninder Kaur
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Adesh Institute of Dental Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Munish Singla
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Adesh Institute of Dental Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Harleen Kaur
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Adesh Institute of Dental Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Litik Mittal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Adesh Institute of Dental Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Saloni Gupta
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Adesh Institute of Dental Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Mintu Maria Joseph
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Adesh Institute of Dental Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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Fahim SZ, Ghali RM, Hashem AA, Farid MM. The efficacy of 2780 nm Er,Cr;YSGG and 940 nm Diode Laser in root canal disinfection: A randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:175. [PMID: 38403667 PMCID: PMC10894764 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Effective disinfection of the root canals is the cornerstone of successful endodontic treatment. Diminishing the microbial load within the root canal system is crucial for healing in endodontically treated teeth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2780 nm Er,Cr:YSGG and 940 nm diode lasers on the eradication of microorganisms from single-rooted teeth with asymptomatic apical periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty participants conforming to the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into 3 groups according to the disinfection protocol used; Conventional group: 2.5% Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 17% EDTA solution NaOCl/EDTA, Dual laser group: 2780 nm Erbium, chromium: yttrium scandium-gallium-garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser and 940 nm diode laser Er,CrYSGG/Diode, and Combined group: 17% EDTA and 940 nm diode laser EDTA/Diode. Bacterial samples were collected before and after intervention. The collected data were statistically analyzed using Friedman's test and Kruskal-Wallis test (P ≤ 0.05). RESULTS The results of the study showed that both dual laser Er,CrYSGG/Diode and combined laser EDTA/Diode groups showed significantly less mean Log10 CFU/ml of aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts than the conventional NaOCl/EDTA group. CONCLUSIONS In this study we evaluated in vivo the bactericidal efficacy of three disinfection protocols for endodontic treatment of single-rooted teeth with apical periodontitis. The results indicated that both dual laser Er,CrYSGG/Diode and combined laser EDTA/Diode groups provide superior bactericidal effect compared to the conventional NaOCl/EDTA group. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The integration of lasers into root canal disinfection protocols has demonstrated significant bacterial reduction which might promote healing and long-term success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zakaria Fahim
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Medicine, Periodontology, Diagnosis and Radiology, Future University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Rami Maher Ghali
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Hashem
- Ain Shams University, Faculty of Dentistry, Endodontic Department, Cairo, Egypt
- Cleveland Dental Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mary Medhat Farid
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial, Radiology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Stănuși AȘ, Popa DL, Ionescu M, Cumpătă CN, Petrescu GS, Ţuculină MJ, Dăguci C, Diaconu OA, Gheorghiță LM, Stănuşi A. Analysis of Temperatures Generated during Conventional Laser Irradiation of Root Canals-A Finite Element Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13101757. [PMID: 37238240 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13101757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of endodontic treatment is dependent on the removal of bacteria. A modern strategy to reduce bacterial load is laser irradiation. During this procedure, there is a local increase in temperature with possible side effects. The aim of this study was to determine the thermal behavior of a maxillary first molar when performing the conventional irradiation technique using a diode laser. For this study, a 3D virtual model of a maxillary first molar was created. The preparation of the access cavity, the rotary instrumentation of the palatal root canal and the laser irradiation protocol were simulated. The model was exported in a finite element analysis program where the temperature and heat flux were studied. Temperature and heat flux maps were obtained, and the temperature increase on the internal wall of the root canal was analyzed. The maximum temperature value exceeded 400 °C and was maintained for less than 0.5 s. The obtained temperature maps support the bactericidal effect of diode laser and the limitation of damage to surrounding tissues. On internal root walls, the temperature reached several hundred degrees Celsius, but for very short durations. Conventional laser irradiation is an adjuvant method of decontamination of the endodontic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Ștefan Stănuși
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Mihaela Ionescu
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Cristian Niky Cumpătă
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University Titu Maiorescu of Bucharest, 67A Gheorghe Petrascu Str., 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriel Sebastian Petrescu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Mihaela Jana Ţuculină
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Constantin Dăguci
- Department of Oro-Dental Prevention, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Oana Andreea Diaconu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Lelia Mihaela Gheorghiță
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Andreea Stănuşi
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
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Afrasiabi S, Chiniforush N. An in vitro study on the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide mediated high-power photodynamic therapy affecting Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation and dispersal. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 41:103310. [PMID: 36720360 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Biofilms are involved in failure of root canal treatment due to their high resistance to antimicrobial agents, which make their removal as a big challenge. The present study aims at utilizing hydrogen peroxide (HP) plus high frequency laser reinforced antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (a-PDT) as a complementary therapy against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) at planktonic and biofilm stages. MATERIALS AND METHODS E. faecalis at planktonic and biofilm stages was treated with the photosensitizer HP, followed by no irradiation or irradiation with a power of 2.5 W (ʎ = 980 nm). The cell viability, anti-biofilm, anti-metabolic potential, and temperature changes were evaluated. RESULTS The combination of HP and 980 nm diode laser intensely boosted antibacterial and anti-biofilm efficacy compared with either component alone, affirming HP reinforcement as a bacteriostatic agent. The maximum effect on biofilm occurs in 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) group. During laser irradiations, the mean of temperature changes remains below 5.6 °C. CONCLUSIONS It could be concluded that the HP could improve anti-biofilm efficacy as a photosensitizer in a-PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Afrasiabi
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Al-Maliky MA, Zardawi FM, Meister J, Frentzen M, Al-Karadaghi TS. Transmission of 940 nm diode laser to the radicular area during its application as root canal disinfectant. AUST ENDOD J 2021; 48:65-71. [PMID: 34843153 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To measure the transmitted laser power in the coronal, middle and apical root thirds during vertical and horizontal irradiation of laser. 14 mm length whole roots and longitudinal root sections were irradiated using a 940 nm diode laser with 0.5 W in continuous mode for 5 s. A power detector was placed in front of the root apex for the vertical transmitted power measurement and placed laterally to root surface for the horizontal transmission experiment. The transmitted power from the root apex vertically was 53% of the irradiated power, while for the horizontal transmission experiment for the coronal, middle and apical root thirds were 25.6%, 40.4% and 41.3%, respectively. Irradiation of root canals with 940 nm laser power can be transmitted during vertical irradiation in more than 50% of the samples, whereas less transmission happens with horizontal irradiation at apical and middle root third than coronal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abbood Al-Maliky
- Department of Biomedical Applications, Institute of Laser for Postgraduate Studies, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.,Department of Dentistry, Al-Hadi University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Jörg Meister
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Dental Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center of Applied Medical Laser Research and Biomedical Optics (AMLaReBO), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Frentzen
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Dental Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center of Applied Medical Laser Research and Biomedical Optics (AMLaReBO), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tamara Sardar Al-Karadaghi
- Department of Biomedical Applications, Institute of Laser for Postgraduate Studies, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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Sher BM, Mulder R, Gutknecht N. The Photobiomodulation Effect of 940nm Laser Irradiation on Enterococcus faecalis in Human Root Dentin Slices of Varying Thicknesses. J Lasers Med Sci 2021; 12:e48. [PMID: 34733771 DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2021.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: An increase in dentine thickness could result in an inadequate depth of laser energy penetration. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a 940 nm laser on Enterococcus faecalis through varying thicknesses of human root dentin slices. Methods: Thirty-five dentin slices of root dentin with thicknesses ranging between 500 and 3000 µm were produced. Six experimental groups (500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 µm (n=5 each) were lased and the seventh, non-lased group served as the positive control with a dentine thickness of 2000 µm. The slices were inoculated with 2 µL of E. faecalis suspension of 1.5 × 108 E. faecalis cells/mL. All the lased slices were lased from the opposing side of the inoculation. A non-initiated 200 μm bare end fibre at the power of 1 W, in a continuous wave was used. Four doses of laser irradiation of 5 seconds with a side to side movement with the tip held at a 5º angle to the dentine slice were performed. The colony-forming units of E. faecalis were determined and the bacterial photobiomodulation effect analysed using one-way ANOVA with a Bonferroni and Holm post hoc test at a significance level of P > 0.05. Results: There were statistical differences between the dentin slices of 500, 1000, and 1500 μm treated with the laser compared to the positive control (P < 0.01). However, there were no statistical differences between the lased 2000 and 2500 μm slices compared to the positive control. There was significantly more photobiomodulation of the E. faecalis for the dentine slices of 3000 μm than the positive control (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Laser treatment through dentine slices of 2000 μm and thinner significantly reduced bacterial growth. The photobiomodulation effects started to occur in dentine slices thicker than 2500 μm compared to the positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Martin Sher
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Riaan Mulder
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Norbert Gutknecht
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,UNAM University of Namibia, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Windhoek, Namibia
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Godiny M, Khavid A, Jalilvand M. Evaluation of the Effect of Various Powers of the Diode Laser in Microcrack Formation in the Wall of the Dental Root Canal by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Open Dent J 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874210602014010529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
The laser is utilized for the removal of the smear layer, cleaning and disinfecting the dental canal. Recently, diode laser has been offered with a wavelength of (635-980nm) for cleaning and disinfecting the dental root canal.
Objective:
There is not adequate evidence for microcrack formation when using diode lasers with different powers. Therefore, the present study was conducted in order to analyze various powers of a diode laser in microcrack formation in dental root canals.
Methods:
In this experimental study, 100 mandibular incisor teeth that were extracted because of periodontal disease were selected. Using stereo-microscope, the presence of crack and fracture of the root was evaluated before and after canal instrumentation. Then, samples were randomly divided into 10 groups (10 samples in any group) based on different powers of laser and canal to be humid or dry under laser radiation. The laser was utilized for 10s puls within three iterated times. The samples were cross-sectioned after disinfection with a diode laser at 3 and 6mm length from the dental apex. Sections were observed under a scanning electron microscope and images were taken.
Results:
The frequency of microcracks is increased at the distance of (3-6mm) from the dental apex by an increase in laser power level from 2 to 4w (P<0.05). Similarly, results showed that the probability of microcrack formation under dry condition than the humid condition at the distance of 3mm from the dental apex might increase to 6.606 times and at the distance of 6mm from the dental apex increase to 4.978 times more.
Conclusion:
The optimal power of diode laser in the wavelength of (980nm) for cleaning and disinfecting of the root canal with the minimum damage on hard periodontium tissue is 1.5w.
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Shehab NF, Al-Sabawi NA, Alkhalidi EF. Influence of an 810-nm Diode Laser on the Temperature Changes of the External Root Surface: An In Vitro Study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2020; 10:445-451. [PMID: 33042886 PMCID: PMC7523933 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_216_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Rising effects of temperature due to laser use during root canal disinfection may harm periodontium and alveolar bone. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the surface root temperature of lower incisors throughout the application of different power levels and times of an 810-nm diode laser. Materials and Methods: Sixty single-rooted extracted human lower incisor teeth were selected and chemomechanical preparation was performed. Specimens were irradiated using 810-nm diode laser at 1.05, 1.5, and 1.95 W power settings and two periods of time 20 and 60s, in a continuous wave (CW) mode, without water spray. Specimens were divided into three main groups (n = 20). Each group was subdivided into two subgroups (n = 10). Then, the peak temperatures at the middle and apical regions of the root surface were registered using a thermocouple. Results: Temperature rise of root surface at all the selected output powers was below 7°C. The highest temperature value was obtained in the apical region at 60s when the root canal irradiated at 1.95 W output power. Conclusion: Diode laser is safe for use as a root canal disinfectant. Time of exposure to laser irradiation has an effect on the temperature difference at different output powers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Njwan F Shehab
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Nawal A Al-Sabawi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Emad F Alkhalidi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
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Odor AA, Bechir ES, Forna DA. Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide Photoactivated Decontamination Using 940 nm Diode Laser in Periodontal Treatment: A Pilot Study. PHOTOBIOMODULATION PHOTOMEDICINE AND LASER SURGERY 2020; 38:614-624. [PMID: 32503390 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2019.4718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the antimicrobial effects of hydroxyl radical generation by photoactivation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with diode laser (λ = 940 nm) in combination with conventional nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Materials and methods: Thirty-eight patients and 114 teeth were included in this study. The test teeth were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups: Group 1 (control group): scaling and root planning (SRP); and the following experimental groups: Group 2: SRP +940 nm diode laser; Group 3: SRP+photoactivation of H2O2 with 940 nm diode laser. Clinical examinations, such as periodontal probing depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BoP) were performed before and after the treatment. The microbiological evaluation included nine periodontal bacterial species investigated by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction assay before and after the treatment. The clinical and bacterial differences were assessed between the investigated groups. Results: The total bacteria load was reduced for all three studied groups and all periodontal indexes (PPD, CAL, and BoP) were improved after each treatment. Group 3 showed significant bacterial reduction of the major periodontal bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia, Peptostreptococcus micros, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Eubacterium nodatum (p < 0.001) in contrast to the other two groups (p > 0.001). Differences between tested groups showed significant results with regard to Group 3. Conclusions: The synergistic effect of SRP and photoactivation of H2O2 with 940 nm diode laser offers an efficient and reliable antimicrobial effect in the nonsurgical periodontal treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin Alexandru Odor
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Titu Maiorescu, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Edwin Sever Bechir
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Oclusology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu-Mureş, Târgu-Mureş, Romania
| | - Doriana Agop Forna
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Gr.T. Popa Iaşi, Iaşi, Romania
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Seraj B, Moosavi Garmaroodi Z, Chiniforush N, Ghadimi S. Thermal Changes in Root Surface of Primary Teeth During Root Canal Treatment With Diode Lasers: An In Vitro Study. J Lasers Med Sci 2019; 9:237-242. [PMID: 31119017 DOI: 10.15171/jlms.2018.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Increased temperature due to the application of laser during root canal disinfection may damage periodontium, alveolar bone, and permanent dental germ. The aim of this study was to evaluate the temperature increase of the external surface of primary roots due to the application of 810 nm and 980 nm diode lasers. Methods: A total of 58 extracted human primary teeth were prepared and randomly divided into two groups: (a) 810 nm diode laser and (b) 980 nm diode laser. Then, each group was divided into 4 subgroups based on the location of the temperature measurement, including subgroup 1: external root surface of primary anterior roots (A); subgroup 2: external root surface of posterior teeth at inter-root space (IS); subgroup 3: external root surface of posterior teeth at outer-root space (OS) and subgroup 4: external surface of furcation area of posterior teeth (F). Results: The mean temperature rise in group a (7.02±2.95ºC) was less than that of group b (10.62±4.59ºC) (P<0.001). Also, a significant difference was found between the laser groups in terms of the mean temperature rise of the external root surface at IS, OS and F, with higher temperature increase occurring in all points in laser b. The comparison of irradiation points in each laser showed a higher mean temperature rise for IS than OS, but this difference was only significant in group b (P<0.001). Conclusion: Within the studied parameters, 810 nm and 980 nm diode lasers should be used cautiously in primary root canals because of their temperature rise during their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Seraj
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Reseach Institute, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Moosavi Garmaroodi
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Ghadimi
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dentistry Research Institute and Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Genc Sen O, Kaya M. Effect of Root Canal Disinfection with a Diode Laser on Postoperative Pain After Endodontic Retreatment. PHOTOBIOMODULATION PHOTOMEDICINE AND LASER SURGERY 2019; 37:85-90. [PMID: 31050927 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2018.4539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the influence of root canal disinfection with a 940-nm diode laser on the intensity of pain after endodontic retreatment. Background data: Microorganisms are the most common causes of tooth pain. Therefore, clinical studies are needed to explore the effect of disinfection techniques on postoperative pain. Methods: Eighty-four patients scheduled for endodontic retreatment were allocated to two groups in a 1:1 ratio (n = 42 each). After root canal filling removal and chemomechanical procedures, the root canals were disinfected with a 940-nm diode laser in one group [laser disinfection (LD) group]. In the other group, a mock application of laser was made with the power off [pseudo-laser disinfection (PLD) group]. All retreatment procedures were completed in a single visit. The patients assessed their pain levels at 24, 48, and 72 h after retreatment using a numeric rating scale. The number of analgesic pills used during this period was also recorded. The collected data were statistically analyzed using Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests. Results: Postoperative pain on the first 2 days was significantly lesser in the LD group than in the PLD group (p < 0.05), and the difference became insignificant on the third day (p > 0.05). Moreover, analgesic intake over 3 days and pain on percussion on the fourth day were significantly lesser in the LD group than in the PLD group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Elimination of microorganisms from root canals is important for preventing postoperative complications. Our findings suggest that diode LD can reduce postoperative pain and provide comfort after endodontic retreatment. This study is registered in www.ClinicalTrials.gov database with the identifier number NCT03584880.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Genc Sen
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Melih Kaya
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
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Dispersion of near-infrared laser energy through radicular dentine when using plain or conical tips. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 33:251-255. [PMID: 29063474 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2352-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of tip design on patterns of laser energy dispersion through the dentine of tooth roots when using near-infrared diode lasers. Diode laser emissions of 810 or 940 nm were used in combination with optical fiber tips with either conventional plain ends or conical ends, to irradiate tooth roots of oval or round cross-sectional shapes. The lasers were operated in continuous wave mode at 0.5 W for 5 s with the distal end of the fiber tip placed in the apical or coronal third of the root canal at preset positions. Laser light exiting through the roots and apical foramen was imaged, and the extent of lateral spread calculated. There was a significant difference in infrared light exiting the root canal apex between plain and conical fiber tips for both laser wavelengths, with more forward transmission of laser energy through the apex for plain tips. For both laser wavelengths, there were no significant differences in emission patterns when the variable of canal shape was used and all other variables were kept the same (plain vs conical tip, tip position). To ensure optimal treatment effect and to prevent the risks of inadvertent laser effects on the adjacent periapical tissues, it is important to have a good understanding of laser transmission characteristics of the root canal and root dentine. Importantly, it is also essential to understand transmission characteristics of plain and conical fibers tips.
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Walsh LJ, George R. Activation of Alkaline Irrigation Fluids in Endodontics. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10101214. [PMID: 29065540 PMCID: PMC5667020 DOI: 10.3390/ma10101214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In conventional endodontic treatment, alkaline solutions of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) are used in combination to disinfect the root canal system and to eliminate debris and smear layers. An important concept that has emerged over recent years is the use of active physical methods for agitating these fluids to improve their penetration within areas that are not reached by endodontic instruments and to accelerate the chemical actions of these alkaline fluids against planktonic microorganisms, biofilms, soft tissue remnants and smear layers. Ultrasonic agitation and more recently pulsed lasers have emerged as two promising methods for activating endodontic irrigation fluids. Ultrasonic agitation with piezoelectric devices employs a moving tip, while laser agitation uses a stationary tip. Both methods cause cavitation, followed by implosions and shear forces which assist with debridement. Fluid streaming further enhances the activity of the fluids. While agitation enhances performance of irrigants, extrusion of fluids from the root canal during activation is a hazard that must be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence J Walsh
- The University of Queensland School of Dentistry, Herston, Brisbane QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Roy George
- Griffith University School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Southport QLD 4215, Australia.
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15
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In vitro bond strength of an epoxy resin-based root canal sealer to root dentin irradiated with high-power lasers and adhesive interface analyses. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 33:271-277. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2362-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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16
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Trišić D, Ćetenović B, Jovanović I, Gjorgievska E, Popović B, Marković D. Diode Laser Irradiation in Endodontic Therapy through Cycles - in vitro Study. BALKAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/bjdm-2017-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Summary
Background/Aim: The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the influence of irradiation cycles and resting periods, on thermal effects on the external root surface during root canal irradiation of two diode laser systems (940 nm and 975 nm), at output powers of 1 W and 2 W in continuous mode. In previous studies the rising of temperature above 7°C has been reported as biologically accepted to avoid periodontal damage on the external root surface. Material and Methods: Twenty human inferior incisors were randomly distributed into four groups, the 940 nm, and the 975 nm diode laser irradiation, both with an output power of 1 W and 2 W, in continuous mode. The thermographic camera was used to detect temperature variations on the external root surface. Digital radiography of the samples was made. Results: After three cycles of irradiation, at apical third of the root, mean temperature variation by 940 nm diode laser irradiation was 2.88°C for output power of 1 W, and 6.52°C for output power of 2 W. The 975 nm laser caused a higher temperature increase in the apical region, with temperature variation of 13.56°C by an output power of 1 W, and 30.60°C at 2 W, with a statistical significance of p ≤ 0.0001 between two laser systems compared for the same power. The resting periods of 20 s between cycles were enough to lower temperature under 7°C in the case of 1 W and 2 W for 940 nm diode laser, while for 975 nm laser, after three irradiation cycles overheating occurred at both output power rates. Conclusion: Three cycles irradiation of 940 nm diode laser, with resting periods of 20 seconds, allowed safe usage of 1 W and 2 W in CW for endodontic treatment. For 975 nm at a power rate of 1 W, the last resting period drop the temperature near the safe limit and it came under 7°C in a period less than a minute, while at the power of 2 W the resting periods were not long enough for the safe temperature decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijana Trišić
- Clinic for Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Bojana Ćetenović
- Clinic for Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Igor Jovanović
- Department of Electronics, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, University of Niš, Niš , Serbia
| | - Elizabeta Gjorgievska
- Faculty of Dentistry, University “Ss Cyril and Methodius” Skopje, Skopje , FYRM, Macedonia
| | - Branka Popović
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Dejan Marković
- Clinic for Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade , Serbia
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Sarp ASK, Gulsoy M. Determining the optimal dose of 1940-nm thulium fiber laser for assisting the endodontic treatment. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 32:1507-1516. [PMID: 28669067 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Insufficient cleaning, the complex anatomy of the root canal system, inaccessible accessory canals, and inadequate penetration of irrigants through dentinal tubules minimizes the success of the conventional endodontic treatment. Laser-assisted endodontic treatment enhances the quality of conventional treatment, but each laser wavelength has its own its own limitations. The optimal parameters for the antibacterial efficiency of a new wavelength, 1940-nm Thulium Fiber Laser, were firstly investigated in this study. This paper comprises of two preliminary analyses and one main experimental study, presents data about thermal effects of 1940-nm laser application on root canal tissue, effective sterilization parameters for bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis, and finally the antibacterial effectiveness of this 1940-nm Thulium Fiber Laser irradiation in single root canal. Based on these results, the optimal parameter range for safe laser-assisted root canal treatment was investigated in the main experiments. Comparing the antibacterial effects of four laser powers on an E. faecalis bacteria culture in vitro in 96-well plates showed that the most effective group was the one irradiated with 1 W of laser power (antibacterial effect corresponding to a log kill of 3). After the optimal laser power was determined, varying irradiation durations (15, 30, and 60 s) were compared in disinfecting E. faecalis. Laser application caused significant reduction in colony-forming unit values (CFU) compared with control samples in the 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) group. The results of bacteria counts showed that 1 W with 30 s of irradiation with a 1940-nm thulium fiber laser was the optimal dose for safely achieving maximal bactericidal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Sena Kabas Sarp
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Bogazici University Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Kandilli Kampus, 34684, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Murat Gulsoy
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Bogazici University Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Kandilli Kampus, 34684, Istanbul, Turkey
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Enhancement of photodynamic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms by disruptive strategies. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 32:1757-1767. [PMID: 28612299 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) has been used to inactivate microorganisms through the use of photosensitizers and visible light. On the one hand, near-infrared treatment (NIRT) has also bactericidal and dispersal effects on biofilms. In addition, dispersal biological tools such as enzymes have also been employed in antibiotic combination treatments. The aim of this work was to use alternative approaches to increase the PDI efficacy, employing combination therapies aimed at the partial disruption of the biofilms, thus potentially increasing photosensitizer or oxygen penetration and interaction with bacteria. To that end, we applied toluidine blue (TB)-PDI treatment to Staphylococcus aureus biofilms previously treated with NIRT or enzymes and investigated the outcome of the combined therapies. TB employed at 0.5 mM induced per se 2-log drop in S. aureus RN6390 biofilm viability. Each NIRT (980-nm laser) and PDI (635-nm laser) treatment induced a further reduction of 1-log of viable counts. The combination of successive 980- and 635-nm laser treatments on TB-treated biofilms induced additive effects, leading to a 4.5-log viable count decrease. Proteinase K treatment applied to S. aureus of the Newman strain induced an additive effect on PDI mortality, leading to an overall 4-log decrease in S. aureus viability. Confocal scanning laser microscopy after biofilm staining with a fluorescent viability test and scanning electron microscopy observations were correlated with colony counts. The NIRT dose employed (227 J/cm2) led to an increase from 21 to 47 °C in the buffer temperature of the biofilm system, and this NIRT dose also induced 100% keratinocyte death. Further work is needed to establish conditions under which biofilm dispersal occurs at lower NIRT doses.
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Beer F, Farmakis ETR, Kopic J, Kurzmann C, Moritz A. Temperature Development on the External Root Surface During Laser-Assisted Endodontic Treatment Applying a Microchopped Mode of a 980 nm Diode Laser. Photomed Laser Surg 2017; 35:206-212. [PMID: 28092475 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2016.4189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this article was to investigate the temperature increase of the external root surface during laser-assisted endodontic treatment using a diode laser (980 nm) in a microchopped mode. METHODS Ten freshly extracted, human maxillary incisors with mature apices were collected, prepared to size F4 at working length (ProTaper; Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), mounted to a holder, and irradiated (using spiral movements in coronal direction) with a diode laser (GENTLEray 980 Classic Plus; KaVo, Biberach, Germany) with a 200 μm fiber in four different treatment groups: Group 1 (control group) was irradiated in six cycles of 5-sec irradiation/20-sec pause with 2.5 W in the pulse mode. Groups 2 to 4 were irradiated at six cycles of 5-sec irradiation/20-sec pause in the microchopped mode (Group 2-1.6 W; Group 3-2.0 W; Group 4-2.5 W). The applied mode was 25 ms on/25 ms off. Within the on period, the laser delivered an intermittent sequence of energy complexes and the maximum output was equal to the nominated output of the device (12 W). Canals were kept moist by sterile saline irrigation in between irradiations, and temperature changes were continuously measured using a thermal imaging camera. Recordings were analyzed by a mixed model (analysis of variance [ANOVA] for repeated measurements). RESULTS The highest mean of temperature rise, 1.94°C ± 1.07°C, was measured in Group 4, followed by Group 3 (1.74°C ± 1.22°C) and Group 2 (1.58°C ± 1.18°C). The lowest increase occurred in Group 1 (1.06°C ± 1.20°C). There was a significant difference (p = 0.041) between the groups. Significant differences were found between Groups 1 and 4 (p = 0.007) and 1 and 2 (p = 0.035). In addition, a marginally significant difference between Groups 1 and 2 (p = 0.052) was noted. There was no significant difference between Groups 2, 3, and 4. Despite the low mean values reported, the highest temperature increase (+5.7°C) was measured in one of the specimens of treatment Group 2 at the middle third. CONCLUSIONS Under the conditions used and within the limitations of the study, the microchopped diode laser irradiation is a safe possible treatment option in laser-assisted endodontic treatment, concerning the temperature elevation on the external root surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Josip Kopic
- 3 Unit-Division of Dental Student Training and Patient Care, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Kurzmann
- 4 Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Moritz
- 4 Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
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20
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Haidary D, Franzen R, Gutknecht N. Root Surface Temperature Changes During Root Canal Laser Irradiation with Dual Wavelength Laser (940 and 2780 nm): A Preliminary Study. Photomed Laser Surg 2016; 34:336-44. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2015.4007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Darya Haidary
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - René Franzen
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Norbert Gutknecht
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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Jyotsna SV, Raju RVC, Patil JP, Singh TV, Bhutani N, Kamishetty S, Ghatole K. Effect of Diode Laser on Bacteria Beyond the Apex in Relation to the Size of the Apical Preparation - An In-Vitro Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:ZC63-5. [PMID: 27437362 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/17759.7791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microorganisms causing periapical infection are usually difficult to eradicate after conventional endodontic treatment or even in retreatment resulting in poor outcomes. So the purpose of the study was to assess whether disinfection of root canal with laser had any effect on bacteria in the periapex region. AIM The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a diode laser when activated in root canals with varying apical diameters, on the bacteria present beyond the apex of the teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS Total 30 intact single rooted teeth were taken and decoronated to standardize the root to a length of 12mm. They were divided into three groups depending on last file size used for instrumentation at apex i.e., size 30, 40 and 50 respectively. The samples were then mounted on test tubes such that roots of teeth were in contact with fresh broth of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and left for incubation. Later a diode laser (Ezlase 940, Biolase) was used for disinfection of root canals of the samples. Following this the bacterial inoculums from each test tube were cultured and CFU were obtained from which the mean log values were obtained. Statistical analysis was done using Kruskal Wallis ANOVA test to compare mean CFU in three groups. Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction was used to compare inter-group differences. RESULTS There was statistically significant difference in mean log values of CFU in all the three study groups. Inter-group comparisons showed that, Group A had significantly lower mean CFUs than Group B and C respectively. CONCLUSION The study showed that intracanal irradiation with diode laser had an effect on the bacteria present beyond the apex, and it was influenced by the size of the apical preparation i.e., smaller apical size led to a greater reduction in the bacterial count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sistla Venkata Jyotsna
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery , Vikarabad, India
| | - Raja Vatsavai Chakradhar Raju
- Professor and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Balaji Dental College , Moinabad, India
| | - Jaya Prakash Patil
- Professor and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, PMNM Dental College , Bagalkot, India
| | - Thakur Veerandar Singh
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery , Vikarabad, India
| | - Neha Bhutani
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery , Vikarabad, India
| | - Shekar Kamishetty
- Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery , Vikarabad, India
| | - Kiran Ghatole
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery , Vikarabad, India
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Al-Karadaghi TS, Gutknecht N, Jawad HA, Vanweersch L, Franzen R. Evaluation of Temperature Elevation During Root Canal Treatment with Dual Wavelength Laser: 2780 nm Er,Cr:YSGG and 940 nm Diode. Photomed Laser Surg 2015; 33:460-6. [PMID: 26332917 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2015.3907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Sardar Al-Karadaghi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Hussein A. Jawad
- Department of Biomedical Applications, Institute of Laser for Postgraduate Studies, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriha Campus, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Leon Vanweersch
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rene Franzen
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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23
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Franzen R, Rashidisangsary B, Ozturan S, Vanweersch L, Gutknecht N. Intrapulpal temperature changes during root surface irradiation with dual-wavelength laser (2780 and 940 nm): in vitro study. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:018002. [PMID: 25602781 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.1.018002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This work reports that the ablation volume and rate of porcine skin changed significantly with the change of skin water content. Under the same laser irradiation conditions (532 nm Nd:YAG laser, pulse width = 11.5 ns, pulse energy = 1.54 J, beam radius = 0.54 mm), the ablation volume dropped by a factor of 4 as the skin water content decreased from 40 wt. % (native) to 19 wt. % with a change in the ablation rate below and above around 25 wt. %. Based on the ablation characteristics observed by in situ shadowgraph images and the calculated tissue temperatures, it is considered that an explosive rupture by rapid volumetric vaporization of water is responsible for the ablation of the high water content of skin, whereas thermal disintegration of directly irradiated surface layer is responsible for the low water content of skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Franzen
- RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Preventive Dentistry, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Borna Rashidisangsary
- RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Preventive Dentistry, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Seda Ozturan
- Biruni University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Topkapi 34010, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Leon Vanweersch
- RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Preventive Dentistry, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Norbert Gutknecht
- RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Preventive Dentistry, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Neelakantan P, Cheng CQ, Mohanraj R, Sriraman P, Subbarao C, Sharma S. Antibiofilm activity of three irrigation protocols activated by ultrasonic, diode laser or Er:YAG laser in vitro. Int Endod J 2014; 48:602-10. [PMID: 25080240 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the impact of three irrigation protocols, activated by three different methods, on mature biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis in vitro. METHODOLOGY Root canals in 280 single-rooted teeth were instrumented using a rotary Ni-Ti system. Biofilms of E. faecalis were generated based on a previously established protocol. Samples were randomly divided into three experimental (n = 80) and one control (n = 40) group based on the irrigation protocol employed: group 1 (NaOCl + Etidronic acid), 1 : 1 mixture of 6% NaOCl and 18% etidronic acid; group 2 (NaOCl-EDTA), 3% NaOCl followed by 17% EDTA; group 3 (NaOCl-EDTA-NaOCl), 3% NaOCl followed by 17% EDTA and a final flush of 3% NaOCl. Saline served as the control. Samples were further divided into four subgroups (n = 20) based on the activation method: subgroup A, no activation; subgroup B, ultrasonic activation; group C, diode laser; group D, Er:YAG laser. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to assess bacterial viability in situ. Root dentine powder was obtained for determining the colony-forming units (CFU mL(-1) ). Data were analysed by appropriate statistical analyses with P = 0.05. RESULTS All experimental irrigation protocols caused complete destruction of the biofilm in the root canal lumen. Within the dentinal tubules, all groups had a significantly higher percentage of dead bacteria than the saline control (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between NaOCl + etidronic acid and NaOCl-EDTA-NaOCl (P > 0.05), whereas both groups brought about more bacterial reduction than NaOCl-EDTA (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between diode laser and Er:YAG laser in any of the groups (P > 0.05). Both diode and Er:YAG laser were more effective than ultrasonic activation and conventional syringe irrigation in reducing E. fecalis biofilms (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The use of NaOCl after or in combination with a chelator caused the greatest reduction of E. faecalis. Diode laser and Er:YAG laser activation were superior to ultrasonics in dentinal tubule disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Neelakantan
- Biofilm Research Cluster, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - C Q Cheng
- Biofilm Research Cluster, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - R Mohanraj
- Biofilm Research Cluster, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - P Sriraman
- Biofilm Research Cluster, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - C Subbarao
- Biofilm Research Cluster, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - S Sharma
- Biofilm Research Cluster, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
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Laser-induced agitation and cavitation from proprietary honeycomb tips for endodontic applications. Lasers Med Sci 2014; 30:1203-8. [PMID: 24647465 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-014-1539-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cavitation and agitation generated by lasers in fluid-filled root canals create fluid movement and shear stresses along the root canals walls, enhancing removal of the smear layer and biofilm. When used with sodium hypochlorite and EDTA, laser activation of aqueous fluids can increase the efficiency of debridement and disinfection of root canals. However, the use of forward-firing laser fibers with such solutions poses a risk of driving fluid past the root apex, which could cause postoperative complications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanism of fluid agitation caused by a novel honeycomb tip. Glass capillary tubes filled with distilled water were used to replicate single-tooth root canals. A 980 nm pulsed diode laser was used with 200 μm diameter plain tips, tube-etched conical tips, and honeycomb tips. To record fluid movements, the tubes were backlit and imaged using a digital camera attached to a microscope. The honeycomb tips generated agitation with fluid movement directed onto the walls, while both the conventional plain fibers and the conical tips created fluid movement largely in a forward direction. The use of honeycomb tips alters the pattern of fluid agitation, and this laterally directed effect might lower the risk of fluid extrusion beyond the apex.
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26
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Hülsmann M. Effects of mechanical instrumentation and chemical irrigation on the root canal dentin and surrounding tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/etp.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lagemann M, George R, Chai L, Walsh LJ. Activation of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid by a 940 nm diode laser for enhanced removal of smear layer. AUST ENDOD J 2013; 40:72-5. [PMID: 25244221 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Laser enhancement of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid with cetrimide (EDTAC) has previously been shown to increase removal of smear layer, for middle-infrared erbium lasers. This study evaluated the efficiency of EDTAC activation using a near-infrared-pulsed 940 nm laser delivered by plain fibre tips into 15% EDTAC or 3% hydrogen peroxide. Root canals in 4 groups of 10 single roots were prepared using rotary files, with controls for the presence and absence of smear layer. After laser treatment (80 mJ pulse(-1) , 50 Hz, 6 cycles of 10 s), roots were split and the apical, middle and coronal thirds of the canal were examined using scanning electron microscopy, with the area of dentine tubules determined by a validated quantitative image analysis method. Lasing EDTAC considerably improved smear layer removal, while lasing into peroxide gave minimal smear layer removal. The laser protocol used was more effective for smear layer removal than the 'gold standard' protocol using EDTAC with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). In addition, lasers may also provide a benefit through photothermal disinfection. Further research is needed to optimise irrigant activation protocols using near-infrared diode lasers of other wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Lagemann
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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da Fonseca Alvarez A, Moura-Netto C, Daliberto Frugoli A, Fernando C, Aranha ACC, Davidowicz H. Temperature changes on the root surfaces of mandibular incisors after an 810-nm high-intensity intracanal diode laser irradiation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:015006. [PMID: 22352650 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.1.015006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Temperature changes caused by laser irradiation can promote damage to the surrounding dental tissues. In this study, we evaluated the temperature changes of recently extracted human mandibular incisors during intracanal irradiation with an 810-nm diode laser at different settings. Fifty mandibular incisors were enlarged up to an apical size of ISO No. 40 file. After the final rinse with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 0.2% lauryl sodium sulfate biologic detergent, and sterile water, samples were irradiated with circular movements from apex to crown through five different settings of output power (1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 W) in continuous mode. The temperature changes were measured on both sides of the apical and middle root thirds using two thermopar devices. A temperature increase of 7 °C was considered acceptable as a safe threshold when applying the diode laser. RESULTS The results showed that only 3.5-W output power increased the outer surface temperature above the critical value. CONCLUSION The recommended output power can be stipulated as equal to or less than 3 W to avoid overheating during diode laser irradiation on thin dentin walls.
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