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Alquria TA, Acharya A, Tordik P, Griffin I, Martinho FC. Impact of root canal disinfection on the bacteriome present in primary endodontic infection: A next generation sequencing study. Int Endod J 2024; 57:1124-1135. [PMID: 38700876 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the bacteriome present in teeth with primary endodontic infection (PEI) and apical periodontitis (AP) and to determine quantitatively and qualitatively the impact of chemomechanical preparation (CMP) using 2.5% sodium hypochlorite NAOCl on the bacteriome found in PEI with AP using the Illumina MiSeq platform. METHODOLOGY Thirty-six paired samples from 18 patients were successfully sequenced and analysed. Samples were collected at two sampling times: before (s1) and after (s2) CMP using 2.5% NaOCl. The DNA was extracted from s1 and s2 samples and quantified using quantitative PCR (qPCR). All 36 samples were sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Raw V3-V4 amplicon sequencing data were processed with the DADA2 pipeline to generate amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). Alpha diversity metrics representing abundance (Chao1) and diversity and evenness (Shannon, Simpson) were computed. The paired-sample Wilcoxon's test was used to compare alpha diversity metrics and qPCR counts between s1 and s2. The PERMANOVA method (with 999 permutations) was applied to compare community composition between sample types (s1 versus s2) and between patient IDs. ALDEx2 (ANOVA-like differential expression tool for high-throughput sequencing data) to investigate differentially abundant taxa between s1 and s2. A paired-sample Wilcoxon's test was used to compare alpha diversity metrics and qPCR counts between s1 and s2. RESULTS The qPCR counts were significantly higher in s1 compared to s2 (p = .0007). The Chao1 index indicated no difference in alpha diversity (p < .7019); whereas Shannon (p = .0056) and Simpson (p = .02685) indexes showed higher values in s2. The PERMANOVA test using Adonis2 showed a significant effect of sample time on community composition (R2 = .0630, p = .012). Patient ID also showed a significant effect on community composition (R2 = .6961, p = .001). At the genus level, Dialister, Mogibacterium, Prevotella, and Olsenella were differentially enriched at s1, while Actinomyces, Stenotrophomonas_unclassified, Enterococcus_unclassified, and Actinomyces_unclassified were differentially enriched in s2. CONCLUSION The bacteriome present in teeth with PEI with AP is complex and diverse. CMP using 2.5% NaOCl showed a high quantitatively and qualitatively disinfectant impact on the bacteriome present in PEI with AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theeb Abdullah Alquria
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aneesha Acharya
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, Dr D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr D Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
- Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Patricia Tordik
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ina Griffin
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Frederico C Martinho
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Siqueira JF, Silva WO, Romeiro K, Gominho LF, Alves FRF, Rôças IN. Apical root canal microbiome associated with primary and posttreatment apical periodontitis: A systematic review. Int Endod J 2024; 57:1043-1058. [PMID: 38634795 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microorganisms colonizing the apical root canal system are conceivably the ones directly involved with the causation and maintenance of apical periodontitis. OBJECTIVES This article systematically reviews the reports on the microbiome occurring exclusively at the apical root canal of teeth with primary and posttreatment apical periodontitis. METHODS The electronic databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Proquest were searched up to August 2023. Clinical studies using culture and molecular microbiology methods to identify the microbial taxa present exclusively in the apical root canal segment of infected teeth with apical periodontitis were included. Studies were critically assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Prevalence Assessment Checklist. RESULTS From 2277 articles initially detected, 52 were selected for full reading and 21 were eventually included in this review. Of these, molecular methods were used in 19 and culture in 2 studies. Ten studies evaluated primary infections, 8 evaluated posttreatment infections, and 3 included both. Cryopulverization of the apical root specimens was conducted in 11 studies. All studies evaluated the prevalence and diversity of bacteria, and only one also reported on fungi. Overall, the most frequent/abundant bacterial taxa found in the apical canal of primary infections were Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus, Olsenella uli, Fusobacterium species, Streptococcus species, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Prevotella species, Actinomyces species, Parvimonas micra, Treponema denticola, Synergistetes species, and an as-yet uncharacterized taxon. In posttreatment infections, the most prevalent/abundant bacterial taxa included species of Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Fusobacterium, Actinomyces, Pseudoramibacter, Pseudomonas, and Propionibacterium. At the phylum level, Firmicutes was the most represented. The average apical bacterial load ranged from 105 to 106 in primary infections and from 103 to 104 in posttreatment infections. DISCUSSION Microbial diversity in the apical part of the root canal system was examined encompassing data from both primary and posttreatment infections. Heterogeneity amongst the studies, especially in sample collection and microbial identification methods, is an important limitation that prevented a meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS There is a pronounced bacterial diversity in the infected apical canal, with a high interindividual variability. Different microbiome compositions at the species/genus level are observed according to the infection type. REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42021275886.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F Siqueira
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brazil
| | - Warley O Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Kaline Romeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana F Gominho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Flávio R F Alves
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabela N Rôças
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brazil
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Xiao S, Sun G, Huang S, Lin C, Li Y. Nanoarchitectonics-Based Materials as a Promising Strategy in the Treatment of Endodontic Infections. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:759. [PMID: 38931881 PMCID: PMC11207628 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Endodontic infections arise from the interactive activities of microbial communities colonizing in the intricate root canal system. The present study aims to update the latest knowledge of nanomaterials, their antimicrobial mechanisms, and their applications in endodontics. A detailed literature review of the current knowledge of nanomaterials used in endodontic applications was performed using the PubMed database. Antimicrobial nanomaterials with a small size, large specific surface area, and high chemical activity are introduced to act as irrigants, photosensitizer delivery systems, and medicaments, or to modify sealers. The application of nanomaterials in the endodontic field could enhance antimicrobial efficiency, increase dentin tubule penetration, and improve treatment outcomes. This study supports the potential of nanomaterials as a promising strategy in treating endodontic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suli Xiao
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361003, China;
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen 361003, China
| | - Guanwen Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University Xiamen Humanity Hospital, Xiamen 361018, China;
| | - Shan Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China;
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361003, China;
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen 361003, China
| | - Yijun Li
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361003, China;
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen 361003, China
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Gandhe P, Aravelli S, Penigalapati S, Kasam S, Ramachandruni N, Alam S. Effect of apical foraminal enlargement on postoperative pain and inflammatory markers in asymtomatic single-rooted mandibular teeth with apical periodontitis - An in vivo randomized controlled trial. JOURNAL OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS 2024; 27:584-590. [PMID: 38989502 PMCID: PMC11232762 DOI: 10.4103/jcde.jcde_138_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Aim of the Study This study aims to assess the effect of apical foraminal enlargement on inflammatory markers and pain in patients with asymptomatic single-rooted mandibular teeth with apical periodontitis. Materials and Methods The study included 60 patients based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Before beginning root canal treatment (RCT), a blood sample was obtained from the antecubital fossa to evaluate the inflammatory markers, C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Access opening was done and initial irrigation was done. Working length (WL) was determined with an electronic apex locator and verified with a radiograph. In the control group, the determined WL was maintained, while in the experimental group, the WL was set till the apical foramen. Biomechanical preparation was done in both groups till F2 or F3 based on the initial apical file, followed by final irrigation and obturation based on the master apical file size. Patients were given a Visual Analog Scale to record pain sensations at 24, 48, and 72 h postoperative. After 72 h, patients were recalled for follow-up appointments, and blood was taken from the antecubital fossa again to evaluate inflammatory markers. Statistical Analysis The resultant findings for the reduction in inflammatory markers before and after RCT with or without foraminal enlargement were statistically analyzed using the Student's t-test. The pain was statistically examined with one-way "analysis of variance" and Tukey's post hoc test for inter-group comparison of pain. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. The statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 23 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). As pain in the control groups is zero before and after RCT, statistical analysis is not required as the overall pain score is zero. Results The P values of the CRP and ESR of the control group were 0.02 and 0.03, respectively, which indicates it is significant whereas the P values of the ESR and CRP of the experimental group were 0.0002 and 0.0008 which indicates it is highly significant. Results indicate that the experimental group is more effective compared to the control group in reducing inflammatory markers. Pain in the control group after RCT was zero at the end of 24, 48, and 72 h. In the experimental group, where RCT was done with apical foraminal enlargement, mild pain was present at the end of 24 h which gradually decreased at the end of 48 h and no pain was reported at the end of 72 h. Conclusion Reduction in inflammatory markers was more effective in RCT with apical enlargement than without apical enlargement. RCT with apical enlargement caused mild pain in the patients immediately after treatment which gradually decreased over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Gandhe
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Malla Reddy Dental College for Women, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Swathi Aravelli
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Malla Reddy Dental College for Women, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sivaram Penigalapati
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Malla Reddy Dental College for Women, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Swetha Kasam
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Malla Reddy Dental College for Women, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Nimeshika Ramachandruni
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Malla Reddy Dental College for Women, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sindhura Alam
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Malla Reddy Dental College for Women, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Adl A, Shojaei NS, Ranjbar N. The Effect of Adding Various Antibiotics on the Push-out Bond Strength of a Resin-based Sealer: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024; 25:231-235. [PMID: 38690695 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to compare the bond strength of AH Plus sealer to root canal dentin when used with or without various antibiotics including amoxicillin, clindamycin, and triple antibiotic mixture (TAM). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 80 single-rooted extracted human teeth were instrumented and obturated with gutta-percha and four different sealer-antibiotic combinations (n = 20). Group I: AH Plus without any antibiotics, Group II: AH Plus with amoxicillin, Group III: AH Plus with clindamycin, and Group IV: AH Plus with TAM. After seven days, the roots were sectioned perpendicular to their long axis and 1 mm thick slices were obtained from the midroots. The specimens were subjected to a push-out bond strength test and failure modes were also evaluated. Data was analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's post hoc tests. RESULTS Group IV had significantly higher bond strength compared to other groups (p ≤ 0.05). No significant differences were found between other groups. While the sealer-antibiotic groups predominantly showed cohesive failure modes, the control group displayed both cohesive and mixed failure modes. CONCLUSION Within the limitations of this study, the addition of TAM increased the push-out bond strength of AH Plus. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Amoxicillin, clindamycin, or TAM can be added to AH Plus for increased antibacterial efficacy without concern about their effects on the bond strength of the sealer. How to cite this article: Adl A, Shojaei NS, Ranjbar N. The Effect of Adding Various Antibiotics on the Push-out Bond Strength of a Resin-based Sealer: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(3):231-235.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Adl
- Department of Endodontics, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0174-1348
| | - Nooshin S Shojaei
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4407-3650
| | - Nikta Ranjbar
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Phone: +98 9177392421, e-mail: , Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7677-3032
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Liu X, Jiang S, Zhang T, Xu Z, Liu L, Zhang Z, Pan S, Li Y. "Magnet" Based on Activated Silver Nanoparticles Adsorbed Bacteria to Predict Refractory Apical Periodontitis Via Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:8499-8508. [PMID: 38335515 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Refractory apical periodontitis (RAP) is an endodontic apical inflammatory disease caused by Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). Bacterial detection using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technology is a hot research topic, but the specific and direct detection of oral bacteria is a challenge, especially in real clinical samples. In this paper, we develop a novel SERS-based green platform for label-free detection of oral bacteria. The platform was built on silver nanoparticles with a two-step enhancement way using NaBH4 and sodium (Na+) to form "hot spots," which resulted in an enhanced SERS fingerprint of E. faecalis with fast, quantitative, lower-limit, reproducibility, and stability. In combination with machine learning, four different oral bacteria (E. faecalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Escherichia coli) could be intelligently distinguished. The unlabeled detection method emphasized the specificity of E. faecalis in simulated saliva, serum, and even real samples from patients with clinical root periapical disease. In addition, the assay has been shown to be environmentally friendly and without secondary contamination through antimicrobial assays. The proposed label-free, rapid, safe, and green SERS detection strategy for oral bacteria provided an innovative solution for the early diagnosis and prevention of RAP and other perioral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P. R. China
- Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P. R. China
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P. R. China
| | - Shen Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P. R. China
- Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P. R. China
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150081, P. R. China
| | - Ziming Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P. R. China
- Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P. R. China
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P. R. China
| | - Ling Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P. R. China
- Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P. R. China
- Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P. R. China
- College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Pan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P. R. China
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P. R. China
- Research Center for Innovative Technology of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P. R. China
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology (HST), Faculty of Medicine University of Oulu, 2125B, Aapistie 5A, Oulu 90220, Finland
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Hernández SR, Siqueira JF, Voigt DD, Soimu G, Brasil SC, Provenzano JC, Mdala I, Alves FRF, Rôças IN. Bacteriologic Conditions of the Apical Root Canal System of Teeth with and without Posttreatment Apical Periodontitis: A Correlative Multianalytical Approach. J Endod 2024; 50:154-163. [PMID: 37977217 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study used a correlative multianalytical approach to investigate the bacteriologic conditions in the apical root canal system of treated teeth with or without apical periodontitis and their correlation with the technical quality of the previous root canal obturation and the presence and volume of apical periodontitis lesions. METHODS Root apexes were obtained from recently extracted root canal-treated teeth with (n = 23) and without (n = 22) apical periodontitis lesions as demonstrated by cone-beam computed tomographic examination. The root apexes were sectioned and subjected to micro-computed tomographic (micro-CT) scanning. The specimens were cryopulverized, and DNA extracted from the powder was used as a template in real-time polymerase chain reaction assays to quantify total bacteria and members of the Streptococcus genus and Actinobacteria phylum. The bacteriologic findings were compared between the 2 groups and also evaluated for associations with cone-beam computed tomographic and micro-computed tomographic data. RESULTS Bacteria were detected in all apical canal samples except 1. The mean counts of total bacteria, streptococci, and actinobacteria did not differ significantly between teeth with or without apical periodontitis (P > .05). Streptococcus levels were significantly lower by 80% in the apical canals of teeth with small lesions compared with those without lesions (P < .05). The limit of filling >2 mm short was significantly associated with more total bacterial counts compared with canals filled 0-2 mm short (P < .05). An adequate coronal restoration was significantly associated with lesser counts of Streptococcus (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Comparable bacterial loads were observed in the apical canal system of treated teeth with and without apical periodontitis, suggesting that factors other than only the total bacterial levels may also influence the development and progression of apical periodontitis. Bacteria were found in the apical canal in virtually all cases with a high prevalence of streptococci and actinobacteria. Streptococci counts were significantly higher in the apical canal of teeth with inadequate restorations and teeth with no lesions. Underfilled canals showed higher bacterial counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra R Hernández
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Francisco Marroquín University, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - José F Siqueira
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University, Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danielle D Voigt
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giuliana Soimu
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sabrina C Brasil
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José C Provenzano
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University, Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ibrahimu Mdala
- Department of General Practice, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Flávio R F Alves
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University, Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Isabela N Rôças
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University, Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Sun X, Yang Y, Meng X, Li J, Liu X, Liu H. PANoptosis: Mechanisms, biology, and role in disease. Immunol Rev 2024; 321:246-262. [PMID: 37823450 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell death can be executed through distinct subroutines. PANoptosis is a unique inflammatory cell death modality involving the interactions between pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, which can be mediated by multifaceted PANoptosome complexes assembled via integrating components from other cell death modalities. There is growing interest in the process and function of PANoptosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that PANoptosis occurs under diverse stimuli, for example, viral or bacterial infection, cytokine storm, and cancer. Given the impact of PANoptosis across the disease spectrum, this review briefly describes the relationships between pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, highlights the key molecules in PANoptosome formation and PANoptosis activation, and outlines the multifaceted roles of PANoptosis in diseases together with a potential for therapeutic targeting. We also discuss important concepts and pressing issues for future PANoptosis research. Improved understanding of PANoptosis and its mechanisms is crucial for identifying novel therapeutic targets and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Sun
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanpeng Yang
- Cardiac Care Unit, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaona Meng
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huaimin Liu
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Alquria TA, Alfirdous RA, Gupta S, Santamaria MP, Santamaria IF, Gomes APM, Tiradentes N, Silva EG, Martinho FC. Comparison of conventional and contemporary root canal disinfection protocols against bacteria, lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Sci Rep 2023; 13:1206. [PMID: 36681702 PMCID: PMC9867776 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26855-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study devised a dual-species biofilm model to investigate bacteria, lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) simultaneously, and compared the efficacy of conventional and contemporary disinfection protocols. Seventy single-rooted mandibular premolars were included. Fourteen teeth were negative control, and 56 teeth were infected with 3-week-old E. faecalis and E. coli GFP biofilm. Fourteen/56 teeth were positive control, with seven teeth processed for CLSM analysis and seven teeth sampled with paper points (PPs) and cryogenically ground for bacterial, LTA, and LPS analyses. Forty-two teeth were randomly divided into three groups: GWS (GentleWave system) + MIT (minimally invasive technique), PUI (passive ultrasonic irrigation) + CIT (conventional instrumentation technique), and XP-EF (XP-endo Finisher) + CIT (All, n = 14). Samples were collected before (s1) and after disinfection (s2) with PPs and after cryogenically ground (s3). CFUs were counted, and LTA and LPS were quantified with LTA-ELISA and LAL assay, respectively. XP-EF was as effective as PUI (p > 0.05). GWS + MIT was the most effective disinfection protocol against bacteria, LTA, and LPS (p < 0.05). In conclusion, PUI, XP-EF, and GWS were highly effective against bacteria, LTA, and LPS, with GWS being the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theeb A Alquria
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rayyan A Alfirdous
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Prince Abdulrahman Advanced Dental Institute, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Swati Gupta
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Ingrid F Santamaria
- Department of General Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ana P M Gomes
- Endodontic Division, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Naiara Tiradentes
- Endodontic Division, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Eduardo G Silva
- Department of Social and Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Frederico C Martinho
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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10
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Kim HJ, Ahn DH, Yu Y, Han H, Kim SY, Joo JY, Chung J, Na HS, Lee JY. Microbial profiling of peri-implantitis compared to the periodontal microbiota in health and disease using 16S rRNA sequencing. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2022; 53:69-84. [PMID: 36468472 PMCID: PMC9943702 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2202080104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to analyze the microbial profile of individuals with peri-implantitis (PI) compared to those of periodontally healthy (PH) subjects and periodontitis (PT) subjects using Illumina sequencing. METHODS Buccal, supragingival, and subgingival plaque samples were collected from 109 subjects (PH: 30, PT: 49, and PI: 30). The V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA was sequenced and analyzed to profile the plaque microbiota. RESULTS Microbial community diversity in the PI group was higher than in the other groups, and the 3 groups showed significantly separated clusters in the buccal samples. The PI group showed different patterns of relative abundance from those in the PH and PT groups depending on the sampling site at both genus and phylum levels. In all samples, some bacterial species presented considerably higher relative abundances in the PI group than in the PH and PT groups, including Anaerotignum lactatifermentans, Bacteroides vulgatus, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Olsenella uli, Parasutterella excrementihominis, Prevotella buccae, Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus, Treponema parvum, and Slackia exigua. Network analysis identified that several well-known periodontal pathogens and newly recognized bacteria were closely correlated with each other. CONCLUSIONS The composition of the microbiota was considerably different in PI subjects compared to PH and PT subjects, and these results could shed light on the mechanisms involved in the development of PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Joo Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan, Korea.,Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Dae-Hee Ahn
- Department of Periodontology, Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan, Korea.,Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Yeuni Yu
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Hyejung Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan, Korea.,Oral Genomics Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Si Yeong Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan, Korea.,Oral Genomics Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Joo
- Department of Periodontology, Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan, Korea.,Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Jin Chung
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan, Korea.,Oral Genomics Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Hee Sam Na
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan, Korea.,Oral Genomics Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea.
| | - Ju-Youn Lee
- Department of Periodontology, Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan, Korea.,Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan, Korea.
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11
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Alfirdous RA, Alquiria TA, Jacinto RC, Martinho FC. A modified dentin infection model with Fluorescent Lipopolysaccharide and
LPS
sampling technique to compare
XP‐Endo
finisher and passive ultrasonic irrigation. Int Endod J 2022; 55:1081-1090. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.13804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Alfirdous
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics University of Maryland School of Dentistry Baltimore Maryland USA
- Prince Abdulrahman Advanced Dental Institute Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - T. A. Alquiria
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics University of Maryland School of Dentistry Baltimore Maryland USA
- Prince Abdulrahman Advanced Dental Institute Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - R. C. Jacinto
- Division of Endodontics, Department of preventive and restorative dentistry School of Dentistry, Aracatuba São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - F. C. Martinho
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics University of Maryland School of Dentistry Baltimore Maryland USA
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12
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Chattopadhyay I, Lu W, Manikam R, Malarvili MB, Ambati RR, Gundamaraju R. Can metagenomics unravel the impact of oral bacteriome in human diseases? Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022; 39:85-117. [PMID: 35861776 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2102877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Oral microbial ecosystems are vital in maintaining the health of the oral cavity and the entire body. Oral microbiota is associated with the progression of oral diseases such as dental caries, periodontal diseases, head and neck cancer, and several systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, adverse pregnancy outcomes, diabetes, lung infection, colorectal cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Buccal mucosa, tongue dorsum, hard palate, saliva, palatine tonsils, throat, keratinized gingiva, supra-gingival plaque, subgingival plaque, dentures, and lips are microbial habitats of the oral cavity. Porphyromonas gingivalis may have a role in the development of periodontal diseases, oral cancer, diabetes, and atherosclerotic disease. Fusobacterium nucleatum showed a higher abundance in periodontal diseases, oral and colon cancer, adverse pregnancy outcomes, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. The higher abundance of Prevotella intermedia is typical in periodontal diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and adverse pregnancy outcome. S. salivarius displayed higher abundance in both dental caries and OSCC. Oral bacteria may influence systemic diseases through inflammation by releasing pro inflammatory cytokines. Identification of oral bacteria using culture-dependent approaches and next-generation sequencing-based metagenomic approaches is believed to significantly identify the therapeutic targets and non-invasive diagnostic indicators in different human diseases. Oral bacteria in saliva could be exploited as a non-invasive diagnostic indicator for the early detection of oral and systemic disorders. Other therapeutic approaches such as the use of probiotics, green tea polyphenol, cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) therapy, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, and antimicrobial peptides are used to inhibit the growth of biofilm formation by oral bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rishya Manikam
- Trauma and Emergency, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M B Malarvili
- School of Biomedical and Health Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Ranga Rao Ambati
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan`s Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (Deemed to be University), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rohit Gundamaraju
- ER stress and Mucosal immunology lab, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
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13
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Velardi JP, Alquria TA, Alfirdous RA, Corazza BJM, Gomes APM, Silva EG, Griffin IL, Tordik PA, Martinho FC. Comparison of GentleWave system and passive ultrasonic irrigation with minimally invasive and conventional instrumentation against LPS in infected root canals. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4894. [PMID: 35318365 PMCID: PMC8940914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08835-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study compared the effectiveness of GentleWave system (GWS) and passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) in removing lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from infected root canals after minimally invasive (MIT) and conventional instrumentation (CIT) techniques. Sixty first premolars with two roots were inoculated with fluorescent LPS conjugate (Alexa Fluor 594). Of those, twelve were dentin pretreated, inoculated with fluorescent LPS conjugate, and submitted to confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to validate the LPS-infection model. Forty-eight teeth were randomly divided into treatment groups: GWS + MIT, GWS + CIT, PUI + MIT, and PUI + CIT (all, n = 12). Teeth were instrumented with Vortex Blue rotary file size 15/0.04 for MIT and 35/0.04 for CIT. Samples were collected before (s1) and after a root canal procedure (s2) and after cryogenically ground the teeth (s3) for intraradicular LPS analysis. LPS were quantified with LAL assay (KQCL test). GWS + MIT and GWS + CIT were the most effective protocols against LPS, with no difference between them (p > 0.05). PUI + CIT was more effective than PUI + MIT (p < 0.05) but less effective than GWS + MIT and GWS + CIT. GWS was the most effective protocol against LPS in infected root canals using MIT and CIT techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan P Velardi
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Theeb A Alquria
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rayyan A Alfirdous
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bruna J M Corazza
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Ana P M Gomes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Eduardo G Silva
- Department of Social and Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Ina L Griffin
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patricia A Tordik
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Frederico C Martinho
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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14
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Velardi JP, Alquria TA, Alfirdous RA, Griffin IL, Tordik PA, Martinho FC. Evaluation of the effectiveness of GentleWave System and passive ultrasonic irrigation with minimally invasive and conventional instrumentation technique against Enterococcus faecalis lipoteichoic acid (LTA) in infected root canals. J Endod 2022; 48:768-774. [PMID: 35247369 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study evaluated the effectiveness GentleWave System (GWS) and passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) in removing E. faecalis lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from infected root canals with minimally invasive (MIT) and conventional instrumentation techniques (CIT). METHODS Sixty extracted human maxillary first premolars were included. All teeth were dentin pretreated and inoculated with LTA prepared from Enterococcus faecalis. First, twelve teeth were cryogenically ground to investigate the viability of recovering intraradicular E. faecalis LTA. After, forty-eight teeth were randomly divided into groups: GWS + MIT, GWS + CIT, PUI + MIT, and GWS + CIT (all =12). Teeth were instrumented with Vortex Blue rotary file size 15/.04 for MIT and 35/.04 for CIT. Samples were collected before (s1) and after a root canal procedure (s2) with sterile/ apyrogenic paper points and after cryogenically ground for intraradicular LTA analysis (s3). LTA was quantified with the LTA ELISA kit. RESULTS E. faecalis LTA was recovered from 100% of the samples (48/48) at s1. GWS + MIT and GWS + CIT were the most effective protocols against E. faecalis LTA, with no difference between them (p>.05). PUI + CIT was more effective than PUI + MIT (p<.05) but less effective than GWS + MIT and GWS + CIT (p<.05). GWS groups showed more root canals with undetected E. faecalis LTA after treatment than all groups tested. CONCLUSIONS GWS + MIT and GWS + CIT were the most effective protocol against E. faecalis LTA in infected root canals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan P Velardi
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Theeb A Alquria
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Restorative Dental Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, College of Dentistry, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rayyan A Alfirdous
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland; Prince Abdulrahman Advanced Dental Institute, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ina L Griffin
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Patricia A Tordik
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Frederico C Martinho
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland.
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15
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Siqueira JF, Rôças IN. Present status and future directions - microbiology of endodontic infections. Int Endod J 2021; 55 Suppl 3:512-530. [PMID: 34958494 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Apical periodontitis has a microbial aetiology and is one of the most common inflammatory diseases that affect humans. Fungi, archaea and viruses have been found in association with apical periodontitis, but bacteria are by far the most prevalent and dominant microorganisms in endodontic infections. Bacterial infection of the root canal system only occurs when the pulp is necrotic or was removed for previous treatment. In some specific cases, including acute and chronic abscesses, the bacterial infection may reach the periradicular tissues. Intracanal bacteria are usually observed as sessile multispecies communities (biofilms) attached to the dentinal root canal walls. Infection in the main root canal lumen can spread to other areas of the root canal system. Although more than 500 bacterial species have been detected in endodontic infections, a selected group of 20 to 30 species are most frequently detected and may be considered as the core microbiome. There is a high interindividual variability in the endodontic microbiome in terms of species composition and relative abundance. Obligate anaerobic species are more abundant in the intraradicular bacterial communities of teeth with primary apical periodontitis, while both anaerobes and facultatives dominate the communities in post-treatment apical periodontitis. Bacterial interactions play an essential role in determining the overall virulence of the community, which has been regarded as the unit of pathogenicity of apical periodontitis. This article reviews the microbiologic aspects of endodontic infections and provides perspectives for future research and directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F Siqueira
- Department of Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, RJ, and Department of Endodontics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Grande Rio University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabela N Rôças
- Department of Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, RJ, and Department of Endodontics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Grande Rio University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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16
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Siqueira JF, Rôças IN. A critical analysis of research methods and experimental models to study the root canal microbiome. Int Endod J 2021; 55 Suppl 1:46-71. [PMID: 34714548 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endodontic microbiology deals with the study of the microbial aetiology and pathogenesis of pulpal and periradicular inflammatory diseases. Research in endodontic microbiology started almost 130 years ago and since then has mostly focussed on establishing and confirming the infectious aetiology of apical periodontitis, identifying the microbial species associated with the different types of endodontic infections and determining the efficacy of treatment procedures in eradicating or controlling infection. Diverse analytical methods have been used over the years, each one with their own advantages and limitations. In this review, the main features and applications of the most used technologies are discussed, and advice is provided to improve study designs in order to properly address the scientific questions and avoid setbacks that can compromise the results. Finally, areas of future research are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F Siqueira
- Department of Endodontics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Grande Rio University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Isabela N Rôças
- Department of Endodontics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Grande Rio University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, Brazil
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17
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Hou Y, Wang L, Zhang L, Tan X, Huang D, Song D. Potential relationship between clinical symptoms and the root canal microbiomes of root filled teeth based on the next-generation sequencing. Int Endod J 2021; 55:18-29. [PMID: 34592001 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine the microorganism in root canal systems of root filled teeth with periapical disease and their relationship with clinical symptoms using next-generation sequencing. METHODOLOGY The roots of 10 extracted teeth were collected from 10 patients who presented with post-treatment apical periodontitis (PTAP; six with symptoms and four without symptoms). Each root was divided horizontally into two parts (apical and coronal segments) and cryo-pulverized. Microbial communities were detected using 16S rDNA hypervariable V3-V4 region. The diversity, principal coordinate analysis and linear discriminant analysis effect size were performed in the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups (apical and coronal parts respectively). A Mann-Whitney test and an analysis of similarities were applied for intergroup analysis, at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS A total of 23 phyla, 257 genera and 425 species were detected. Firmicutes was the most abundant phylum in all samples. Three phyla (Fusobacteria, Synergistetes and unidentified_Bacteria) and seven genera (Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, Phocaeicola, Olsenella, Campylobacter, Tannerella and Fretibacterium) were significantly more abundant in the symptomatic patients (p < .05), whereas asymptomatic patients had more Sphingomonas. The species more significantly abundant in the symptomatic samples were Porphyromonas gingivalis, Phocaeicola abscessus, Campylobacter showae, Tannerella forsythia and Olsenella uli (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS A greater microbial diversity was observed in root filled teeth with PTAP compared to earlier reports. Several genera and species in root canal systems might be associated with clinical symptoms of PTAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Liu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuelian Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Dingming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Dongzhe Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
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18
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Afami ME, El Karim I, About I, Krasnodembskaya AD, Laverty G, Lundy FT. Multicomponent Peptide Hydrogels as an Innovative Platform for Cell-Based Tissue Engineering in the Dental Pulp. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1575. [PMID: 34683868 PMCID: PMC8539061 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of the increasing levels of antibiotic resistance, nanomaterials and novel biologics are urgently required to manage bacterial infections. To date, commercially available self-assembling peptide hydrogels have not been studied extensively for their ability to inhibit micro-organisms relevant to tissue engineering sites such as dental root canals. In this work, we assess the biocompatibility of dental pulp stem/stromal cells with commercially available multicomponent peptide hydrogels. We also determine the effects of dental pulp stem/stromal cell (DPSC) culture in hydrogels on growth factor/cytokine expression. Furthermore, to investigate novel aspects of self-assembling peptide hydrogels, we determine their antimicrobial activity against the oral pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. We show that self-assembling peptide hydrogels and hydrogels functionalized with the adhesion motif Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) are biocompatible with DPSCs, and that cells grown in 3D hydrogel cultures produce a discrete secretome compared with 2D-cultured cells. Furthermore, we show that soluble peptides and assembled hydrogels have antimicrobial effects against oral pathogens. Given their antibacterial activity against oral pathogens, biocompatibility with dental pulp stem/stromal cells and enhancement of an angiogenic secretome, multicomponent peptide hydrogels hold promise for translational use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina E. Afami
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.E.A.); (I.E.K.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Ikhlas El Karim
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.E.A.); (I.E.K.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Imad About
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Inst Movement Sci, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | - Anna D. Krasnodembskaya
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.E.A.); (I.E.K.); (A.D.K.)
| | - Garry Laverty
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK;
| | - Fionnuala T. Lundy
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.E.A.); (I.E.K.); (A.D.K.)
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19
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The apical root canal system microbial communities determined by next-generation sequencing. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10932. [PMID: 32616783 PMCID: PMC7331743 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67828-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the microbial communities of endodontic infections at their apical portion by 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing and delineate the core microbiome of root canal infections and that of their associated clinical symptomatology. Samples were collected from fifteen subjects presenting one tooth with a root canal infection, and their associated symptoms were recorded. Samples were collected from the apical third of roots using a #10 K file and then amplified using multiple displacement amplification and PCR-amplified with universal primers. Amplicons were sequenced (V3–V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene) using MiSeq (Illumina, CA). The microbial composition of the samples was determined using QIIME and HOMINGS. Data were analyzed using t tests and ANOVA. A total of 1,038,656 good quality sequences were obtained, and OTUs were assigned to 10 bacterial phyla, led by Bacteroidetes (51.2%) and Firmicutes (27.1%), and 94 genera were represented primarily by Prevotella (17.9%) and Bacteroidaceae G-1 (14.3%). Symptomatic teeth were associated with higher levels of Porphyromonas (p < 0.05) and Prevotella. P. endodontalis and P. oris were present in both cores. The present study demonstrated the complexity of the root canal microbiome and the “common denominators” of root canal infections and identified taxa whose virulence properties should be further explored. The polymicrobial etiology of endodontic infections has long been established. However, few studies have focused on expanding the breadth and depth of coverage of microbiome-infected root canals at their apical portion.
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20
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Zargar N, Ashraf H, Marashi SMA, Sabeti M, Aziz A. Identification of microorganisms in irreversible pulpitis and primary endodontic infections with respect to clinical and radiographic findings. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:2099-2108. [PMID: 32377864 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the composition of microbiota of irreversible pulpitis and primary endodontic infections with respect to clinical and radiographic findings by performing cultures and 16s rDNA sequencing in Iranian patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this prospective cross-sectional study, samples were collected from 41 root canals for 4 main groups of patients. Bacterial identification was performed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 16s rDNA sequencing of aerobic and anaerobic cultivable colonies taken from patients' culture plates. Additionally, the presence of 13 bacterial species and 3 nonbacterial species was also explored using PCR and species-specific primers. RESULTS Sixteen microbial species, 1 fungus (Candida albicans), and 1 virus (Herpes simplex virus) were discovered and isolated. Species with the highest prevalence were Dialister invisus (68.3%), Porphyromonas gingivalis (58.8%), Streptococcus salivarius (58.5%), and Treponema denticola (56.1%). Lysinibacillus fusiformis (19.1%) was detected in the root canals for the first time. Candida albicans was seen in 11 cases (26.8%). Herpes simplex virus (HSV) was seen in 4 patients (9.8%). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that Gram-negative anaerobic oral bacteria are the majority of the microbes in primary endodontic infections. Various combinations of bacterial species were related to different clinical and radiographic conditions. Lysinibacillus fusiformis was detected for the first time in primary endodontic infections. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results of this investigation might help clinicians choose to identify suspected endodontic pathogens in the etiology of each form of pulpal and periradicular diseases to determine the best therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Zargar
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Daneshjoo Blv., Daneshgah Square, Chamran Highway, Tehran, 1983963113, Iran
| | - Hengameh Ashraf
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Daneshjoo Blv., Daneshgah Square, Chamran Highway, Tehran, 1983963113, Iran
| | - S M Amin Marashi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sabeti
- UCSF School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Ave. Room-D 3226, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0758, USA
| | - Alireza Aziz
- School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Daneshjoo Blv., Evin Avenue, Chamran Highway, Tehran, 1983963113, Iran.
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Sharma A. Persistence of Tannerella forsythia and Fusobacterium nucleatum in dental plaque: a strategic alliance. CURRENT ORAL HEALTH REPORTS 2020; 7:22-28. [PMID: 36779221 PMCID: PMC9917731 DOI: 10.1007/s40496-020-00254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The Gram-negative oral pathogen Tannerella forsythia is implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, an inflammatory disease characterized by progressive destruction of the tooth supporting structures affecting over 700 million people worldwide. This review highlights the basis of why and how T. forsythia interacts with Fusobacterium nucleatum, a bacterium considered to be a bridge between the early and late colonizing bacteria of the dental plaque. RECENT FINDINGS The recent findings indicate that these two organisms have a strong mutualistic relationship that involves foraging by T. forsythia on F. nucleatum peptidoglycan and utilization of glucose, released by the hydrolytic activity of T. forsythia glucanase, as a nutrient by F. nucleatum. In addition, T. forsythia has the unique ability to generate a toxic and inflammogenic compound, methylglyoxal, from glucose. This compound can induce inflammation, leading to the degradation of periodontal tissues and release of host components as nutrients for bacteria to further exacerbate the disease. SUMMARY In summary, this article will present our current understanding of mechanisms underpinning T. forsythia-F. nucleatum mutualism, and how this mutualism might impact periodontal disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashu Sharma
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, 3435 Main Street, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214
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22
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Mahmood AA, AbdulAzeez AR, Hussein HM. The Effect of Smoking Habit on Apical Status of Adequate Endodontically Treated Teeth with and Without Periodontal Involvement. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2019; 11:419-428. [PMID: 31920402 PMCID: PMC6941597 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s236747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The possible connection between apical periodontitis (AP), periodontal disease (PD) and the bad habit of smoking is among the most interesting aspects faced by the dental scientific community. The aim of this study was to pinpoint the effect of smoking on the status of the apical region, in properly root-filled teeth with and without periodontal involvement of Iraqi males. Materials and methods Total number of 75 patients were chosen, divided into 3 groups of 25’s, teeth were subdivided into 6 subgroups (G-a: Light smokers without Periodontal involvement, G-b: Heavy smokers without Periodontal involvement, G-c: Non-smokers without Periodontal involvement, G-d: Light smokers with Periodontal involvement, G-e: Heavy smokers with Periodontal involvement, G-f: Non-smokers with Periodontal involvement), examination involved: clinical periodontal parameters, coronal restoration fitness. Panoramic and periapical radiographs were used to judge the quality of periodontal tissue in the apical region (AP) of root canal treated teeth. Results Among all the examined teeth (1859), only (89) were found with fitted both coronal and endodontic restorations. Rates of AP were: (G-a: 11.1%, G-b: 25%, G-c: 0%, G-d: 18.8%, G-e: 35.7%, G-f: 4.8%). Statistically, in related to the AP, there was a highly significant difference between heavy smokers’ groups (G-b, G-e). Moreover, heavy smokers with PD (G-e) showed a significant difference with light smokers without PD (G-a) and non-smokers without PD (G-c), also, there was a significant difference between heavy smokers without PD (G-b) and non-smokers with PD (G-f). While, there was a non-significant difference relationship between non–smokers’ groups (G-c, G-f), and light smokers’ groups (G-a, G-d). Conclusion There is a noticeable negative effect of smoking on the severity and prognosis of AP and this negative effect worsens when it is accompanied by lateral periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athraa A Mahmood
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali R AbdulAzeez
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Uruk University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hashim M Hussein
- Department of Dentistry, Al-Rafidain University-College, Baghdad, Iraq
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Gutmann JL, Manjarrés V. Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on the Microbiological Aspects of Endodontics. Dent J (Basel) 2018; 6:E49. [PMID: 30249009 PMCID: PMC6313668 DOI: 10.3390/dj6040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota of the oral cavity plays a significant role in pulpal and periapical diseases. Historically, 100 years ago little was known on microbiota, but after a century of investigations, only now can many of the intimate secrets of microbial growth, expansion, persistence, communal activities, and virulence be revealed. However, with the capabilities of the microbiota for mutation, quorum sensing, and information transference, researchers are hard-pressed to keep up with both the changes and challenges that an amazingly wide range of bacterial species pose for both the scientist and clinician. Fortunately, the development and expansion of a vast array of molecular biological investigative techniques have enabled dentistry and its associated medical fields to attempt to keep pace with the wide and fascinating world of oral microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Gutmann
- Department of Endodontics, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
| | - Vivian Manjarrés
- Department of Endodontics, Nova Southeastern University, College of Dental Medicine, Davie, FL 33314, USA.
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Takahama A, Rôças IN, Faustino ISP, Alves FRF, Azevedo RS, Gomes CC, Araújo-Filho WR, Siqueira JF. Association between bacteria occurring in the apical canal system and expression of bone-resorbing mediators and matrix metalloproteinases in apical periodontitis. Int Endod J 2018; 51:738-746. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Takahama
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pediatric Dentistry; State University of Londrina; Londrina PR Brazil
| | - I. N. Rôças
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Estácio de Sá University; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - I. S. P. Faustino
- Department of Oral Pathology; Nova Friburgo Health Institute; Federal Fluminense University; Nova Friburgo RJ Brazil
| | - F. R. F. Alves
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Estácio de Sá University; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - R. S. Azevedo
- Department of Oral Pathology; Nova Friburgo Health Institute; Federal Fluminense University; Nova Friburgo RJ Brazil
| | - C. C. Gomes
- Department of Endodontics; Nova Friburgo Health Institute; Federal Fluminense University; Nova Friburgo RJ Brazil
| | - W. R. Araújo-Filho
- Department of Endodontics; Nova Friburgo Health Institute; Federal Fluminense University; Nova Friburgo RJ Brazil
| | - J. F. Siqueira
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Estácio de Sá University; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
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Yun KH, Lee HS, Nam OH, Moon CY, Lee JH, Choi SC. Analysis of bacterial community profiles of endodontically infected primary teeth using pyrosequencing. Int J Paediatr Dent 2017; 27:56-65. [PMID: 26872127 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to identify the endodontic microbiome in primary teeth with dental caries using high-throughput pyrosequencing and to establish data on the oral microbiome of primary teeth with endodontic infection. METHODS Ten primary teeth with dental caries and endodontic infection were included. Samples were collected from root canals using sterilized paper points and analyzed by pyrosequencing, based on the V1-V3 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. The data were analyzed using the CLcommunity software. RESULTS Analysis of the 10 samples yielded a total of 64,291 16S rRNA gene sequences. In total, 1586 OTUs (range, 91-235), six bacterial phyla, including unclassified, and 187 genera were assigned. At the genus level, Neisseria (group A), Acinetobacter (group B), and Fusobacterium (group C) were prominent. These predominant microorganisms were associated with the clinical condition and reflected the progression of endodontic infection in primary teeth. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed a relationship between the oral microbiome and endodontic infection in primary teeth. Additionally, anaerobic bacteria such as Fusobacterium species were dominant in the teeth with apical abscesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Hee Yun
- Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Seol Lee
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Hyung Nam
- Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Yang Moon
- Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, school of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Choi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Siqueira JF, Antunes HS, Rôças IN, Rachid CTCC, Alves FRF. Microbiome in the Apical Root Canal System of Teeth with Post-Treatment Apical Periodontitis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162887. [PMID: 27689802 PMCID: PMC5045198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bacteria present in the apical root canal system are directly involved with the pathogenesis of post-treatment apical periodontitis. This study used a next-generation sequencing approach to identify the bacterial taxa occurring in cryopulverized apical root samples from root canal-treated teeth with post-treatment disease. METHODS Apical root specimens obtained during periradicular surgery of ten adequately treated teeth with persistent apical periodontitis were cryogenically ground. DNA was extracted from the powder and the microbiome was characterized on the basis of the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene by using paired-end sequencing on Illumina MiSeq device. RESULTS All samples were positive for the presence of bacterial DNA. Bacterial taxa were mapped to 11 phyla and 103 genera composed by 538 distinct operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at 3% of dissimilarity. Over 85% of the sequences belonged to 4 phyla: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria and Actinobacteria. In general, these 4 phyla accounted for approximately 80% of the distinct OTUs found in the apical root samples. Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum in 6/10 samples. Fourteen genera had representatives identified in all cases. Overall, the genera Fusobacterium and Pseudomonas were the most dominant. Enterococcus was found in 4 cases, always in relatively low abundance. CONCLUSIONS This study showed a highly complex bacterial community in the apical root canal system of adequately treated teeth with persistent apical periodontitis. This suggests that this disease is characterized by multispecies bacterial communities and has a heterogeneous etiology, because the community composition largely varied from case to case.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F. Siqueira
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Henrique S. Antunes
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Grande Rio University, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabela N. Rôças
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caio T. C. C. Rachid
- Institute of Microbiology Prof. Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávio R. F. Alves
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ping Y, Wang J, Liang J. Pyrosequencing analysis of apical microbiota of teeth with persistent apical periodontitis. J Dent Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Effect of a Benzalkonium Chloride Surfactant-Sodium Hypochlorite Combination on Elimination of Enterococcus faecalis. J Endod 2015; 42:145-9. [PMID: 26577873 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of a sodium hypochlorite-surfactant combination on the removal of Enterococcus faecalis from infected teeth. METHODS Sixty-four extracted human single canal anterior teeth were prepared with rotary instrumentation and sterilized. Teeth were divided into 4 groups, N = 16. Three experimental groups were inoculated with E. faecalis and cultured for 21 days before use: positive control group, no irrigation; NaOCl group, irrigated with 5 mL 6% NaOCl; and NaOCl/BAK group, irrigated with 5 mL 6% NaOCl/0.008% benzalkonium chloride (BAK). The negative control group received medium only and no inoculate. Paper point sampling of the canals was obtained before irrigation (S1) for all 4 groups and for 2 groups after irrigation (S2) to determine remaining colony-forming units. After sampling, all teeth were split in half and evaluated for bacterial viability colony-forming units and penetration of dentinal tubules by using fluorescent vital dye staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS Comparison of pre-irrigation and post-irrigation paper point samples from the 2 irrigated groups showed a significant reduction in bacterial canal load (P < .001, Kruskal-Wallis), with a significantly lower load in the NaOCl/BAK group than in the NaOCl group (P = .001, Mann-Whitney U test); 68.8% of the NaOCl/BAK samples gave no recoverable counts. In contrast, no significant difference between these groups was found for counts recovered from dentin. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed no differences in tubule penetration. CONCLUSIONS The addition of BAK to NaOCl significantly reduced the number of remaining bacteria within the canal after irrigation compared with NaOCl alone.
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Antunes HS, Rôças IN, Alves FR, Siqueira JF. Total and Specific Bacterial Levels in the Apical Root Canal System of Teeth with Post-treatment Apical Periodontitis. J Endod 2015; 41:1037-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cardoso FGR, Ferreira NS, Martinho FC, Nascimento GG, Manhães LRC, Rocco MA, Carvalho CAT, Valera MC. Correlation between Volume of Apical Periodontitis Determined by Cone-beam Computed Tomography Analysis and Endotoxin Levels Found in Primary Root Canal Infection. J Endod 2015; 41:1015-9. [PMID: 25935504 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This clinical study was conducted to correlate the levels of endotoxins and bacterial counts found in primary endodontic infection with the volume of periapical bone destruction determined by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) analysis. Moreover, the levels of bacteria and endotoxins were correlated with the development of clinical features. METHODS Twenty-four root canals with primary endodontic disease and apical periodontitis were selected. Clinical features such as pain on palpation, pain on percussion, and previous episode of pain were recorded. The volume (cubic millimeters) of periapical bone destruction was determined by CBCT analysis. Endotoxins and bacterial samplings were collected by using sterile/apyrogenic paper points. Endotoxins were quantified by using limulus amebocyte lysate assay (KQCL test), and bacterial count (colony-forming units [CFU]/mL) was determined by using anaerobic culture techniques. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and multiple logistic regression (P < .05). RESULTS Endotoxins and bacteria were detected in 100% of the root canal samples (24 of 24), with median values of 10.92 endotoxin units (EU)/mL (1.75-128 EU/mL) and 7.5 × 10(5) CFU/mL (3.20 × 10(5)-8.16 × 10(6) CFU/mL), respectively. The median volume of bone destruction determined by CBCT analysis was 100 mm(3) (10-450 mm(3)). The multiple regression analysis revealed a positive correlation between higher levels of endotoxins present in root canal infection and larger volume of bone destruction (P < .05). Moreover, higher levels of endotoxins were also correlated with the presence of previous pain (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed that the levels of endotoxins found in root canal infection are related to the volume of periapical bone destruction determined by CBCT analysis. Moreover, the levels of endotoxin are related to the presence of previous pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia G R Cardoso
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, São José dos Campos Institute of Science Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nádia S Ferreira
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, São José dos Campos Institute of Science Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederico C Martinho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, São José dos Campos Institute of Science Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo G Nascimento
- Department of Semiology, Federal University of Pelotas, School of Dentistry, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luiz R C Manhães
- Department of Radiology, São José dos Campos Institute of Science Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco A Rocco
- Department of Radiology, São José dos Campos Institute of Science Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudio A T Carvalho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, São José dos Campos Institute of Science Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia C Valera
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, São José dos Campos Institute of Science Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Tzanetakis GN, Azcarate-Peril MA, Zachaki S, Panopoulos P, Kontakiotis EG, Madianos PN, Divaris K. Comparison of Bacterial Community Composition of Primary and Persistent Endodontic Infections Using Pyrosequencing. J Endod 2015; 41:1226-33. [PMID: 25906920 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elucidating the microbial ecology of endodontic infections (EIs) is a necessary step in developing effective intracanal antimicrobials. The aim of the present study was to investigate the bacterial composition of symptomatic and asymptomatic primary and persistent infections in a Greek population using high-throughput sequencing methods. METHODS 16S amplicon pyrosequencing of 48 root canal bacterial samples was conducted, and sequencing data were analyzed using an oral microbiome-specific and a generic (Greengenes) database. Bacterial abundance and diversity were examined by EI type (primary or persistent), and statistical analysis was performed by using non-parametric and parametric tests accounting for clustered data. RESULTS Bacteroidetes was the most abundant phylum in both infection groups. Significant, albeit weak associations of bacterial diversity were found, as measured by UniFrac distances with infection type (analyses of similarity, R = 0.087, P = .005) and symptoms (analyses of similarity, R = 0.055, P = .047). Persistent infections were significantly enriched for Proteobacteria and Tenericutes compared with primary ones; at the genus level, significant differences were noted for 14 taxa, including increased enrichment of persistent infections for Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Sphingomonas. More but less abundant phyla were identified using the Greengenes database; among those, Cyanobacteria (0.018%) and Acidobacteria (0.007%) were significantly enriched among persistent infections. Persistent infections showed higher phylogenetic diversity (PD) (asymptomatic: PD = 9.2, standard error [SE] = 1.3; symptomatic: PD = 8.2, SE = 0.7) compared with primary infections (asymptomatic: PD = 5.9, SE = 0.8; symptomatic: PD = 7.4, SE = 1.0). CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed a high bacterial diversity of EI and suggests that persistent infections may have more diverse bacterial communities than primary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgos N Tzanetakis
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - M Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Microbiome Core Facility, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sophia Zachaki
- Laboratory of Health Physics, Radiobiology and Cytogenetics, NCSR "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Panos Panopoulos
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos G Kontakiotis
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Phoebus N Madianos
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kimon Divaris
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Bacterial Biofilms and Endodontic Disease: Histobacteriological and Molecular Exploration. SPRINGER SERIES ON BIOFILMS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-47415-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Lima SMDF, de Pádua GM, Sousa MGDC, Freire MDS, Franco OL, Rezende TMB. Antimicrobial peptide-based treatment for endodontic infections--biotechnological innovation in endodontics. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 33:203-213. [PMID: 25447423 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The presence/persistence of microorganisms in the pulp and periapical area corresponds to the maintenance of an exacerbated immune response that leads to the start of periradicular bone resorption and its perpetuation. In endodontic treatment, the available intracanal medications do not have all the desirable properties in the context of endodontic infection and apical periodontitis; they need to include not only strong antimicrobial performance but also an immunomodulatory and reparative activity, without host damage. In addition, there are various levels of resistance to root canal medications. Thus, antimicrobial agents that effectively eliminate resistant species in root canals could potentially improve endodontic treatment. In the emergence of new therapies, an increasing number of studies on antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been seen over the past few years. AMPs are defense biomolecules produced in response to infection, and they have a wide spectrum of action against many oral microorganisms. There are some studies that correlate peptides and oral infections, including oral peptides, neuropeptides, and bacterial, fish, bovine and synthetic peptides. So far, there are around 120 published studies correlating endodontic microbiota with AMPs but, according to our knowledge, there are no registered patents in the American patent database. There are a considerable number of AMPs that exhibit excellent antimicrobial activity against endodontic microbiota at a small inhibitory concentration and modulate an exacerbated immune response, down-regulating bone resorption. All these reasons indicate the antimicrobial peptide-based endodontic treatment as an emerging and promising option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Maris de Freitas Lima
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN 916N, Av. W5, Campus II, Modulo C, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus I, QS 07 Lote 01 room S213 EPCT, Águas Claras, Taguatinga, DF, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Martins de Pádua
- Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus I, QS 07 Lote 01 room S213 EPCT, Águas Claras, Taguatinga, DF, Brazil
| | - Maurício Gonçalves da Costa Sousa
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN 916N, Av. W5, Campus II, Modulo C, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus I, QS 07 Lote 01 room S213 EPCT, Águas Claras, Taguatinga, DF, Brazil
| | - Mirna de Souza Freire
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN 916N, Av. W5, Campus II, Modulo C, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Programa de Doutorado da Rede Centro-Oeste, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN 916N, Av. W5, Campus II, Modulo C, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Programa de Doutorado da Rede Centro-Oeste, Brasília, DF, Brazil; S-Inova, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Taia Maria Berto Rezende
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN 916N, Av. W5, Campus II, Modulo C, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus I, QS 07 Lote 01 room S213 EPCT, Águas Claras, Taguatinga, DF, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde (FS), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Matsumura H, Suzuki H, Ito Y, Kino H, Tamai K, Notake S, Nakamura K, Shiigai M, Uemura K, Matsumura A. A case of cavernous sinus thrombosis caused by Dialister pneumosintes, Slackia exigua and Prevotella baroniae. JMM Case Rep 2014. [DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.002683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Matsumura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tsukuba Medical Center Hospital, 1‐3‐1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‐8558, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Suzuki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tsukuba Medical Center Hospital, 1‐3‐1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‐8558, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Ito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tsukuba Medical Center Hospital, 1‐3‐1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‐8558, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Kino
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tsukuba Medical Center Hospital, 1‐3‐1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‐8558, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Tamai
- Miroku Medical Laboratory Inc., 659‐2 Innai, Saku, Nagano 384‐2201, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Notake
- Miroku Medical Laboratory Inc., 659‐2 Innai, Saku, Nagano 384‐2201, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tsukuba Medical Center Hospital, 1‐3‐1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‐8558, Japan
| | - Masanari Shiigai
- Department of Radiology, Tsukuba Medical Center Hospital, 1‐3‐1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‐8558, Japan
| | - Kazuya Uemura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tsukuba Medical Center Hospital, 1‐3‐1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‐8558, Japan
| | - Akira Matsumura
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 2‐1‐1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‐8576, Japan
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The oral microbiome diversity and its relation to human diseases. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2014; 60:69-80. [PMID: 25147055 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-014-0342-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most clinically relevant human habitats, the human mouth is colonized by a set of microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses. Increasing evidence has supported that these microbiota contribute to the two commonest oral diseases of man (dental caries and periodontal diseases), presenting significant risk factors to human health conditions, such as tumor, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, bacteremia, preterm birth, and low birth weight in infants. It is widely accepted that oral microorganisms cause diseases mainly by a synergistic or cooperative way, and the interspecies interactions within the oral community play a crucial role in determining whether oral microbiota elicit diseases or not. Since a comprehensive understanding of the complex interspecies interactions within a community needs the knowledge of its endogenous residents, a plenty of research have been carried out to explore the oral microbial diversity. In this review, we focus on the recent progress in this field, including the oral microbiome composition and its association with human diseases.
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Siqueira JF, Rôças IN. Present status and future directions in endodontic microbiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/etp.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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New Bacterial Composition in Primary and Persistent/Secondary Endodontic Infections with Respect to Clinical and Radiographic Findings. J Endod 2014; 40:670-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Quah SY, Bergenholtz G, Tan KS. Fusobacterium nucleatum induces cytokine production through Toll-like-receptor-independent mechanism. Int Endod J 2013; 47:550-9. [PMID: 24102075 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether Fusobacterium nucleatum's ability to invade cells allows the bacteria to activate pro-inflammatory response through cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, independent of surface Toll-like receptors (TLRs). METHODOLOGY HEK293T cells, which lack endogenous TLRs, and overexpressing dominant negative myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88DN) protein, were infected with F. nucleatum and the production of interleukin-8 (IL-8) was determined. The necessity for intracellular invasion of the bacteria for cytokine production was also investigated by blocking bacterial invasion with cytochalasin D. The roles of NFĸB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-1 (NOD-1) signalling pathways in F. nucleatum-induced IL-8 secretion were determined. RESULTS Fusobacterium nucleatum-infected HEK293T cells produced IL-8 independent of the MYD88 signalling. This response was inhibited by preventing F. nucleatum invasion into HEK293T cells. p38 MAPK but not the NFĸB signalling pathway was required for F. nucleatum-mediated IL-8 production. HEK293T cells expressed NOD-1 but not NOD-2. Yet, inhibition of NOD-1 signalling did not affect F. nucleatum-induced IL-8 secretion. CONCLUSIONS Fusobacterium nucleatum invasion led to cytokine production, which is mediated by the p38 MAPK signalling but independent of TLRs, NOD-1, NOD-2 and NFĸB signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Quah
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
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Tran KT, Torabinejad M, Shabahang S, Retamozo B, Aprecio RM, Chen JW. Comparison of Efficacy of Pulverization and Sterile Paper Point Techniques for Sampling Root Canals. J Endod 2013; 39:1057-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Vera J, Siqueira JF, Ricucci D, Loghin S, Fernández N, Flores B, Cruz AG. One- versus Two-visit Endodontic Treatment of Teeth with Apical Periodontitis: A Histobacteriologic Study. J Endod 2012; 38:1040-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Bacterial Flora and Extraradicular Biofilm Associated with the Apical Segment of Teeth with Post-treatment Apical Periodontitis. J Endod 2012; 38:954-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sassone LM, Fidel RA, Faveri M, Figueiredo L, Fidel SR, Feres M. A Microbiological Profile of Unexposed and Exposed Pulp Space of Primary Endodontic Infections by Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization. J Endod 2012; 38:889-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ozok AR, Persoon IF, Huse SM, Keijser BJF, Wesselink PR, Crielaard W, Zaura E. Ecology of the microbiome of the infected root canal system: a comparison between apical and coronal root segments. Int Endod J 2012; 45:530-41. [PMID: 22251411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.02006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the microbial ecology of the coronal and apical segments of infected root canal systems using a complete sampling technique and next-generation sequencing. METHODOLOGY The roots of 23 extracted teeth with apical periodontitis were sectioned in half, horizontally, and cryo-pulverized. Bacterial communities were profiled using tagged 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rDNA hypervariable V5-V6 region. RESULTS The sequences were classified into 606 taxa (species or higher taxon), representing 24 bacterial phyla or candidate divisions and one archaeal phylum. Proteobacteria were more abundant in the apical samples (P < 0.05), whilst Actinobacteria were in significantly higher proportions in the coronal samples. The apical samples harboured statistically significantly more taxa than the coronal samples (P = 0.01) and showed a higher microbial diversity. Several taxa belonging to fastidious obligate anaerobes were significantly more abundant in the apical segments of the roots compared with their coronal counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Endodontic infections are more complex than reported previously. The apical part of the root canal system drives the selection of a more diverse and more anaerobic community than the coronal part. The presence of a distinct ecological niche in the apical region explains the difficulty of eradication of the infection and emphasizes the need for new treatment approaches to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Ozok
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Montagner F, Jacinto RC, Signoretti FGC, Sanches PF, Gomes BPFA. Clustering behavior in microbial communities from acute endodontic infections. J Endod 2011; 38:158-62. [PMID: 22244629 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute endodontic infections harbor heterogeneous microbial communities in both the root canal (RC) system and apical tissues. Data comparing the microbial structure and diversity in endodontic infections in related ecosystems, such as RC with necrotic pulp and acute apical abscess (AAA), are scarce in the literature. The aim of this study was to examine the presence of selected endodontic pathogens in paired samples from necrotic RC and AAA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by the construction of cluster profiles. METHODS Paired samples of RC and AAA exudates were collected from 20 subjects and analyzed by PCR for the presence of selected strict and facultative anaerobic strains. The frequency of species was compared between the RC and the AAA samples. A stringent neighboring clustering algorithm was applied to investigate the existence of similar high-order groups of samples. A dendrogram was constructed to show the arrangement of the sample groups produced by the hierarchical clustering. RESULTS All samples harbored bacterial DNA. Porphyromonas endodontalis, Prevotella nigrescens, Filifactor alocis, and Tannerela forsythia were frequently detected in both RC and AAA samples. The selected anaerobic species were distributed in diverse small bacteria consortia. The samples of RC and AAA that presented at least one of the targeted microorganisms were grouped in small clusters. CONCLUSIONS Anaerobic species were frequently detected in acute endodontic infections and heterogeneous microbial communities with low clustering behavior were observed in paired samples of RC and AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Montagner
- Endodontics Division, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Symptomatic and asymptomatic apical periodontitis associated with red complex bacteria: clinical and microbiological evaluation. Odontology 2011; 101:84-8. [PMID: 22143381 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-011-0053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the association of red complex (RC) bacteria that include Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia and Porphyromonas gingivalis with acute, exacerbated or chronic apical periodontitis was evaluated. Seventy-one patients with periapical disease were evaluated by clinical examination and microbiological samples obtained from the root canals were analyzed by a polymerase chain reaction assay. Twenty-one (29.6%) samples were positive for RC bacteria, with T. denticola, T. forsythia and P. gingivalis being detected in 14 (19.7%), 10 (14.1%) and 6 (8.5%) samples, respectively. RC bacteria were mainly associated with acute apical periodontitis (29.2%) and phoenix abscess (63.2%), while they were only sporadically detected (7.1%) in patients with chronic apical periodontitis. Generally, RC bacteria were associated with pain and a higher frequency of intracanalar/intrasulcular pus drainage. Involvement of RC bacteria in symptomatic periapical disease should be suspected in the presence of particularly severe clinical pain and pus drainage.
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Siqueira JF, Alves FR, Rôças IN. Pyrosequencing Analysis of the Apical Root Canal Microbiota. J Endod 2011; 37:1499-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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The role of aggregation in Fusobacterium nucleatum- induced immune cell death. J Endod 2011; 37:1531-5. [PMID: 22000457 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fusobacterium nucleatum, an anaerobic oral bacterium, has been shown to be highly abundant in endodontic infections. Its role in these infections remains unclear. Previous studies have shown that F. nucleatum could aggregate immune cells. We have demonstrated that F. nucleatum can induce significant apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In this in vitro study, we sought to determine what role this aggregation phenomenon has on the induction of apoptosis in PBMCs. METHODS F. nucleatum bacteria were treated as follows: formaldehyde-fixed, heat-treated, or sonicated before co-culturing with PBMCs. Cell aggregation and apoptosis of the PBMCs were assessed under light microscopy and analyzed by flow cytometry, respectively. PBMCs were then immobilized with a Matrigel matrix before treatment with F. nucleatum. Aggregation and apoptosis were assessed as before. Surface staining of activation marker CD69 was assessed by flow cytometry. The apoptosis and CD69 data underwent one-way analysis of variance, followed by post hoc Bonferroni test and χ(2) test, respectively, to determine statistical significance. RESULTS Viable and formaldehyde-treated but not sonicated or heat-treated F. nucleatum bacteria were able to cause severe aggregation and apoptosis of the immune cells. Disruption of F. nucleatum mediated aggregation by immobilization of the cells with a Matrigel matrix resulted in a significant diminution of cell death but not cell activation when assessed by using surface expression of CD69 early activation antigen. CONCLUSIONS F. nucleatum's ability to induce cell death in immune cells appears to be mediated through the immune cells being aggregated, which might have important implications for its pathogenesis.
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Chugal N, Wang JK, Wang R, He X, Kang M, Li J, Zhou X, Shi W, Lux R. Molecular characterization of the microbial flora residing at the apical portion of infected root canals of human teeth. J Endod 2011; 37:1359-64. [PMID: 21924182 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study investigated the bacterial communities residing in the apical portion of human teeth with apical periodontitis in primary and secondary infections by using a culture-independent molecular biology approach. METHODS Root canal samples from the apical root segments of extracted teeth were collected from 18 teeth with necrotic pulp and 8 teeth with previous endodontic treatment. Samples were processed for amplification via polymerase chain reaction and separated with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Selected bands were excised from the gel and sequenced for identification. RESULTS Comparable to previous studies of entire root canals, the apical bacterial communities in primary infections were significantly more diverse than in secondary infections (P = .0003). Interpatient and intrapatient comparisons exhibited similar variations in profiles. Different roots of the same teeth with secondary infections displayed low similarity in bacterial composition, whereas an equivalent sample collected from primary infection contained almost identical populations. Sequencing revealed a high prevalence of Fusobacteria, Actinomyces species, and oral Anaeroglobus geminatus in both types of infection. Many secondary infections contained Burkholderiales or Pseudomonas species, both of which represent opportunistic environmental pathogens. CONCLUSIONS Certain microorganisms exhibit similar prevalence in primary and secondary infection, indicating that they are likely not eradicated during endodontic treatment. The presence of Burkholderiales and Pseudomonas species underscores the problem of environmental contamination. Treatment appears to affect the various root canals of multirooted teeth differently, resulting in local changes of the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Chugal
- Section of Endodontics, UCLA School of Dentistry, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1668, USA
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Segura-Egea JJ, Castellanos-Cosano L, Velasco-Ortega E, Ríos-Santos JV, Llamas-Carreras JM, Machuca G, López-Frías FJ. Relationship between Smoking and Endodontic Variables in Hypertensive Patients. J Endod 2011; 37:764-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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